脉冲电压上升沿对He大气压等离子体射流管内放电发展演化特性的影响

通过仿真和实验相结合的手段,以直流脉冲电压驱动的双环电极结构He大气压等离子体射流为例,研究了电压上升沿时间对管内放电等离子体发展演化特性的影响.随着电压上升沿的改变,管内介质阻挡放电(dielectric barrier discharge, DBD)区出现空心和实心两种放电模式.上升沿为纳秒和亚微秒量级时,以空心模式发展,上升沿持续增加后转变为实心模式.放电模式本质上受鞘层厚度、管内电场和表面电荷密度分布的影响,鞘层厚度小于1.8 mm时等离子体通常以空心模式传播,等于1.8 mm时等离子体的径向传播范围有限而转变为实心传播.管内DBD区,电场以轴向分量为主时,等离子体以放电起始时的模式传播;而在地电极内部,由于外施电场方向发生径向偏转,同时管壁沉积的正电荷形成径向自建电场,两者叠加形成的强径向电场致使放电以空心模式传播.     

不同电极结构下大气压Ar等离子体射流的流体模拟研究

采用二维轴对称流体模型对比研究了3种不同电极结构下大气压Ar等离子体射流的基本特性。第一种是带绝缘介质的针电极结构（电场方向和气体流方向平行）,第二种是在第一种电极结构的介质管外增加一个垂直气流方向的接地环电极,第三种是不带绝缘介质的裸针电极结构。研究结果表明,接地环电极的引入对介质管内外的射流传播影响不同。在介质管内,接地环电极使管内表面附近的径向电场增加,电子密度升高,射流传播速度加快,但对中心轴附近的电场和电子密度影响很小;然而在介质管外,接地环电极的引入导致轴向和径向电场均减小,从而引起射流的传播长度减小,射流通道径向收缩。通过带绝缘介质的针电极和裸针电极结构的对比研究发现,保持其他条件不变,去掉包裹在针电极上的介质后,由于等离子体电势升高,电场增加,射流的传播长度几乎增加一倍,峰值电子密度增加近一个数量级,而且在整个射流通道内电子密度都保持相对高的值。此外,对3种电极结构下的主要活性粒子的产生和输运进行了比较研究。     

针环式电极大气压下氩气等离子体射流长度影响因素研究

为掌握反应器结构参数和放电参数对大气压非平衡等离子体射流(N-APPJ)的射流长度的定量影响,设计了多结构的针-环式电极氩气等离子体射流装置,分别研究了放电电压、电极间隙、高压电极放电末端与接地电极的距离及氩气体积流量对射流长度的影响,并采用发生光谱法对该反应器产生的等离子体电子激发温度进行了计算。结果表明：等离子体射流的最大长度可达80 mm;高压电极放电末端与接地电极之间的距离越大,射流长度越长但不是线性增长;射流长度随电极间隙的增加呈现先增大后减小的趋势且在电极间隙为4.5 mm时该射流达到最大长度;随着氩气体积流量的增加,等离子体射流长度也呈现出先增大后减小的趋势且减小的幅度较低;电子激发温度在高压电极和接地电极处较高,两电极之间部分次之,在石英管出口处会有比较明显的下降。     

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利用纳秒脉冲放电在单针、环状、以及单针加环状三种不同电极结构下产生了均匀稳定的等离子体射流;通过光学和电学诊断研究了三种不同结构下等离子体射流的运行特性及相应的物理机制。实验结果表明,以上三种等离子体射流的转动温度均为295K,振动温度分别为1900K,2000K和2100K,都属于非平衡态等离子体;其中,基于单针和环状电极的混合型射流可产生更为均匀稳定的等离子体,且富含较多的活性物种,有望在材料表面处理及消毒灭菌等领域发挥一定作用。     

纳秒脉冲等离子体射流的产生及其特征研究

利用纳秒脉冲放电在单针、环状、以及单针加环状三种不同电极结构下产生了均匀稳定的等离子体射流;通过光学和电学诊断研究了三种不同结构下等离子体射流的运行特性及相应的物理机制。实验结果表明,以上三种等离子体射流的转动温度均为295K,振动温度分别为1900K,2000K和2100K,都属于非平衡态等离子体;其中,基于单针和环状电极的混合型射流可产生更为均匀稳定的等离子体,且富含较多的活性物种,有望在材料表面处理及消毒灭菌等领域发挥一定作用。     

微秒脉冲大气压氦气等离子体射流阵列特性

为了深入研究等离子射流阵列的放电特性,利用上升沿1μs、脉宽2μs的微秒脉冲电源产生等离子体射流,通过电压电流波形的测量和发光图像的拍摄,研究了在针-环双电极结构下,不同电极位置以及不同重复脉冲频率下氦气等离子体射流阵列的放电特性。实验结果表明放电最初产生在阵列的两端,随着外加电压幅值的增加,中心管也会有射流产生,最终形成射流阵列。随地电极距管口距离的变远,放电电流和中心管的射流长度均呈现出先增大后减小的变化趋势(20mm处取得最大值),随着重复脉冲频率的增大,放电由不均匀的丝状放电向均匀放电转变,放电电流先减小而后保持不变。     

双射流结构环量控制涡轮叶栅的性能EI北大核心CSCD

对将双射流引入高压涡轮导向器叶栅进行了二维数值研究。在叶栅出口为高亚声速和超声速条件下,对三种具有不同曲率尾缘的环量控制叶栅,采用在吸力面和压力面各加一股射流的双射流方式对叶栅的气动性能进行探讨。结果表明:叶栅出口气流马赫数为0.6和1.1时,采用双射流方案取得了好于单射流的出口气流角和膨胀比,但由于多加了一股射流,能量损失有所增加;马赫数为0.85时,单射流结构的环量控制涡轮叶栅气动性能已经比较好,再加入一股射流对叶栅的气动性能没有明显改善;双射流条件下,压力面射流后方存在低压区,使得在叶栅尾缘曲率较大时,吸力面射流也保持了较好的附壁效果。     

双射流结构环量控制涡轮叶栅的性能

对将双射流引入高压涡轮导向器叶栅进行了二维数值研究。在叶栅出口为高亚声速和超声速条件下,对三种具有不同曲率尾缘的环量控制叶栅,采用在吸力面和压力面各加一股射流的双射流方式对叶栅的气动性能进行探讨。结果表明:叶栅出口气流马赫数为0.6和1.1时,采用双射流方案取得了好于单射流的出口气流角和膨胀比,但由于多加了一股射流,能量损失有所增加;马赫数为0.85时,单射流结构的环量控制涡轮叶栅气动性能已经比较好,再加入一股射流对叶栅的气动性能没有明显改善;双射流条件下,压力面射流后方存在低压区,使得在叶栅尾缘曲率较大时,吸力面射流也保持了较好的附壁效果。     

大气压氦气多路低温等离子体射流

为了研究大气压低温等离子体多路射流阵列的放电特性,设计一个实现7路低温等离子体射流的放电装置,采用单电极放电结构,在开放的大气环境下通入氦气。采用高压窄脉冲重复频率电源激励驱动该放电装置,电源脉冲宽度约230 ns,脉冲上升沿约为120 ns。在重复频率为500 Hz的条件下,通过高速摄影初步发现放电电流脉宽约为110 ns,且无反向放电。试验结果表明:平均射流长度随电压幅值增加而增加,在一定电压幅值时射流长度有达到饱和的趋势,这是由于射流通道尾部有空气进入,电压幅值已不再是主要原因;只有在合适的气体流量值时,才能够获得较长的平均射流长度,这是由于气体流量过大或过小时射流均不足以维持形成的放电通道;此外,中心电极放电射流长度受气体流量影响较大,气体流量在一定值时可以观察到中心电极有较长的射流,射流放电强度较弱,气体流量过大或过小时中心电极几乎无放电,这是由于四周电极更易形成放电射流,削弱了中心电极放电。 ,     

三种电极的大气压氩等离子体射流光学特性

采用铜片-单匝线圈电极、螺旋缠绕电极和双铜片电极3种结构的放电装置,以氩气作为工作气体,在正弦波激励下获得了大气压等离子体射流。利用电学方法测量了放电电流以及电荷量,并对放电脉冲和放电功率进行了研究;利用发射光谱法对射流的等离子体参量进行了空间分辨测量,并根据ArⅠ 763.5 nm和Ar Ⅰ 772.4 nm的光强计算了电子激发温度。结果发现：在外加电压的正负半周期内,电流脉冲的个数和幅值呈现非对称的变化趋势;随着外加电压的增加,3种结构电极的放电功率从1.7 W逐渐增加到6.0 W;在相同的外加电压情况下,电极面积越小,等离子体射流的长度越长;3种等离子体射流的电子激发温度在1 348.5~3 212.1 K之间,并且随着气体流量的增加,各位置的电子激发温度总体上呈下降趋势,而等离子体的电子密度呈上升趋势。实验结果表明：外加电压对放电功率有一定影响;射流长度与电极面积有关;气体流量对电子激发温度和电子密度的空间分布起重要作用。     

Two-dimensional numerical study of an atmospheric pressure helium plasma jet with dual-power electrode

In this paper,the characteristics of an atmospheric pressure helium plasma jet generated by a dual-power electrode(DPE) configuration are investigated by using a two-dimensional fluid model.The effect of a needle electrode on the discharge is studied by comparing the results of the DPE configuration with those of the single ring electrode configuration.It is found that the existence of the needle leads to the generation of a helium plasma jet with a higher propagation velocity,higher species density,and larger discharge width.Furthermore,the influences of the needle radius and needle-to-ring discharge gap on the generation of a plasma jet are also studied.The simulation results indicate that the needle electrode has an evident influence on the plasma jet characteristics.     

Mode propagation of ultrasound in hollow waveguides

It has previously been shown that there is close agreement between theoretical and experimental behaviour of pulses of ultrasound propagating in solid cylindrical waveguides. Waveguides are used in a number of areas of medical ultrasonics and it is therefore important to be able to model sound propagation in them accurately. This paper extends the analysis of guided wave propagation to hollow waveguides. In particular, frequency spectra of modes of progagation are given and theoretical group velocity curves are compared with experimental results. Signal strengths of modes propagating in both solid and hollow stainless steel waveguides of similar cross-sectional area are also compared.     

Experimental study of corona jet produced from a circular tube fitted with a nozzle

The flow characteristics of a corona jet, which is produced from a single needle electrode positioned at the centerline of a circular tube fitted with a grounded stainless-steel nozzle at one end of the tube, is experimentally evaluated. Six nozzles with two diameter ratios and three taper angles are evaluated for their effectiveness in accelerating the jet produced by corona discharge with positive polarity. To determine the maximum jet velocity and volume flow rate, experiments have been conducted at a voltage ranging from corona onset (5 kV) to sparkover (approximately 12.5 kV) at an increment of 2.5 kV. The results show that the jet velocity increases with the applied voltage. The maximum velocity occurs at the center line but its value decreases as the jet expands downstream. In addition, the results show that a nozzle with a smaller diameter ratio does not always perform the best in accelerating the flow or producing the maximum volume flow rate. The nozzle's taper angle further accentuates the result produced by the diameter ratio. The implications from the present results for actual applications are provided.     

Effect of electrochemical reaction on diffusion-induced stress in hollow spherical lithium-ion battery electrode

During the process of lithium-ion intercalation and de-intercalation, the electrode undergoes huge volumetric change. Diffusion-induced stress (DIS) has been investigated in solid and hollow spherical electrode. In this work, a new coupled model is established in a hollow spherical electrode to analyze the DIS with electrochemical reaction. The result shows that electrochemical reaction has a significant influence on the distribution of DIS, which can make the tensile stress decline and even convert the stress from tension to compression. The tendency to avoid the electrode fracture and failure induced by DIS is thus beneficial. Compared to stress evolution in solid and hollow sphere electrode, electrochemical-induced stress in solid electrode is much smaller than that in hollow electrode. Also, reaction-induced stress will keep increasing with the wall thickness decreases. Finally, a new strategy is put forward to optimize the reaction-induced stress and the electrode thickness, which may ultimately extend the overall battery life.     

利用光学方法研究单针射流等离子体的产生和发展机制

对单针电极射流等离子体产生和发展过程中的光信号进行了研究。首先发现等离子体的长度并不是随外加电压升高而增加,而是和驱动电源的能量在正半周放电脉冲之间的分配有关。通过研究等离子体通道内不同位置的发光信号,发现正半周期第一次放电脉冲是在针尖电极处产生,而第二个脉冲是在等离子体通道中部产生,电子激发温度也是在等离子体中部达到最高。通过分析发现,空间电荷产生的附加电场对于等离子体的产生和发展有着重大影响。     

Temperature Dependence of Retrograde Velocity of Vacuum Arcs in Magnetic Fields

Retrograde velocity of vacuum arcs in transverse magnetic fields is known to depend on, among other things, the magnetic induction, the arc current, the electrode spacing, the cathode material, and the cathode surface condition, and was also found to depend on the cathode temperature. Using the optical method, the retrograde velocity was measured as a function of the cathode temperature with copper, aluminum, and stainless steel as cathode materials. The optical measurement shows that by increasing the cathode temperature, the arc velocity decreases. It appears that with the increase in the cathode temperature, the decrease of the arc velocity is related to the increase of the cathode crater radius. The experimentally measured temperature dependence of the retrograde velocity of vacuum arcs can be explained by the ion jet model for retrograde motion of vacuum arcs [10]. The relative decrease of retrograde velocity as a function of the cathode temperature calculated according to this model agrees quantitatively with the reported measurements.     

在横向磁场中真空电弧后退速度和阴极温度的关系

本文用光学方法测定了在横向磁场中真空电弧后退运动的速度和阴极温度的关系。实验发现,随着阴极温度的增加,电弧的后退速度下降。实验测得的后退速度的温度关系可用真空电弧后退运动的正离子喷流模型加以解释。 关键词：