固定床化学链燃烧氧化反应的数值模拟

基于Chimera网格采用有限体积法模拟了450个颗粒随机填充固定床中的化学链燃烧的氧化反应过程,并采用三维瞬态N-S方程,结合压力Poisson方程方法,详细分析了床层入口Re=5时的颗粒内部和外部的传质传热过程．模拟结果揭示了在大颗粒的固定床中,颗粒内部有效扩散系数对颗粒内部的传质起着决定性作用,而且颗粒表面的浓度梯度决定了总反应速率;另外,有惰性芯的结构化颗粒能有效地改善颗粒内部总的反应速率,颗粒的转化速率,并且能使床层很快地达到热平衡．模拟结果能更好地帮助我们认识固定床化学链反应器中的反应和组分传递机理．     

多元混合PBX炸药冲击起爆的多元Duan-Zhang-Kim反应速率模型研究

提出了多元混合PBX炸药孔隙塌缩热点模型新的处理方法，构建了新的细观反应速率模型，系列数值模拟结果与实验结果均一致，表明该细观反应速率模型可较好地描述和预测炸药组分配比及颗粒度对多元混合PBX炸药冲击起爆过程的影响。PBX炸药冲击起爆过程主要受热点点火过程和燃烧反应过程共同作用:HMX占主导成分的PBXC03炸药，起爆压力低，冲击起爆过程受热点点火影响较明显，热点点火后的燃烧反应速度较快，表现为加速反应特性；TATB占主导成分的钝感PBXC10炸药，起爆压力高，冲击起爆过程主要受点火后的燃烧反应过程控制，且点火后燃烧反应速度较慢，表现为稳定反应特性。     

RDX/HMX颗粒炸药落锤撞击点火-燃烧机理

对单质炸药受低速撞击的力学和化学响应研究,是进行炸药敏感性评价的基础。利用配备了光学观测的落锤撞击装置,实现了频率为1.5×105 s-1的实时观测,不但可以区分样品的“爆”或“不爆”,而且可以获取RDX和HMX颗粒炸药受落锤低速撞击变形、破碎、溅射、点火和燃烧随时间演化的特征。结果表明:RDX颗粒是在液相中点火,而HMX颗粒在固相中点火; 燃烧反应前常常发生剧烈的溅射现象,溅射是由气相反应产物释放能量推动破碎的颗粒所致。对比了单个和单层颗粒炸药响应的特点,多个颗粒由于热点密集和破碎后相互作用,其燃烧反应比单个颗粒燃烧反应更剧烈。根据图像处理估算燃烧波传播速度,很好地表征了样品宏观燃烧反应的剧烈程度。     

基于光学诊断的某新型含铝推进剂燃烧特性分析

为探究某新型含铝固体推进剂燃烧特性和规律,在模拟固体发动机的高压条件下,采用可调功率激光器结合高速摄影、发射光谱等光学诊断技术对该新型含铝固体推进剂开展了系统的点火及燃烧过程研究。通过对该推进剂的点火延迟、退移速率、燃烧温度以及团聚物颗粒尺寸的定量测量和分析,明确了该推进剂的点火延迟量级;证实此推进剂的退移速率严格遵循Summerfield燃速公式;判断出其最高燃烧温度高于3 300 K,且随压力增大而升高;通过对燃烧过程中发光凝聚相产物面积的量化分析得出推进剂产物中团聚物粒径尺寸受环境参数的影响规律。     

HMX颗粒炸药低速撞击点火实验研究

改造落锤撞击仪器,在落锤与撞击底座中增加光学系统和压力测试部件,利用高速摄像仪,拍摄了 HMX颗粒炸药受撞击加载过程中微秒量级时间的变形-熔化-点火-燃烧过程图像。研究了下落高度、颗粒松 散程度对变形和点火时间长短及燃烧剧烈程度的影响。结果表明,落锤下落高度越高,塑性扩展持续时间越 短,易发生点火而不易发生喷射现象;较低的落锤下落高度易导致剧烈的喷射,而不易发生点火。颗粒排列越 松散的样品,塑性扩展时间越短,更容易形成多个点火位置,从而使热点聚合导致燃烧的机会越大。     

铝颗粒在激波后气流作用下的点火

对铝颗粒在激波后气流作用下的点火进行了理论分析 ,用三个不同的判据得到铝颗粒点火的延时曲线并与实验进行了比较。理论分析结果表明 ,铝颗粒可以在远低于Al2 O3 的熔点被点火 ,甚至只要在铝的熔点时就被点火。提出的铝颗粒在温度达到铝的熔点且铝完全熔化时被点火这个判据在一些条件下与实验符合很好。如果铝颗粒表面的氧化层较厚 ,则点火温度为氧化铝的熔点。     

点火能量对粉尘爆炸行为的影响

为防控工业粉尘爆炸和完善粉尘爆炸测试方法,在Siwek20L球形爆炸测试系统内,实验研究了 不同点火能量下高、低挥发性粉尘的爆炸行为。对粉尘爆炸猛度(最大爆炸压力、最大升压速率和燃烧持续时 间)、敏感度(爆炸下限)及惰性介质的抑爆效力随点火能量的变化规律进行了重点探讨。结果表明,增加点火 能量能提高粉尘云爆炸能量和燃烧速率,低挥发性粉尘爆炸行为受点火能量的影响更显著。低挥发性粉尘在 低质量浓度下无法被低点火能量充分引燃,爆炸不良效应显著;随着粉尘质量浓度的增加,爆炸不良效应不 断减弱直至消失。低挥发性粉尘爆炸下限随点火能量增加急剧下降,而高挥发性粉尘爆炸下限受点火能量影 响较小。惰性介质抑爆效力随点火能量增加而下降。建议采用5~10kJ点火能量考察低挥发性粉尘爆炸下 限及惰性介质对粉尘爆炸的抑制效力。研究结果有助于理解粉尘爆炸规律、完善测试方法和安全设计。     

矩形管道中微米级铝粉爆炸实验

在矩形管道粉尘爆炸装置中开展系列实验,系统研究了点火延迟时间、粉尘粒度及粉尘浓度对铝粉尘爆炸过程中最大爆炸压力和最大爆炸压力上升速率的影响。研究结果表明:不同的点火延迟时间对铝粉尘爆炸压力有显著影响,随着点火延迟时间由小变大,最大爆炸压力和最大爆炸压力上升速率呈现先增大后减小的趋势,且不同粒径的铝粉尘最大爆炸压力对应有不同点火延迟时间。随铝粉粒度的减小,最大爆炸压力和最大爆炸压力上升速率会呈现出先增大后减小的变化规律。铝粉最大爆炸压力和最大爆炸压力上升速率随浓度的增加均表现为先变大后减小的趋势,即铝粉浓度在特定数值时会使其爆炸威力最强。     

激波点燃粉尘的数值模拟研究

建立了用于模拟入射激波后可燃粉尘颗粒点火的一维非定常两相化学反应流模型，该模型考虑了气固两相间的相互作用、粉尘颗粒的加速、加热和化学反应。粉尘颗粒着火前的化学反应用发生在颗粒外表面和内孔表面的非均相反应描述，颗粒内部的温度变化用一含有化学反应源项的非稳态热传导方程来描述，以颗粒外表面温度的突跃上升作为可燃粉尘颗粒点燃的着火条件。我们用该模型和ＰＳＩＣ方法，对由中等强度激波从纯气相传入煤粉－氧气混合物而引起的非定常两相流动现象，包括气固两相间的相互作用、粉尘颗粒的加速、加热以及点火过程进行了数值研究，计算了对应于不同载荷比、马赫数为４～５的入射激波后煤尘颗粒的点火延迟时间，分析了由于可燃粉尘颗粒的存在，入射激波及波后气固两相流动参数的变化规律。数值计算结果与实验数据符合较好。文中建立的模型和所用的基于ＰＳＩＣ算法的数值方法，用最自然的方式描述气固两相流动，即用连续流模型（欧拉方程）描述输运相（气相）的流动，用轨道颗粒模型（拉格朗日方程）描述分散相（颗粒相）的运动。用这种方法模拟含尘介质中激波后颗粒的点火是很有效的，它可以清楚地确定哪一个颗粒群最先着火，它的初始位置以及在整个点火延迟时间内     

点火能量对单基发射药燃烧爆炸特性的影响

为了探究点火能量对单基发射药燃烧爆炸特性的影响，自主设计了发射药燃烧爆炸试验装置。使用黑火药对单基发射药点火，开展燃烧爆炸实验。通过对铝制鉴定板及约束钢筒内壁烧蚀痕迹的分析，获得不同点火能量对单基发射药燃烧爆炸特性的影响。结果表明，点火初期约束钢筒内发射药燃烧反应不完全，反应剧烈程度较弱；随着距点火端距离增大，发射药燃烧反应剧烈程度变强，但此时反应仍不完全；在约束钢筒末端发射药反应完全。在4.0、5.0和8.0 kJ点火能量下，发射药点火初期到反应剧烈程度迅速增强的成长距离分别为54.66、 53.95和19.38 cm。20.0 kJ能量点火初期发射药反应剧烈程度较强，传播至末端时发射药发生爆燃反应，鉴定板产生明显凹痕；发射药在约束钢筒内不同位置分别发生了缓慢燃烧、快速燃烧和爆燃。     

Combustion of a gas suspension of metal particles

The combustion of a gas suspension of particles reacting in accordance with a heterogeneous mechanism was considered in [1–4]. It was assumed that the reaction rate at the surface of the individual particles does not depend on the thickness of the oxide film, or that a film does not form, i.e., the reaction products are gaseous. With the oxidation of many metals the oxide film formed inhibits the reaction, i.e., with its growth, the rate of the reaction decreases. The special characteristics of the process of the combustion of individual particles of metals arising as a result of the effect of the oxide film were considered in [5], in which it was shown that the dependence of the reaction rate on the thickness of the film has a considerable effect on the laws governing the combustion of individual particles. In the present work, a study was made of the process of the combustion of a gas suspension of particles of metals oxidizing in accordance with the so-called parabolic law (the reaction rate is inversely proportional to the thickness of the oxide film). The results are compared with the laws governing the combusion of a gas suspension of particles reacting in accordance with a purely heterogeneous mechanism in the absence of an oxide film.     

A new facility for studying shock-wave passage over dust layers

Dust explosion hazards in areas where coal and other flammable materials are found have caused unnecessary loss of life and halted business operations in some instances. The elimination of secondary dust explosion hazards, i.e., reducing dust dispersion, can be characterized in shock tubes to understand shock–dust interactions. For this reason, a new shock-tube test section was developed and integrated into an existing shock-tube facility. The test section has large windows to allow for the use of the shadowgraph technique to track dust-layer growth behind a passing normal shock wave, and it is designed to handle an initial pressure of 1 atm with an incident shock wave Mach number as high as 2 to mimic real-world conditions. The test section features an easily removable dust pan with inserts to allow for adjustment of the dust-layer thickness. The design also allows for changing the experimental variables such as initial pressure, shock Mach number \((M_{\mathrm{s}})\), dust-layer thickness, and the characteristics of the dust itself. The characterization experiments presented herein demonstrate the advantages of the authors’ test techniques toward providing new physical insights over a wider range of data than what have been available heretofore in the literature. Limestone dust with a layer thickness of 3.2 mm was subjected to \(M_{\mathrm{s}} = 1.23,\, 1.32\), and 1.6 shock waves, and dust-layer rise height was mapped with respect to time after shock passage. Dust particles subjected to a \(M_{\mathrm{s}} = 1.6\) shock wave rose more rapidly and to a greater height with respect to shock wave propagation than particles subjected to \(M_{\mathrm{s}} = 1.23\) and 1.32 shock waves. Although these results are in general agreement with the literature, the new data also highlight physical trends for dust-layer growth that have not been recorded previously, to the best of the authors’ knowledge. For example, the dust-layer height rises linearly until a certain time where the growth rate is dramatically reduced, and in this second regime there is clear evidence of surface vertical structures at the dust–air interface.     

Entrainment of fine particles from surfaces by impinging shock waves

 When a shock wave impinges on a surface, it reflects and propagates across the surface at supersonic velocity. The gas is impulsively accelerated by the passing shock wave. The resulting high-speed flow imparts sufficiently strong forces to particles on the surface to overcome strong adhesive forces and entrain the surface-bound particles into the gas. This paper describes an experimental study of the removal of fine particles from a surface by impinging shock waves. The surfaces examined in this study were glass slides on which uniformly sized (8.3 μm diameter), spherical polystyrene particles had been deposited. Shock waves were generated in a small, open-ended shock tube at various heights above and impingement angles to the surface. Particle detachment from the carefully prepared substrates was determined from images of the surfaces recorded before and after shock impingement. A single shock wave effectively cleaned a large surface area. The centerline length of the cleared region was used to characterize the efficacy of shock cleaning. A model based upon the far field solution for a point source surface shock provides a good fit to the clearance length data and yields an estimate to the threshold shock strength for particle removal. Received: 13 November 1997/Accepted: 23 April 1998     

A hypersonic chemically nonequilibrium viscous shock layer oh wings with a catalytic surface

Within the framework of the theory of a hypersonic viscous shock layer a study is made of flow round wings of infinite span with blunt leading edges at various angles of attack and slip. Account is taken of multicomponent diffusion, and homogeneous chemical reactions, including dissociation-recombination reactions and exchange reactions. On the shock wave the generalized Rankine-Hugoniot conditions are given, and on the surface of the body conditions which allow for heterogeneous catalytic reactions of the first order with reaction rate constants depending [1] or not depending [2] on the temperature. The cases of an ideally catalytic and a noncatalytic surface are also considered. The surface of the body is assumed to be heatinsulated. A numerical study was made of the problem in a broad range of variation in the angles of attack and slip for different cases of prescribed constants representing the rates of the heterogeneous reactions. The conditions of the flow corresponded to the motion of a body which possess a lifting force along the trajectory of entry into the Earth's atmosphere [3]. The dependences are given of the equilibrium temperature of the surface along the stagnation line of the wing on the height of the flight and the distribution of this temperature along the surface of wings with parabolic and hyperbolic contours. It is shown that for flow regimes with a relatively high degree of dissociation in cases when the proportion of atoms recombined on the surface of the body is small, the dependences of the heat flow and the temperature of the surface on the angle of slip are of a nonmonotonic nature.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhldkosti i Gaza., No. 6, pp. 127–135, November–December, 1984.     

激波诱导含灰气体边界层中的粒子分布

本文研究当激波沿着一个固体表面等速地穿越含灰气体运动时所诱导的层流边界层特性。考虑了作用在气体边界层中球形粒子的 Saffman 升力,建议了一种计算近壁区中弥散相密度剖面的方法,并给出了数值计算结果。本文结果表明:在激波后方存在着一个弯曲的薄层区域,其中的粒子密度可以比其波前原始值增加许多倍。这种粒子聚集效应对于工业中粉尘爆炸等实际问题具有重要意义。     

Formation of condensed oxide particles by combustion of metal droplets

The formation of condensed oxide particles in combustion of metal droplets is discussed; it is assumed that the characteristic diffusion time is much less than the characteristic time for the heterogeneous reaction at the condensate particle surfaces, and the structure of the reaction zone is discussed; the size spectrum is derived for the condensed oxide particles. It is found that condensation in the gas has little effect on the droplet combustion rate. Heat needed to evaporate the metal is produced directly at the surface of the drop and the rate-limiting step in the combustion is the diffusion of oxidant to the surface.     

On the effect of grain size on shock sensitivity of heterogeneous high explosives

Analysis of available data on dependence of the critical detonation diameter of various heterogeneous condensed explosives on mean size of grains and voids demonstrated that in many cases surprising correlations between and the initial specific surface area of heterogeneous explosives exist, namely, or . The run distance to detonation in wedge test with sustained strong shock of constant amplitude also linearly correlates with , i.e. . At the same time, the shock sensitivity reversal effect is often observed when grain size of HE is reduced. Apart from that Moulard (1989) found that detonation critical diameter of plastic bonded explosive with mono- and bimodal RDX grain size distribution depends nonmonotonously on mean grain size. Complicated dependence of shock sensitivity of heterogeneous explosives on their specific surface area can be explained based on comparison of the critical hot spot size at given characteristic pressure behind shock wave with the mean heterogeneity size . At high characteristic pressure (relative to the critical ignition pressure) is small compared with and all specific surface area of heterogeneous explosive is available for the hot spot growth process in accordance with the grain burn concept. However, when characteristic pressure of shock wave decreases, increases and can become comparable with . In this case only relatively large potential hot spots with size can result in self-supported hot spot growth process and shock sensitivity is controlled by the specific surface area which corresponds to only larger heterogeneities and can be significantly smaller than initial specific surface area. Received 18 July 1996 / Accepted 6 November 1996     

A numerical study of shock-induced cavity collapse

The flow field resulting from the interaction between a planar incident shock in a solid and an embedded ellipsoidal gas cavity is examined computationally. The study is motivated by the need for improved understanding of the role of embedded cavities in the initiation of reaction in a heterogeneous explosive following the application of a shock. The system is modeled as a compressible multi-fluid flow with a sufficiently strong shock in the solid. A high-resolution, Godunov-type capturing scheme is employed to solve the governing equations numerically. The calculations are performed in parallel and use adaptive mesh refinement to obtain well-resolved solutions. The goal is to identify regions in which the shock-cavity interaction results in pressures that are substantially higher than the post-shock pressure that existed prior to the beginning of the interaction. Also of interest are the ways in which the magnitude of the elevated pressure, the extent and location of the regions where it develops, and the mechanisms that underlie such a development are influenced by the strength of the shock and the geometry of the cavity.     

Detonation in heterogeneous mixtures of liquids and particles

The mechanisms of detonation propagation in heterogeneous systems comprising closely packed particles and a liquid explosive are not fully understood. Recent experimental work has suggested the presence of two distinct modes of detonation propagation. One mode is valid for small particles (which is the regime we will address in this paper) with another mode for large particles. In this work we model numerically the detail of the wave interactions between the detonating liquid and the solid particles. The generic system of interest in our work is nitromethane and aluminium but our methodology can be applied to other liquids and particles. We have exercised our numerical models on the experiments described above. Our models can now qualitatively explain the observed variation in critical diameter with particle size. We also report some initial discrepancies in our predictions of wave speeds in nominally one dimensional experiments which can be explained by detailed modelling. We find that the complex wave interaction in the flow behind the leading shock in the detonating system of liquid and particles is characterised by at least two sonic points. The first is the standard CJ point in the reacting liquid. The second is a sonic point with respect to the sound speed in the inert material. This leads to a steady state zone in the flow behind the leading shock which is much longer than the reaction zone in the liquid alone. The width of this region scales linearly with particle size. Since the width of the subsonic region strongly influences the failure diameter we believe that this property of the flow is the origin of the observed increase in failure diameter with particle size for small inert particles. Received 3 December 1999 / Accepted 5 July 2000