Anisotropic light diffraction in a biaxial crystal of alpha-iodic acid

A program for calculating characteristics of acousto-optic interaction in biaxial crystals is developed and used to analyze light diffraction by ultrasound in an iodic acid crystal. Crystal cuts with maximum acousto-optic figures of merits are found. It is shown that in the region of the optical axes the frequency dependences of the Bragg angles under anisotropic diffraction are substantially different from those in uniaxial crystals.     

Acousto-optic diffraction in biaxial crystals possessing considerable optic dispersion

Influence of optic wavelength dispersion on phase matching conditions of acousto-optic interaction in optically biaxial media is considered for the first time. Diffraction of light by ultrasound is examined in basic optical plane of a biaxial crystal by the example of monoclinic double lead molybdate single crystal (Pb₂MoO₅). Frequency dependences of Bragg angle have been analysed taking into account wavelength dispersion of light. It is shown that a considerable transformation of the characteristics of the acousto-optic interaction is caused by a change of the directions of optic and dielectric axes in a biaxial medium with a tuning of optic wavelength.     

An Experimental Study of Ultra-Wide-Band and Ultra-Wide-Aperture Non-Collinear Acousto-Optic Diffraction in an Optically Biaxial Potassium Arsenate Titanyl Crystal

Acousto-optic interaction in an optically biaxial crystalline medium under propagation of light close to one of the optical axes of a potassium arsenate titanyl KTiOAsO₄ crystal has been studied. The experimental dependences of the intensity of a diffracted optical beam on the angle of light incidence on an ultrasonic wave have been obtained. It has been shown that a flat cut of a wave-vector surface provides development of an ultra-wide-aperture and ultra-wide-band acousto-optic deflector to control radiation in the visible and infrared electromagnetic spectral ranges.     

双轴晶体中平面波解在主轴坐标系下的表达

在双轴晶体中,除光轴方向外,沿任一方向只存在2个具有不同偏振方向的平面波解,每个解有各自的传播常数。运用拉格朗日乘数法并借助双轴晶体的折射率椭球的概念,在主轴坐标系下求出双轴晶体的平面波解,得到每个解的空间色散关系,并从所得平面波解出发讨论平面波沿光轴方向传输的情况。最后将所得的结果运用到单轴晶体中检验其正确性。     

Collinear Acousto–Optic Interaction of Light Beams near the Optical Axes of Biaxial Crystals

Collinear acousto–optic interaction of light beams near the optical axes of biaxial crystals, including gyrotropic ones, is considered. Efficient acousto–optic transformation of fast and slow light beams under the conditions of internal conical refraction has been revealed. It is shown that the width of the transmission band and the central frequency of ultrasound in collinear acousto–optic filtration in a nongyrotropic crystal are determined by the angle at the apex of the cone of wave vectors (by the anisotropy of the crystal) and in a gyrotropic one by the projection of the gyration vector onto the direction of the optical axis.     

光在双轴晶体表面的反射与折射

介绍了光在双轴晶体表面反射、折射问题的求解方法.用该方法可以方便精确地计算晶体任意取向下光从任意方向入射时折射光的折射率、偏振态、波矢方向、能流方向. 推导了反射光、折射光的振幅和能量的计算公式. 并以KTP晶体为例，给出了数值计算的结果. 关键词： 双轴晶体 双折射 菲涅耳公式 布儒斯特角     

Collinear interaction of bichromatic radiation with one acoustic wave in biaxial crystals

The regime of collinear interaction of bichromatic optical radiation in biaxial crystals is considered. It is shown that the possibility of the realization of such an interaction is due to dispersion of the optical axes in a biaxial crystal. Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 69, 131–132 (January 1999)     

光轴与光线轴夹角的数学表示

利用二轴晶的光波面,对光轴与光线轴的关系进行了研究.计算出了光轴与光线轴夹角的具体表达式,把它应用到黄玉与堇青石中,发现夹角远小于1度.这给光学器件的设计提供了重要的依据.最后对一轴晶进行了讨论,结果表明此时光轴方向与光线轴方向一致.     

双轴晶体薄膜光学隧道效应

本文提出了一种研究晶体薄膜光学隧道效应的方法。我们计算了在最一般情况下双轴晶体中迅衰波的复折射率和复折射角。我们也讨论了隧道效应时晶体薄膜的反射和透射系数,找到了这些系数和薄膜光学参量的关系。这提供了用光学隧道效应检测晶体薄膜的理论基础。     

Polarization effects at collinear acousto-optic interaction

Collinear acousto-optic diffraction of an arbitrarily polarized optical radiation is studied theoretically and experimentally. It is shown that in the general case the diffracted light spectrum at the acousto-optic cell output consists of four components with different frequencies and polarizations. Beatings of these components lead to intensity modulation of the light passed through an output analyzer. Dependences of output intensity components on ultrasound frequency and acoustic power are examined for different orientations of the polarizer and the analyzer. Experimental investigations are carried out with a collinear acousto-optic cell fabricated with calcium molybdate single crystal.     

Conical refraction and formation of multiring focal image with Laguerre-Gauss light beams

For a light beam focused through a biaxial crystal along one of its optical axes, the effect of internal conical refraction in the crystal leads to the formation in the focal image plane of two bright rings separated by a dark ring. It is shown that, with circularly polarized Laguerre-Gauss LG(0)(?) beams entering the crystal, this classical double-ring pattern is transformed into a multiring one consisting of ?+2 bright rings.     

去除光学器件弹光双折射的方法

在电光、磁光调制器和传感器等光学器件的制作和使用过程中,经常会产生影响器件性能的弹光双折射.根据折射率椭球分析法,通过系统分析各晶系晶体的弹光效应,提出了若干去除光学器件中静态弹光双折射的方法.主要结论包括:对于正交晶系的双轴晶体,当光波沿着晶体任意一个主轴方向传播时,如果作用于晶体另外两个主轴方向的应力能够满足某一与晶体自身参数有关的倍数关系且不存在剪切应力,则可以去除这两个应力引起的弹光双折射;对利用所有单轴晶体,ˉ43m,432,m3m点群的立方晶体和匀质光学玻璃制作的光学器件,如果能够保持晶体沿着x1,x2轴方向的正应力相等且不存在剪切应力,或只对晶体施加x3方向的正应力,也可以避免沿着晶体主光轴x3方向传播光波的弹光双折射.上述去除弹光双折射的方法对光学器件的设计、制作和使用具有重要参考价值.     

基于一维耦合腔光子晶体的声光可调谐平顶滤波器的研究

本文利用一维耦合腔光子晶体,提出了一种声光可调谐平顶滤波器.该滤波器利用声光效应,通过改变超声波频率使一维耦合腔光子晶体透射谱的平顶滤波器的中心波长产生漂移,从而实现可调谐的滤波功能.基于传输矩阵法和声光效应理论,建立了这种平顶滤波器的理论模型;利用COMSOL软件,对平顶滤波器的矩形度、通带带宽、插入损耗、可调谐特性、加工精度进行仿真研究.研究结果表明,通过施加频率为6-11 MHz的超声波,可实现通带带宽为5-6 nm及中心波长在1514-1562 nm范围内可调谐的平顶滤波器;在可调谐范围内通带带宽内插入损耗不超过2.23 dB,最低仅为0.78 dB,矩形度最低可达1.4;加工误差在±10 nm内平顶滤波器的中心波长、矩形度、插入损耗、通带带宽出现的偏差很小.该平顶滤波器具有易于设计和集成、通带平坦、可调谐范围宽、通带带宽稳定、插入损耗低、品质因素高的特点,在光开关、可调谐光纤激光器、光纤传感等光通信领域有重要应用.     

各种晶体界面上的全反射

本文研究了晶体界面上的全反射.我们如何计算迅衰波的复折射率、复折射角和复电场矢量.还研究了全反射时的反射和透射系数.这一方法既能应用于晶体-晶体界面,也能应用于各向同性媒质-晶体界面.晶体可以是双轴的,也可以是单轴的.晶体主轴的方位可以是任意的.所以它是研究晶体界面上全反射的一般方法.     

Rotation of elliptic optical beams in anisotropic media

We investigate the linear propagation of a paraxial optical beam in anisotropic media. We start from the eigenmode solution of the plane wave in the media, then subsequently derive the wave equation for the beam propagating along a general direction except the optic axes. The wave equation contains a second-order mixed derivative term originating from the anisotropy, and this term can result in the rotation of the beam-spot. The rotation effect is investigated by solving analytically the wave equation with an initial elliptical Gaussian beam for both uniaxial and biaxial media. For both media, it is found that there exists a specific direction, which is dependent on anisotropy of the media, on the cross-section perpendicular to propagation direction to determine the rotation of the beam-spot. When the major axes of the elliptical beam-spot of the input beam are parallel to the specific direction, the beam-spot will not rotate during propagation, otherwise, it will rotate with the direction and the velocity determined by input parameters of the beam.     

Schlieren visualization of ultrasonic wave fields with high spatial resolution

The visualization of ultrasonic wave fields in optically transparent liquids using the acousto-optic interaction is a well proven tool for the experimental investigation of wave propagation including wave field interaction effects with certain discontinuities and obstacles like reflection, refraction, and diffraction effects as well as for transducer testing and design. For high resolution visualization of wave fields including pulsed waveforms, pulsed light sources and sensitive optical imaging sensors with certain specifications are needed. In this paper the technical requirements of optical and electronic components for high resolution visualization of ultrasound wave fields will be presented. Also, specifications and operation results of a new designed, inexpensive Schlieren optical system will be presented, which is capable of pulsed wave field visualization in the MHz frequency range. The spatial resolution is high enough, not only for accurate beam shape and wave pattern visualization, but also for a gray-scaled display of wave amplitudes including amplitude zero crossings in ultrasound pulses. Consequently, ultrasonic wavelengths can be visualized quantitatively as well as wavelength changes of the ultrasound pulses while traveling through transparent media with different sound velocities. Results to be presented will include 2 MHz and 10 MHz experiments using single transducers as well as linear arrays of commercial medical scanners during their standard operation showing the system beamforming characteristics.     

Time resolved three-dimensional acousto-optic imaging of thick scattering media

Acousto-optic imaging is based on light interaction with focused ultrasound in a scattering medium. Thanks to photorefractive holography combined with pulsed ultrasound, we perform a time-resolved detection of ultrasound-modulated photons in the therapeutic window (780 nm). A high-gain SPS:Te crystal is used for this purpose and enables us to image through large optical thickness (500 mean free paths). We are able to generate three-dimensional (3D) acousto-optic images by translating a multielement ultrasound probe in only one direction. A 3D absorbing object is imaged through a 3 cm thick phantom.     

Application of acousto-optic interaction for holographic conversion of light fields

This paper represents a survey of research on the problem of acousto-optic conversion of optical images. This method of conversion permits us to retain all information that is contained in both amplitude and phase spatial modulation of a light wave. Particular attention is given to acousto-optic visualization of phase objects and registration of optical wavefronts. Information possibilities of the acousto-optic method are illustrated by numerical calculations as well as by some experiments recently performed in this area.     

基于声光折射的聚焦超声焦点声压检测

提出了一种基于声光折射对聚焦超声焦点声压进行非侵入式检测的方法。当一束直径小于声波长的平行光束入射穿过聚焦超声的焦点时,通过研究焦点声压与光线偏转的具体关系,建立了光线最大偏转距离与焦点声压变化的关系模型,从而计算出焦点峰值声压。为了对理论模型进行验证,采用凹球面型聚焦换能器进行实验研究。通过与采用光纤水听器测量的结果进行对比,证明理论模型的可行性。结果表明实验得到的光斑图像与理论分析的结果一致,且用该方法测得的焦点峰值声压与光纤水听器测量的结果相比,相对误差小于15%,证明该方法具有可行性,能够定量检测焦点峰值声压。模型的提出也为将声光折射效应用于整个聚焦声场的定量检测提供了实验依据和理论依据。     

Ultrasonic diffraction of Bessel light beams in uniaxial gyrotropic crystals

Specific features of the acousto-optic diffraction of Bessel light beams propagating in the vicinity of the optical axis of a uniaxial gyrotropic crystal have been investigated. The dependences of the diffraction efficiency on the acousto-optic interaction length, ultrasound power, and polarization state of the incident Bessel light beam have been analyzed using the coupled-wave equations and the overlap-integral method. It is shown that polarization-independent diffraction of Bessel light beams is observed in paratellurite crystals, when the Bragg diffraction efficiency is independent of the polarization state of the incident beam. The physical reason for this diffraction has been established (both theoretically and experimentally) to be simultaneous implementation of two processes of anisotropic scattering, at which the Bragg synchronism conditions are satisfied for orthogonal polarized Bessel beams with elliptical polarization.