Prospects for development of a technology for production of butene-1

Industrial technologies for production of butene-1 are described, including the most promising process for recovery of butene-1 of polymerization purity from C₄ fractions formed in pyrolysis and catalytic cracking of hydrocarbons. It is shown that this technology can be improved and suggested to use as a raw material the recycle butene fraction formed from these C₄ fractions upon isolation of 1,3-butadiene and isobutene. A technological scheme for recovery of butene-1 of polymerization purity is suggested.     

Investigation of the influence of technological factors on quality of basic brands of HPPE

The comparative analysis of the molecular mass distribution, temperatures and heat effect of phase transitions, degree of crystallinity of defect materials and matrix polyethylene film were carried out. Possible reasons of deterioration of the quality of polyethylene on stages of its synthesis, transportation, storage, and processing were determined.     

己内酰胺绿色生产技术

中国石化石油化工科学研究院历经20年,成功开发出己内酰胺绿色生产技术,建成3套20万t/a工业生产装置、多套工业装置正在建设中.己内酰胺绿色生产技术包括:钛硅分子筛与浆态床集成用于环己酮氨肟化合成环己酮肟;纯硅分子筛与移动床集成用于环己酮肟气相重排;非晶态合金催化剂与磁稳定床集成用于己内酰胺精制.工业实施后,装置投资下降70%、生产成本下降10%、原子利用率由60%提高到90%以上、三废排放是已有技术路线的1/200、无副产物硫酸铵.己内酰胺绿色生产技术产生了重大的经济效益和社会效益,践行了绿色化学的理念,是绿色化学的成功范例.     

糠酸甲酯的清洁生产工艺

羧酸糠醇酯在国内是一类新型的、用途较广的食用香料,最早在天然咖啡的香气中发现,是重要的咖啡香气成分之一.     

Effect of the gelation process on the production of alginate microbeads by microfluidic chip technology

The present paper reports the production of Ba-alginate microspheres by microfluidic chip technology. The general production strategy is based on the formation of an alginate multiphase flow by a 'Y' junction squeezing mechanism. Special emphasis is given to the relationship existing between the gelation process and the final morphological characteristics of the produced microbeads. A series of different gelation strategies, namely: 'external gelation', 'internal gelation' and 'partial gelation' were compared in terms of size, size distribution and morphology of the produced microbeads.     

Catalyst and technology for production of carbon nanotubes

Modifying the iron-aluminum catalyst with molybdenum oxide affords a marked increase in the yield of carbon nanotubes from 1,3-butadiene diluted with hydrogen. The optimum catalyst composition is 6.5% MoO₃-52% Fe₂O₃-Al₂O₃. With this catalyst, it is possible to obtain over 100 g of carbon nanotubes per gram of catalyst in a reactor fitted with a McBain balance. Replacing expensive 1,3-butadiene with the cheaper commercial propane-butane mixture (80 mol % propane + 20 mol % butane) leads to a sharp decrease in the nanotube yield because of the lower reactivity of the latter. Based on the concept of the catalytic decomposition of hydrocarbons and the formation of nanosized carbon materials via the carbide cycle mechanism, a new, efficient, CoO-MoO₃-Fe₂O₃-Al₂O₃ catalyst has been developed. The enhancement of the activity of the MoO₃-Fe₂O₃-Al₂O₃ catalyst by promoting it with cobalt oxide is achieved without a change in the rate-limiting step of the process. The design of a continuous reactor for carbon nanotube synthesis is suggested. The characteristics of the resulting nanotubes are presented.     

Controlled Positioning of Nanoparticles on Graphene by Noninvasive AFM Lithography

Atomic force microscopy is shown to be an excellent lithographic technique to directly deposit nanoparticles on graphene by capillary transport without any previous functionalization of neither the nanoparticles nor the graphene surface while preserving its integrity and conductivity properties. Moreover this technique allows for (sub)micrometric control on the positioning thanks to a new three-step protocol that has been designed with this aim. With this methodology the exact target coordinates are registered by scanning the tip over the predetermined area previous to its coating with the ink and deposition. As a proof-of-concept, this strategy has successfully allowed the controlled deposition of few nanoparticles on 1 μm(2) preselected sites of a graphene surface with high accuracy.     

Optimised production of multifunctional microfibres by microfluidic chip technology for tissue engineering applications

This paper describes a method for the production of alginate microfibres using glass-based microfluidic chips fabricated by a photolithography-wet etching procedure. The main focus of the work is the fabrication of a cell containing multifunctional microfibres which have great potential for applications in drug release formulations and tissue engineering scaffolds (to guide the regeneration of tissues in predefined sizes and shapes) providing cell structural support and immunoisolation. The key parameters, which critically influence the formation of microfibres and their geometries, were identified by a classical intuitive approach COST (Changing One Separate factor a Time). In particular, their effects on the microfibre diameter were investigated, which are directly associated with their functionalities relating to the implantation site, the nutrient availability and diffusion/transport of oxygen, essential nutrients, growth factors, metabolic waste and secretory products. The interplay between the alginate solution concentration, pumping rate and gelling bath concentration in controlling the diameter of the produced microfibres was investigated with a statistical approach by means of a "design of the experiments" (DoEs) optimization and screening. Finally, the processing impacts on cell viability, the cellular effect of wall thickness consistency and the spatial distribution of cells within the alginate microfibre were examined. We provide an approach for the production of alginate microfibres with controlled shape and content, which could be further developed for scaling up and working towards FDA approval.     

Development of technology of perfluoroethyl isopropyl ketone production

Synthesis of perfluoroethyl isopropyl ketone by an interaction of hexafluoropropene with perfluoropropionic acid fluoride or hexafluoropropene oxide was examined. Interchangeability of perfluoropropionic acid fluoride and hexafluoropropene oxide was demonstrated. The features of perfluoroethyl isopropyl ketone synthesis were studied in polar aprotic solvents on catalysts: alkali metal fluoride. A method for obtaining perfluoroethyl isopropyl ketone by direct catalytic reaction in a tubular reactor without use of solvents was suggested and investigated. The mechanism of interaction was considered. The main impurities resulting in obtaining perfluoroethyl isopropyl ketone were determined. The methods of cleaning perfluoroethyl isopropyl ketone were worked out.     

Magnetic fabric: Development of component composition and production technology

The developed methods for mechanical dispersion of strontium ferrite and activation of the fiber base in low-temperature corona discharge plasma, as well as immobilization of high-coercivity nano- and microparticles in the fibrous material are fundamental technological processes for establishment of industrial production of anisotropic magnetic fabrics. Clothes made from magnetic fabrics, generating a magnetic field in the environment, ensure efficient protection of the human body under extreme conditions (activating adaptiveregenerating functions) and make it possible to perform magnetic therapy in the course of medical treatment and prevention of many diseases.     

过氧化氢生产工艺进展

生产过氧化氢通常有电解法、蒽醌法、异丙醇法以及氧阴极还原法等.目前全世界总产量的95%以及国内总产量的99%的过氧化氢都是采用蒽醌法生产的.在更先进的生产过氧化氢的技术出现之前,蒽醌法仍将是今后一段时期生产过氧化氢最普遍的一种方法.蒽醌加氢工艺有固定床和浆态床两种,国内仍采用较为落后的固定床工艺,而国外基本都采用浆态床工艺.固定床存在床层温升大、易偏流、有局部热点等缺陷,易导致蒽醌过度加氢,降解物种类和数量增多,降低了催化剂稳定性,限制了加氢单元的氢效,生产装置难以大型化.而浆态床工艺具有传质传热好、温度和气液固三相分布均匀等优势,是过氧化氢生产技术的发展趋势.浆态床反应器对催化剂的选择性具有更高的要求.因此,浆态床加氢技术的研发核心是开发兼有耐磨性和高选择性的微球催化剂.中国石化自主开发了具有高活性、高选择性和良好稳定性的蒽醌加氢微球催化剂,并对其活性和选择性进行了寿命试验和中试评价.中试结束后结粒度分布基本保持不变;载体水热稳定性好,使用过程结构没有发生明显变化.证明该催化剂机械强度高、耐磨性能好,能够满足浆态床使用要求.在新生产工艺中采用自主开发的新型浆态床反应器,具有优异的传质、传热效率;催化剂粒径小,完全克服了固定床反应器在规模稍大时存在的偏流、沟流、触媒板结等缺点,氢化效率可长期稳定在11 g/L以上;副反应少,氢化降解物大幅度减少,极大地减轻后续降解物再生负担.在实际工业生产中,蒽醌加氢选择性无法实现100%,因此工作液中难以避免生成降解物,通常采用白土再生手段,使其再转变为蒽醌.但再生剂更换频繁,大大增加了生产成本,同时损失被物理吸附上去的昂贵的蒽醌.因此,十分有必要对蒽醌加氢的降解物种类进行定性识别并研究其再生机理,并在此基础上开发兼有长寿命和高活性的蒽醌降解物再生催化剂.中国石化采用GC-MS对乙基蒽醌和戊基蒽醌多种降解物进行比较全面的定性和定量研究,通过分析蒽醌工作液组成准确推测工作液再生效果,便于及时调整双氧水生产工艺工艺流程和优化参数;并自主开发高性能的蒽醌加氢降解物再生催化剂,可替代现有效率低下的白土床,显著提高装置经济性.为有效解决蒽醌法生产中氧化废气的排放问题,中国石化发明一种无尾气排放、无需溶剂回收、氧含量可控、可减少氧化残液量的蒽醌法生产过氧化氢的氧化方法,从源头上解决蒽醌法生产双氧水装置的最大环保问题,它的应用将使蒽醌法生产双氧水装置朝着绿色环保迈出一大步.目前蒽醌法生产H2O2虽然具有技术成熟、单程产率高、安全性高等优点,依旧存在投资高、工艺流程复杂,以及大量使用有机溶剂带来的产品污染、环境污染问题.与其相比,H2和O2直接合成H2O2(以下称为DSHP)技术的原子经济性高,并且污染少、环境友好.但由于反应过程中H2和O2直接接触,DSHP工艺存在一定的安全隐患.在反应过程中需要充入大量惰性气体稀释并循环,导致DSHP工艺效率低,操作及控制难度大.该反应所使用的Pd基催化剂,既有利于H2O2的生成,也利于三个副反应的发生:H2O的生成、H2O2的后续加氢及分解,导致产品选择性和产率较低.加入酸和卤素等稳定剂虽然可以显著提高产率,但存在设备腐蚀、催化剂活性组分流失等问题,严重影响催化剂的使用寿命.中国石化目前已经开始布局研发DSHP技术,在提高H2/O2反应的本质安全性、研发H2O2精准合成的催化材料和提高H2O2产能等方面做了大量的研究.可以预见,通过理论研究、实验设计和工程开发相结合,在不远的未来能够实现DHSP技术的工业应用.目前国内双氧水几乎全部采用蒽醌法生产.虽然蒽醌法工艺已很成熟,但在多个技术环节,特别是蒽醌加氢催化剂、工作液体系、加氢反应器和环保等方面,存在非常大改进提升的空间.这些问题是实现装置大型化必须解决的.中国石化在这几个方面都自主开发了创新技术,形成了国内全新的拥有自主知识产权的生产过氧化氢的成套技术.作为最直接、最环保、最经济的生产过氧化氢的方法,氢氧直接合成技术与化工反应过程耦合,是未来过氧化氢生产和应用的发展方向,中国石化也已经开始在此方面进行研究和布局.     

Lipid membrane technology for chemical and biosensor development

New developments and applications of selective biosensors specifically designed for clinical assay and invasive biological analysis are revolutionizing chemical sensing. One area which has remained largely unaddressed consists of the chemical sensing systems found in nature, which offer splendid examples of efficient and sensitive devices from which much can be learned. Efforts to devise lipid-based biosensors, which are very limited models of the highly refined natural system, have recently attracted much attention and financing. The superior sensing characteristics demonstrated by the prototype systems tested to date indicate that this technology may provide the basis for the ultimate artificial biosensor of the future.     

浅析动力电池的技术发展

从普及纯电动汽车的远期目标出发,基于动力电池的技术现状,本文提出了动力电池的近、中和远期的合理开发目标.通过分析可能满足各阶段目标的电池体系,提出了动力电池的技术发展路线,着重分析了提升正极或负极容量对于电池能量密度的贡献,并针对锂离子电池、锂-硫和锂-空气电池的材料与技术发展提出了可能的思路.最后,简要分析了动力锂离子电池的安全性问题及其可能的解决方案.     

Colon targeted delivery systems of metronidazole based on osmotic technology: development and evaluation

Colon targeted delivery systems of metronidazole (MTZ) based on osmotic technology were developed. The developed systems consisted of osmotic core (drug, osmotic agent and wicking agent), coated with semipermeable membrane (SPM) containing guar gum as pore former, coated core were then further coated with enteric coating to protect the system from acidic environment of stomach. The effect of various formulation variables namely the level of wicking agent (sodium lauryl sulphate), osmotic agent in the osmotic core, the level of pore former (guar gum) in SPM, and the thickness of SPM, were studied on physical parameters and drug release characteristics of developed formulations. MTZ release was inversely proportional to SPM thickness, but directly related to the level of pore former, wicking agent and osmotic agent. On the other hand burst strength of the exhausted shells was decreased with the increase in level of pore former in the membrane but increased with the increase in the thickness of SPM. The drug release from the developed formulations was independent of pH, and agitation intensity, but dependent on the osmotic pressure of the release media. The thickness of enteric coating could prevent formation of delivery pores before contact with simulated colonic fluid, but had no effect on drug release. Result of SEM studies showed the formation of in-situ delivery pores in the membrane from where the drug release occurred, and the number of pores formed were directly related to the initial level of pore former (guar gum) in SPM. The manufacturing procedure was found to be reproducible and formulations were found to be stable during 3 months of accelerated stability studies.     

An eco-friendly technology for polysaccharide production from logging and sawing waste

A polysaccharide recovery technology was developed with intent to be used in integrated processing of larch biomass waste into practically significant arabinogalactan, pectin, and crystalline glucose suitable for medicinal, food-industry, and agricultural applications. Theoretical aspects were considered for arabinogalactan extraction from larch wood, in which procedure some of individual stages and the entire process cycle of arabinogalactan recovery on a pilot installation were optimized. The possibility of saccharification of larch wood-derived lignocellulosic residue into crystalline glucose was demonstrated. The results of a technological study on pectin polysaccharide isolation from larch bark were reported along with the findings concerning the membrane tropic activity of pectin and ability to form nanobiocomposites via interaction with transition and noble metal ions.     

Mixed convection and entropy production in a nanofluid-filled closed space with inclined magnetic field

Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry - A computational analysis has been performed to study the impact of magnetic field on entropy generation due to mixed convective nanofluid flow with top...     

我国锂资源及其开发技术进展

介绍了我国盐湖锂资源的现状及其开发技术的进展情况,讨论了各种提锂工艺的优缺点,并对现阶段我国盐湖锂资源的开发提出了建议。     

Organism development and characterization for ethanol production using thermophilic bacteria

Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology - This article provides an overview and evaluation of our recent interdisciplinary work having a bearing on ethanol production using thermophilic bacteria....