三维射流中颗粒与流体的双向耦合作用

采用基于欧拉一拉格朗日的双向耦合模型对三维气固两相平面射流中颗粒与流体的双向耦合作用进行了直接数值模拟.在考虑颗粒相的反作用后,气相运动采用直接耦合求解,计算颗粒场时,选取Stokes数为0.1的较小颗粒,采用Lagrangian方法跟踪其运动.重点考察了颗粒相与流体相之间的相互作用,分析了不同固相载率的颗粒对流场特性以及对自身扩散的影响.模拟结果表明由于颗粒的影响,在射流入口处流场最初生成的两个大涡沿横向被拉伸,而在射流下游区域,涡结构则沿流向被拉伸;在射流的下游,颗粒降低了流场中心区域的流向平均速度,削弱了流场中心区域的湍流强度.此外,跟单向耦合相比,双向耦合情况下的颗粒分布更加均匀,并且均匀程度随固相载率的增加而增大.     

高雷诺数气固湍流射流的直接数值模拟

本文对流动雷诺数 Re=5990的空间发展的气固两相湍流射流进行了直接数值模拟。其中对流场的求解采用具有四阶精度的紧致差分格式,对颗粒场的跟踪采用拉格朗日方法。结果表明,湍流拟序结构逐渐由对称模式发展到非对称模式;较小 Stokes 数的颗粒在流场中均匀分布,较大 Stokes 数的颗粒沿横向没有明显的扩散,而 Stokes 数为 1的量级的颗粒则大量聚集在大涡结构的外围。     

气固两相平面混合层的直接数值模拟

本文采用直接数值模拟(DNS)方法研究了气固两相混合层的涡量场和颗粒扩散,分析了湍流混合层中涡结构的卷起和配对过程,并讨论了大尺度涡结构的配对过程对平均速度、雷诺应力的影响。同时分析了混合层中不同Stokes数的颗粒在涡结构的作用下的混合和扩散。结果显示Stokes数为1的颗粒主要分布在流场大尺度涡结构的外边界,而Stokes数为0.01在涡结构的作用下,在流场中充分混合。     

气固两相圆湍射流颗粒对气相流动的影响

采用PDA测量气固两相圆湍射流中轴线上的气相轴向平均速度及轴向和径向湍流强度,并与相同出口速度的单相射流进行比较。研究不同颗粒对气相的调制作用。喷口直径为20 mm,出口Re为13600。采用了从50μm到300 μm不同平均直径的六种密度为2500 kg/m3玻璃微珠作为颗粒相。各组实验质量气载比为0.5。结果表明不同粒径的颗粒对两相流场中气相的平均速度、轴向和径向湍流强度均有不同影响。150μm以下的颗粒对气相湍流有明显抑制作用, 200μm以上颗粒对气相湍流有加强作用。颗粒对气相湍流调制规律的分界取与颗粒随拟序结构扩散的分界不同。     

三维射流中颗粒碰撞的直接数值模拟

采用硬球模型对三维气同两相射流中Stokes数为10的中等颗粒的碰撞行为进行了直接数值模拟,以初步考察两相流动中颗粒碰撞的特件.颗粒的跟踪采用单向耦合的Lagrangian方法,计算分析了颗粒碰撞随空间、时间的演化及其对颗粒分布不均匀性的影响.模拟结果表明颗粒碰撞主要分布在流场巾颗粒局部浓度较高的区域;由于射流初期大尺度涡结构的影响,颗粒的浓度分布最为不均,因此碰撞次数在这一时期随时间呈线性增加,达到最大值后逐渐回落趋于平缓.此外,对网格中颗粒个数分布的矩的统计发现,碰撞对颗粒分布不均匀性的影响随时间呈现不同的特性.     

转捩射流中涡结构与颗粒扩散的直接模拟

为考察转捩射流中拟序结构的空间演化过程及其对不同Stokes颗粒扩散的影响,采用有限容积方法和分步投影算法对三维气固两相射流进行了直接模拟。其中流体控制方程组的时间积分采用低存储三阶精度的Runge-Kutta格式; 颗粒的跟踪在拉格朗日框架下进行。模拟结果发现,在流场拟序结构由大尺度转化为小尺度的过程中,中、小Stokes数的颗粒能自发地调整它们的扩散方式,分别由非均匀状态向均匀状态以及由均匀状态向非均匀状态转变。     

气固两相三维圆柱绕流的直接数值模拟

本文采用直接数值模拟(DNS)方法研究了气周两相三维圆柱绕流的涡量场和颗粒扩散,并着重讨论了圆柱绕流中卡门涡街的形成和涡结构的转捩过程。同时分析了圆柱绕流中不同Stokes数的颗粒在涡结构作用下的横向扩散。结果显示Stokes数为1的颗粒主要分布在流场大尺度涡结构的外边界,而Stokes数为0．01的颗粒在涡结构的作用下,在流场中充分混合。     

颗粒趋壁沉积的直接数值模拟

气相采用直接数值模拟方法、颗粒相采用拉格朗日轨道模型方法对摩擦雷诺数为180的充分发展槽道内Stokes数为1～104的颗粒趋壁沉积现象进行了研究.研究表明,惯性颗粒在湍流涡的作用下趋向壁面运动,并以一定速率沉积.在"吸收壁面"条件下沉积速率首先随着颗粒弛豫时间增大而增大,在弛豫时间大于100时,沉积速率保持不变.     

横向粗糙元壁面槽道湍流的大涡模拟研究

采用大涡模拟和浸没边界法相结合对不同高度和不同间距横向粗糙元壁面槽道湍流进行了模拟,得到了光滑壁面和粗糙壁面湍流的流向平均速度分布,雷诺剪切应力,脉动速度均方根和近壁区拟序结构。结果发现横向粗糙元降低了流向平均速度,增大了流动阻力,粗糙壁面湍流的雷诺剪切应力大于光滑壁面。粗糙元降低了流向脉动速度,增强了展向和法向脉动速度。粗糙元高度越高,对湍流流动影响越大,而粗糙元间距对湍流统计特性的影响不大。粗糙壁面仍然存在着和光滑壁面类似的条带结构。     

喷动床气固流动特性的三维CFD-DEM数值模拟

开展了柱锥形气固流动特性的CFD-DEM耦合三维数值模拟研究。气相场采用基于欧拉坐标体系的k-ε双方程湍流模型,固相场采用基于拉格朗日坐标体系的DEM直接数值模拟方法,跟踪离散颗粒场的每一个颗粒,考虑颗粒与颗粒(壁面)之间的碰撞力、曳力、重力、Magnus升力、saffman升力。颗粒之间的碰撞采用Hertz-Mindlin无滑移模型计算。模拟对象为柱锥形喷动床,其直径为0.152 m,喷口直径为0.019 m,模拟颗粒数22万,探讨了喷动床中射流随时间的发展,不同气速下床内气固流动结构,以及颗粒速度与颗粒浓度的分布,并与实验数据进行了对比。     

Flow visualization and laser measurement on particle modulation to gas-phase turbulence

Particle modulation to turbulence is investigated experimentally by means of PDPA, PIV and flow visualization for a gas-particle two-phase jet flow. Large particles can enhance the small-scale vortex, so that gas-phase turbulence intensity is increased, while small particles may delay the rolling up of the gas vortex, so that gas-phase turbulence intensity is attenuated. The critical particle size range for such different effects is between 150 σm and 200 σm, corresponding to the Stokes number is between 88 and 157 under the present flow conditions. The PIV results show small particles can retain the gas-phase vortex structure, while large particles can break large vortex structure. The particle Stokes number is not the only judgment standard whether particles enhance or attenuate gas-phase turbulence. The CTI (Change of Turbulence Intensity) number can mark off particle modulation on turbulence in two-phase flow, but more studies are needed.     

Interaction of two parallel plane jets of different velocities

The interaction of two parallel plane jets of different velocities is studied by flow visualization and PIV measurement to examine the influence of velocity ratio on the development ofjets in the initial region. It is found that the parallel plane jets develop toward the high velocity side and the jet width is reduced with a decrease in the jet velocity ratio. Corresponding to the variation of mean velocity field to the velocity ratio, the magnitudes of turbulence intensities, Reynolds stress and static pressure are weakened in the merging region of the jets and their peak locations of the properties are shifted to the high velocity side. These results indicate that the interaction of two parallel jets is weakened with a decrease in the velocity ratio of the jets.     

薄膜自激拍打射流的流动特性实验

在射流喷嘴出口处安装一端固定的柔性薄膜,在流速足够大时,射流和柔性膜相互诱导产生自激拍打作用,针对这一现象,提出了一种新型的自激拍打射流混合技术。在直径D=40 mm的渐缩喷嘴上固定长度L=(0.5~2)D和厚度δ=50 μm的氟化乙烯丙烯共聚物(fluorinated ethylene propylene,FEP)薄膜,使用压差计测量了光滑渐缩喷嘴以及薄膜拍打运动所引起的压力损失。通过激光片光源和高速相机进行薄膜运动状态的显示和拍打幅度的测定,探究了拍打幅度受薄膜长度和Re的影响及其变化规律,利用测得的拍打幅度(A)和频率(f)作为Strouhal数(St=fA/U_o,U_o是射流的出口速度)的特征尺寸进行研究。在Re=3×104的条件下,使用热线风速仪测量了在不同薄膜长度下拍打射流轴向速度沿中心线的分布,并对湍流度、概率密度函数等特征进行分析。此外,经过数字迭代滤波后获得射流沿中心线的积分尺度、Taylor尺度和Kolmogorov尺度等统计量。实验结果显示,拍打射流的湍流度高于自由射流,意味着前者对周围流体具有更强的大尺度卷吸能力;但对不同薄膜长度的拍打射流而言,其湍流特性存在差异;在实验所用的薄膜长度范围内,1.25D膜长时射流混合效果最好。通过考察概率密度函数及其偏斜因子(Su)和平坦因子(Fu)发现,相较于自由射流,拍打射流速度更快地接近Gauss分布,这意味着拍打射流在增强大尺度卷吸的同时也促进了小尺度的掺混。      

A study in the developing region of square jet

The developing region of a turbulent square jet is investigated using high-resolution particle image velocimetry (PIV). The mean velocity and turbulence stresses are presented in various horizontal planes, along the jet centerline covering the initial region of the jet as well as the transition to the self-similar region. To study the flow structure away from the central plane, velocity measurements in two additional horizontal planes, one located halfway from the jet central plane toward the edge and the other at the edge of the square jet, are also examined. Analysis of the instantaneous velocity fields reveal the presence of an arrow-like feature in the square jet due to the higher instability generated in the jet shear layer compared with a round jet. To elucidate the imprints of the vortex structures present in the jets, a swirling strength-based vortex identification methodology is applied on a large ensemble of instantaneous velocity fields. Statistical analysis of the number of vortex cores, and their size and rotational strength in the measurement plane is undertaken. Vortex population at the edge was found to be very different compared with that in the central plane.     

等腰三角形湍流射流的流动特性实验研究

对喷嘴等效直径相同出口Reynolds数均为15000的3种等腰三角形（顶角分别为30,60和90°）以及圆形孔口射流进行了流场显示与速度场测量.结果表明:相比于圆形射流,等腰三角形射流的出口中心线速度衰减更快,湍流度更高,三角形射流卷吸周围流体能力显著增强.随着三角形顶角减小,近场区涡结构三维性更强,卷吸效果更明显.此外,对不同射流的中心线湍动能谱概率密度函数Taylor尺度和Kolmogorov尺度进行了分析讨论,发现出口形状对湍流小尺度运动的影响较小.      

Lagrangian measurements of inertial particle accelerations in grid generated wind tunnel turbulence

We describe Lagrangian measurements of water droplets in grid generated wind tunnel turbulence at a Taylor Reynolds number of R(lambda)=250 and an average Stokes number (St) of approximately 0.1. The inertial particles are tracked by a high speed camera moving along the side of the tunnel at the mean flow speed. The standardized acceleration probability density functions of the particles have spread exponential tails that are narrower than those of a fluid particles (St approximately 0) and there is a decrease in the acceleration variance with increasing Stokes number. A simple vortex model shows that the inertial particles selectively sample the fluid field and are less likely to experience regions of the fluid undergoing the largest accelerations. Recent direct numerical simulations compare favorably with these first measurements of Lagrangian statistics of inertial particles in highly turbulent flows.     

气固轴对称射流中固粒扩散的研究

由三维离散涡丝方法对气固轴对称射流场数值模拟的结果表明,当固粒 Ｓｔ数＜＜１时,固粒明显受到流场运动的影响; Ｓｔ＝ １时,固粒均匀分布在涡结构周围;当 Ｓｔ ＞＞１时,固粒受流场影响较弱。对涡环沿周向施以五个波长扰动时,固粒扩散范围较宽。     

Velocity measurements in a turbulent round jet using PTV: the effect of tracer particles

The effects of different tracer particles used in the PTV technique on the velocity field are investigated. The measurements are taken in a water round jet at a Reynolds number equal to about 40000, a flow field widely examined in the literature, in which strong velocity differences are encountered. The interest is focused onto particles with different density. Although the mean and rms values are almost unaffected, both measurements obtained with light and heavy particles (in comparison to the density of the fluid) reveal a modified velocity field. The moments of velocity differences (structure functions) point out that such a modification is felt within each range of flow scales. Particles with density almost equal to that of the fluid reproduce the flow behaviour over all the scales.     

Flow and Heat Transfer Characteristics of in-Line Impinging Jets With Cross-Flow At Short Jet-To-Plate Distance

The aim of this research is to numerically and experimentally study the flow and heat transfer characteristics of in-line impinging jets in cross-flow. The jets from a row of round orifices are perpendicularly impinged on the inner surface of a rectangular wind tunnel at a short distance between the orifice plate and impinged surface (H) of 2D, where D is a diameter of the orifice. The jet velocity was fixed corresponding to Re = 13,400 for all experiments, and the cross-flow velocity was varied at three different velocity ratios (velocity ratio, jet velocity/cross-flow velocity) of 3, 5, and 7. The heat transfer characteristic was visualized using a thermochromic liquid crystal sheet, and the Nusselt number distribution was evaluated by an image processing technique. The flow pattern on the impinged surface was also visualized by an oil film technique. The numerical simulation was used to explore a flow interaction between the impinging jets and cross-flow. The results indicated that Nusselt number peak increased by the increasing cross-flow velocity for short jet-to-plate distance. For the range determined, the maximum local Nusselt number peak was obtained at VR = 3 as the consequence of high velocity and high turbulence kinetic energy of jet impingement.