A review of hyperspectral imaging for nanoscale materials research

As an emerging technology, hyperspectral imaging (HSI), which combines both advanced spectroscopy and imaging techniques, provides sufficient information for spectral and spatial analysis and is thus suitable for distribution and property investigation of nanoscale materials. Considering the applications of HSI have spread from remote sensing to quality control of macro products such as food and milk, this article reviews recent research of HSI in a new field of nanoscale materials. On the basis of fundamental parts of a HSI system, new techniques fitting specifically for nanoscale materials imaging such as dark field and Raman spectroscopy are introduced. Nanoscale materials, including metal nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes and graphene, biological components in cells and tissues, as well as multi-layer nanoscale materials, are the research hotspots utilizing HSI technology. Related research reports of the above materials are reviewed based on the physical distinction of these nanoscale materials. It is believed that HSI technology is a strongly potential technique for property investigation and manipulation of nanomaterial for various applications.     

Discrimination methods for biological contaminants in fresh-cut lettuce based on VNIR and NIR hyperspectral imaging

The rapid detection of biological contaminants such as worms in fresh-cut vegetables is necessary to improve the efficiency of visual inspections carried out by workers. Multispectral imaging algorithms were developed using visible-near-infrared (VNIR) and near-infrared (NIR) hyperspectral imaging (HSI) techniques to detect worms in fresh-cut lettuce. The optimal wavebands that can detect worms in fresh-cut lettuce were investigated for each type of HSI using one-way ANOVA. Worm-detection imaging algorithms for VNIR and NIR imaging exhibited prediction accuracies of 97.00% (RI_547/945) and 100.0% (RI_1064/1176, SI_1064-1176, RSI-I_{(1064-1173)/1064}, and RSI-II_{(1064-1176)/(1064+1176)})_, respectively. The two HSI techniques revealed that spectral images with a pixel size of 1 × 1 mm or 2 × 2 mm had the best classification accuracy for worms. The results demonstrate that hyperspectral reflectance imaging techniques have the potential to detect worms in fresh-cut lettuce. Future research relating to this work will focus on a real-time sorting system for lettuce that can simultaneously detect various defects such as browning, worms, and slugs.     

Hyperspectral Imaging Applications in Agriculture and Agro-Food Product Quality and Safety Control: A Review

Abstract

In this review, various applications of near-infrared hyperspectral imaging (NIR-HSI) in agriculture and in the quality control of agro-food products are presented. NIR-HSI is an emerging technique that combines classical NIR spectroscopy and imaging techniques in order to simultaneously obtain spectral and spatial information from a field or a sample. The technique is nondestructive, nonpolluting, fast, and relatively inexpensive per analysis. Currently, its applications in agriculture include vegetation mapping, crop disease, stress and yield detection, component identification in plants, and detection of impurities. There is growing interest in HSI for safety and quality assessments of agro-food products. The applications have been classified from the level of satellite images to the macroscopic or molecular level.     

Multivalent Sorbitol Probes for Near-Infrared Photothermal Cancer Therapy

Photothermal therapy (PTT) is a targeted and non-invasive therapeutic strategy for effective cancer treatment. Image-guided PTT based on bifunctional near-infrared (NIR) fluorophores has received significant attention recently and the development of NIR fluorophores is advised for targeted imaging and precise cancer therapy. In this study, a multivalent sorbitol-conjugated NIR fluorophore (4Sorbitol-800) is used as a photothermal therapeutic agent for in vivo cancer imaging and therapy because of the high tumor-targetability of the sorbitol moieties and excellent photothermal properties of the NIR heptamethine cyanine core. This NIR fluorophore demonstrates an excellent photothermal effect, which increases the temperature of the tumor by 57.4 °C upon NIR laser irradiation (1.1 W cm⁻²) for 5 min. The volumes of HT-29 tumors targeted by 4Sorbitol-800 significantly decrease over 7 days after photothermal treatment. The 4Sorbitol-800 developed in this study exhibits good in vivo safety and a highly efficient antitumor capability. Therefore, 4Sorbitol-800 in combination with NIR laser irradiation has promising potential for future clinical applications with targeted photothermal cancer therapy.     

A Review of Recent Near-Infrared Research for Wood and Paper (Part 2)

Abstract: This review article introduces recent technical and scientific reports on near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy in the wood and paper industry, which have increased during the last decade. Many researchers have reported that the NIR technique is useful for detection of both chemical and physical properties of wood materials and has been widely used in cases where the characteristic cellular structure of the material is retained. With regard to application of NIR spectroscopy to pulp and paper, many publications have reported its potential as an on-line measurement technique during paper-making process control. NIR spectroscopy is considered fundamental in applied research on wood and paper. Utilization of NIR spectroscopy in the wood and paper industry should take into account its applicability and limitations as a nondestructive technique.     

Near-Infrared Imaging Using a High-Speed Monitoring Near Infrared Hyperspectral Camera(Compovision)

This review paper reports near-infrared (NIR) imaging studies using a newly-developed NIR camera, Compovision. Compovision can measure a significantly wide area of 150 mm×250 mm at high speed of between 2 and 5 s. It enables a wide spectral region measurement in the 1 000～2 350 nm range at 6 nm intervals. We investigated the potential of Compovision in the applications to industrial problems such as the evaluation of pharmaceutical tablets and polymers. Our studies have demonstrated that NIR imaging based on Compovision can solve several issues such as long acquisition times and relatively low sensitivity of detection. NIR imaging with Compovision is strongly expected to be applied not only to pharmaceutical tablet monitoring and polymer characterization but also to various applications such as those to food products, biomedical substances and organic and inorganic materials.     

Rapid Clearance of IR783 and Methyl-β-cyclodextrin Complex for Improved Tumor Imaging

Near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence cancer imaging with targeted NIR fluorophores holds considerable promise for accurate detection and cancer diagnosis. Among the various NIR heptamethine cyanine dyes reported previously, IR783 as a single small molecule has been widely used for tumor-targeted imaging without the additional conjugation of targeting moieties. Despite the potential advantages of IR783, the major problems, such as its non-specific uptake in normal tissues/organs and slow clearance, remain to be solved. A key determinant of sensitivity and detectability in tumor imaging is the improvement of the tumor-to-background ratio (TBR). Herein, a simple and effective supramolecular complex self-assembled from IR783 and methyl-β-cyclodextrin is developed to improve tumor imaging accompanied by rapid clearance from the body. The IR783-cyclodextrin complex allowed for rapid whole body biodistribution, which remarkably reduced non-specific background uptake, and thus increased the TBR value within 24 h post-injection. Therefore, this strategy is applicable in combination with many different types of carbocyanine dyes for improved tumor imaging.     

两种相似塑料材料的显微近、中红外成像方法研究

显微近、中红外成像不仅可以获得样品的光谱信息,而且可以获得样品的空间分布信息,这是传统的近、中红外光谱分析所无法比拟的。该文以外观非常相似的聚乙烯膜(材料Ⅰ)和封口膜(材料Ⅱ)为研究对象,分别采集了样品的显微近、中红外图像。针对两种材料进行化学成像和相关光谱成像,比较并讨论了每种材料的两种成像方法。结果表明,材料Ⅱ的显微近、中红外化学成像中,两种材料化学成像值相差分别为0.004 8和0.254 8;材料Ⅰ的显微近、中红外化学成像中,两种材料化学成像值相差分别为0.002 6和0.326 5;近、中红外谱区的显微成像皆可得到两种材料清晰的成像,从而可区分两种材料。对两种材料相关光谱成像的研究表明,分别以两种材料的近、中红外光谱作为参比光谱的相关光谱成像可以明显地区分两种材料,成像结果较清晰;显微中红外相关光谱成像中,两种材料的光谱和参比光谱的相关系数差异大于0.12,成像结果更清晰;而显微近红外相关光谱成像图可利用图像中两种材料光谱和参比光谱相关系数的细微差异区分两种材料。该研究为农产品包装材料安全性的快速判别提供一定的参考,并为显微近、中红外成像分辨不同材料提供一定的成像方法参考。     

NIR Spectroscopy and Imaging Techniques for Evaluation of Fish Quality—A Review

Abstract

Fish is a highly perishable product and it is particularly important to pay attention to its quality changes. Maintenance of the high quality of fish and fishery products necessitates development of means for precise and rapid quality evaluation. Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy and imaging techniques are proven technologies that can provide useful information for the estimation of quality attributes in fish and fishery products due to fast speed, noninvasiveness, ease of use, and minimal sample preparation. The aim of this review is to communicate perspectives and aspects relating to NIR spectroscopy and imaging techniques with regard to evaluation of chemical composition (fat, protein, and moisture), microbiological (freshness, spoilage, and nematodes), and sensory (flavor, texture, and color) attributes of fish and fishery products. Moreover, the usefulness of NIR spectroscopy and imaging techniques for fish authentication and classification are presented. Finally, some viewpoints on the current situation and suggestions for future research directions are proposed.     

近红外光谱检测技术在聚合物领域的应用研究进展

近红外光谱(NIR)检测技术能够提供样品丰富的结构和组成信息,且具有分析速度快、样品无需处理等突出特点,在聚合物领域有了越来越广泛的应用。综述了该技术在聚合物合成到成型加工再到回收利用整个生命周期过程中各个环节的应用研究进展。在聚合物的合成和加工过程中,近红外光谱检测技术可用于材料参量的定量测量,且由于光纤良好的化学和热稳定性,使其能够在强腐蚀、高温、高压等危险环境下进行在线实时监测。对于聚合物合成,选择聚合反应转化率、聚合产物粒径和聚合物组成三个关键参量,概述了近红外光谱在线测量上述参量的相关研究进展;对于聚合物加工,主要讨论了反应性挤出加工过程中近红外光谱在线测量聚合物分子量、残余单体含量、接枝率等反映材料加工状态参量的应用研究。在聚合物的回收利用过程中,近红外光谱可用于废旧塑料制品的定性分类识别,围绕该应用分析了其国内外的研究现状。指出了近红外光谱检测技术在应用中存在的问题,并提出几点建议,最后对该技术在聚合物领域的发展方向进行了展望,并认为随着研究工作的深入和在线测量仪器的发展,近红外光谱检测技术将在聚合物领域有着更加广阔的应用前景。     

化学镀铜天然高分子材料表面特征的近红外光谱分析

通过对天然高分子材料木材进行化学镀的方法制成的木质电磁屏蔽材料既可以保留木材的一些优良特性,又能有效改善木材导电、 导热和电磁屏蔽性,不仅为木材的增值利用开辟了新道路,还为电磁屏蔽材料的加工利用拓宽了领域。本研究利用近红外光谱结合主成分分析法对化学镀铜处理前后样品进行了分析研究,旨在探讨利用近红外光谱技术研究该材料表面特性的可行性。结果表明：(1)化学镀铜前后样品表面的近红外光谱在形状和吸收强度上存在显著差异,而不同镀铜时间的样品之间也存在差异,尤其是反应未充分的样品。(2)经过主成分分析后,镀铜前后样品沿PC1轴、 PC2轴大致分成了6类,其中未处理样品、 活化处理样品性质较接近,镀铜时间25和40 min样品因反应充分,性质也比较类似,说明近红外光谱中包含反映材料处理前后的重要特征信息。(3)比较近红外区域和可见光区域光谱的主成分分析效果,发现近红外光谱区比可见光光谱区对镀铜处理前后样品的分类效果好,可见光光谱在突出样品的表面颜色特征信息方面表现更好,这说明两者结合运用更有利于样品表面特征信息的表征。     

羊肉挥发性盐基氮的高光谱图像快速检测研究

挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)通常被作为评价羊肉新鲜度的理化参考指标。为了揭示高光谱图像技术(HSI)快速检测羊肉新鲜度的可行性,采集了71个新鲜度具有代表性的羊肉样品的漫反射高光谱图像(400～1 000 nm),并利用半微量定氮法测定了其挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)的化学值。选择感兴趣区域(ROIs)提取样品的代表性光谱,采用含量梯度法划分校正集和预测集,比较不同的光谱预处理方法,比较逐步多元线性回归(SMLR)、偏最小二乘(PLSR)和主成分分析(PCR)建模方法,建立并验证了TVB-N的校正模型。结果表明,利用多元散射校正(MSC)、一阶导数、Savitzky-Golay(S-G)平滑及中心化处理结合的预处理方法,PLSR和PCR模型都可以实现对羊肉TVB-N的定量检测。对于建立的PLSR模型,采用的预处理方法为MSC、15点2次S-G平滑、1阶导数和中心化相结合的方法,选择的潜变量因子数为11,获得的校正集的相关系数(R)和校正均方根误差(RMSEC)分别为0.92和3.00 mg·(100 g)-1,预测集的相关系数(r)、预测均方根误差(RMSEP)和相对分析误差(RPD)分别为0.92,3.46 mg·(100 g)-1和2.35。研究表明,高光谱图像技术可用于准确快速地检测分析羊肉中新鲜度关键指标TVB-N的含量。该研究为采用高光谱图像技术进一步分析羊肉新鲜度其他指标、改善TVB-N的建模效果及在实际生产中应用该技术提供了基础。     

Optimum spectral window for imaging of art with optical coherence tomography

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has been shown to have potential for important applications in the field of art conservation and archaeology due to its ability to image subsurface microstructures non-invasively. However, its depth of penetration in painted objects is limited due to the strong scattering properties of artists’ paints. VIS–NIR (400–2,400 nm) reflectance spectra of a wide variety of paints made with historic artists’ pigments have been measured. The best spectral window with which to use OCT for the imaging of subsurface structure of paintings was found to be around 2.2 μm. The same spectral window would also be most suitable for direct infrared imaging of preparatory sketches under the paint layers. The reflectance spectra from a large sample of chemically verified pigments provide information on the spectral transparency of historic artists’ pigments/paints as well as a reference set of spectra for pigment identification. The results of the paper suggest that broadband sources at ~2 μm are highly desirable for OCT applications in art and potentially material science in general.     

Study of Water Uptake in Whole Grain Barley by Two-Dimensional Correlation Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

This study reports the use of near-infrared (NIR) reflectance spectroscopy combined with two-dimensional correlation (2D-COS) spectroscopy to monitor the effect of soaking and water uptake by the barley endosperm (Hordeum vulgare, L). The synchronous 2D-COS maps derived from the NIR spectra of barley endosperm showed similarities that could be explained by the regions in the spectra associated with water as well as with the biochemical and biophysical changes as a consequence of the water uptake by the grain. The results also demonstrated the potential of 2D-COS combined with NIR spectroscopy as an analytical tool to study changes in the biophysical characteristics of whole barley during steeping or soaking. This method can be used to obtain information about the effect of water uptake in other chemical characteristics of the endosperm of cereal grains.     

Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopic evaluation of articular cartilage: A review of current and future trends

This review describes recent developments and applications of near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy for characterization of articular cartilage integrity. It summarizes the research findings in this area and presents some spectral ranges and peaks associated with the different properties and components of articular cartilage. We further describe recent adaptations of NIR spectroscopy for clinical evaluation of articular cartilage injury and degeneration. Critical to accurate decision-making during repair surgery is having clear knowledge of lesion severity and spread, and how to grade the quality of surrounding cartilage. Thus, in this review, we detail efforts aimed at quantification and classification of cartilage pathology using NIR spectroscopy. Finally, we present open questions and challenges with a view to guiding future directions in NIR spectroscopy research on articular cartilage.     

分子影像新技术——氘代谢波谱及成像的综述与展望

目前常用的分子影像技术主要有正电子发射型断层显像（PET）、质子磁共振波谱（¹H MRS）及成像（¹H MRSI）、化学交换饱和转移（CEST）、超极化¹³C MRSI等.近4年来,氘代谢波谱（DMS）及成像（DMI）作为一种新兴的分子影像技术获得了越来越多的关注,其通过采集注射或口服氘代葡萄糖后的目标组织与正常组织间氘代谢产物的磁共振信号进行组织区分.相比于其他分子影像方法,该影像技术具有无辐射、稳定性好、扫描操作相对简单等优点.本文综述了近年来DMS/DMI技术的研究进展及其意义,归纳总结了其临床应用价值,并对该技术未来的发展和改进方向,以及应用前景进行了展望.     

高光谱成像技术结合化学计量学可视化花生中蛋白质含量分布

花生中蛋白质含量与分布能够显著影响花生制品品质。利用高光谱图像结合化学计量学研究可视化花生中蛋白质含量分布的可行性。从校正后的花生图像的感兴趣区域(region of interest, ROI)中提取光谱信息,通过传统化学方法测定蛋白质含量。比对了不同光谱预处理和回归算法,以二阶导数(the second derivative, 2nd-der)为最佳的光谱预处理方法,偏最小二乘法(partial least squares, PLS)为最佳的回归算法。基于预处理后的光谱和花生蛋白质的化学值,建立全波长PLS模型,全波长模型具有良好的性能(校正集相关系数为0.91,校正集标准偏差0.86;预测集相关系数为0.86,预测集标准偏差为0.69)。利用回归系数法(regression coefficient, RC)从全波长模型中选择14个特征波长,建立2nd-der-RC-PLS特征波长模型,模型性能(校正集相关系数为0.86,校正集标准偏差1.03;预测集相关系数为0.80,预测集标准偏差为0.77)与全波长模型相当。采用2nd-der-RC-PLS算法将花生高光谱图像转变成蛋白质含量分布图。成对t检验判断凯氏定氮法与高光谱法无显著性差异。结果表明结合化学计量学的高光谱成像技术为测定花生中蛋白质含量分布提供了一种高效非破坏性方法。     

Applications of Near‐Infrared Spectroscopy in Refineries and Important Issues to Address

Abstract

This review primarily concerns NIR (near‐infrared) applications in refineries. Initially, this article reviews the fundamental aspects for analysis of hydrocarbon mixture by NIR spectroscopy, such as spectral sensitivity in various spectral regions, signal‐to‐noise ratio, and spectral resolution. Though there are applications of NIR to diverse petroleum products, this review subsequently focuses only on applications to four major products: gasoline, diesel, naphtha, and crude oil, which are the most interesting from a refiner's viewpoint. In each application, discussion of important issues to consider for proper and optimal NIR measurement is included. Finally, the issue of calibration transfer is discussed.     

大白桃糖度的近红外漫反射光谱无损检测试验研究

该研究应用近红外(near infrared, NIR)漫反射光谱定量分析技术开展了金华大白桃的糖度检测试验研究。用偏最小二乘回归(partial least square regression, PLSR)方法在800～2 500 nm光谱范围建模,通过比较果汁和不同部位果肉所对应的相关模型的预测结果发现：用水果3个部位(顶部、中部、底部)共9个检测点的果肉平均光谱和糖度平均值建立的模型的结果比果汁或单独某个部位果肉(3个检测点)所建立的模型的结果要好。在此基础上,分析了光谱微分和散射校正预处理对建模结果的影响,结果显示微分光谱建立的模型不如原始光谱建立的模型的结果好,光谱的散射校正处理(用多元散射校正MSC和标准正态变量变换SNV两种方法)有助于提高模型的预测性能。最终建立桃子果肉平均光谱经MSC和SNV散射校正后与糖度的相关模型,MSC和SNV对建模结果的影响基本一致,MSC-PLSR和SNV-PLSR模型的相关系数Rcal和交互验证相关系数Rcross-v分别为0.997和0.939。该研究表明近红外光谱检测技术可用于金华大白桃糖度的定量分析。