用分子束研究.F(^2P)与CH3F和CH3Cl的化学反应

近年来, 我们在研究含氟烯烃和烷烃的红外激光诱导氧化和氯化反应的基础上, 深入研究了红外激光诱导卤代烷烃的脱卤化氢并生成: CF2卡宾和:CFCF3卡宾的反应[1-4]以往的研究往往是根据反应产物推论反应机理, 认为在反应过程中存在着卡宾中间体,但在实验中未能直接检测到. Kakimoto[5,6]曾报道过在流动体系中测到了.F+CH3F和.F+CH3Cl反应中:CHF和:CHCl的激光荧光激发谱, 但没有讨论卡宾形成的机理.Hirota[7]在讨论.F+CH3F反应时, 认为:CHF可能由攫氢过程产生而对于.F+CH3Cl反应同时生成:CHF和:CHCl未做说明. 本实验中用扩散分子束代替了流动反应体系, 从而大大减少了产物和反应物气体分子间的猝灭过程, 获得了信噪比大而清晰的图谱, 由此确证了:CHF和:CHCl的存在, 说明了.F+CH3Cl反应中自由基攫氢过程和偶合反应过程共存的反应历程. 这一结论对红外激光诱导一碳卤代宾化学反应机理研究有重要参考意义.     

多氟代烃类的反应II: 氟氯烯烃与三氯化铝的反应

研究了以CFCl2CF2CF=CF2(1)和CFCl2CF=CFCF2(2)为原料与三氯化铝的反应.结果获得重排产品CCl2=CF2CF2CF3(3).结果支持了从1到3的分子间重排反应的机理.在激烈条件下,3进一步与氯化铝反应得到CCl2=CFCCl2CF3(4),CCl2=CClCCl2CF3(5),CCl2=CClCCl2CClF(6),CCl2=CClCCl2CFCCl2(7)和CCl2=CClCCl2CCl3(8).由分离所得产品的结构可推断化合物3中氟原子被氯原子取代的稳定性按以下次序:CF3->CF=>=-CF2CF=.反应条件对产品得率的影响也被讨论了.     

氟烷基化和氟烷氧基化的研究13: 2-卤四氟乙基物种的β-断裂

用典型自由基引发(hv,Cu,S2O4^2^-,ABN,DBP等),可以使2-卤四氟碘乙烷(1)(XCF2CF2I,X=Cl,I)产生四氟乙烯.从而证实了2-卤四氟乙基自由基在温和实验条件下能够发生β-断裂.1与亲核试剂(如PPh3,F^-,Cl^-,Br^-,CH3O^-,PhS^-等)作用结果,同样能得到四氟乙烯.这是符合离子型亲卤反应机理的.由此可见,1具有参与自由基机理和亲卤机理反应的双重性质.     

亚磺化脱卤研究 X: 全氟及多氟溴代烷的反应研究

本文报道溴代全氟烷和α,ω-二溴代全氟烷在亚磺化脱卤反应体系中与烯烃的反应及其与相应的碘代全氟烷的区别. 合成了全氟仲溴代烷CF3CFBrOCF2CF(CF3)O(CF2)2SO2F(7), 它与烯烃反应可得到1:1的加成物. 7的水解产物CF3CFBrOCF2CF(CF3)O(CF2)2SO3Na(11)与连二亚硫酸钠反应只得到氢化脱溴产物. 多氟溴化物CF3CBr2X(13X=F; 14X=Cl; 15X=Br)经亚磺化脱溴可得到相应的亚磺酸钠盐CF3CBrXSO2Na(16X=F; 17X=Cl; 18X=Br), 其中间体多氟烷自由基可用烯烃捕集, 得到高产率的1:1加成产物.     

亚磺化脱卤研究 X: 全氟及多氟溴代烷的反应研究

本文报道溴代全氟烷和α,ω-二溴代全氟烷在亚磺化脱卤反应体系中与烯烃的反应及其与相应的碘代全氟烷的区别. 合成了全氟仲溴代烷CF3CFBrOCF2CF(CF3)O(CF2)2SO2F(7), 它与烯烃反应可得到1:1的加成物. 7的水解产物CF3CFBrOCF2CF(CF3)O(CF2)2SO3Na(11)与连二亚硫酸钠反应只得到氢化脱溴产物. 多氟溴化物CF3CBr2X(13X=F; 14X=Cl; 15X=Br)经亚磺化脱溴可得到相应的亚磺酸钠盐CF3CBrXSO2Na(16X=F; 17X=Cl; 18X=Br), 其中间体多氟烷自由基可用烯烃捕集, 得到高产率的1:1加成产物.     

全氟和多氟烷基磺酸的研究XVIII.全氟烷磺酸二氟甲酯及其反应

和RFSO3CH2R(1)及RFSO3CF2RF'(2)不同,RFSO3CF2H(3)(RF=CF3,3a;ICF2CF2OCF2CF2,3b;Cl2CFCF2OCF2CF2,3c;ClCF2CF2OCF2CF2,3d)和亲核试剂的反应较为复杂。除X[-](X=F,Cl,I)及C2H5OH与3反应时只发生C-O键断裂外,其它试剂如RCO2[-],C6H5S[-]等既可进攻硫原子又可进攻碳原子,但以前者为主。碱性较强的试剂如RO[-]还可夺取二氟甲基的氢原子而产生二氟卡宾。在3中由于甲基碳上存在两个氟原子,确实有着一定的屏蔽作用,因此阻碍了某些试剂对它的亲核进攻,但由于这个碳上还连有一个氢原子,所以这种屏蔽作用并不完全。     

丙烯酸氟醇酯的合成

本文用不同方法合成了几种新的含氟醇及其丙烯酸酯和甲基丙烯酸酯RF(CH2)mOC(O)CR[1]=CH2[R1=H,Me;RF=Cl(CF2)2n,n=1,2,3,m=2;RF=CF3(CF2)2OCF(CF3)CF2OCF(CF3),m=1;RF=RfO(CF2)2SO2NR,m=2:Rf=Cl(CF2)8,R=Et;Rf=CF3(CF2)5,R=n-C3H7,Et;Rf=C2F5O(CF2)4,R=Me,Et],这些酯可以和丙烯酸正辛酯共聚,所得乳液是一种表面处理剂,能使织物具有一定防水,防油性能。     

用交叉分子束研究O(^3p)与CF2=CFCl,CF2=CFBr,CF2=CH2的反应

本文报道在交叉分子束装置中, 研究氧原子和CF2=CFCl, CF2=CFBr,CF2=CH2的反应。在O(^3p)和CF2=CFBr(或CF2=CFBr)反应中, 首次观察到反应生成的CF2(^3B1)的发射光谱, 而在O与CF2=CH2反应中, 用激光诱导荧光方法检测到CFH卡宾, 确定了在此反应中CFH卡宾的生成, 这一结果未见文献报道。并根据这些结果, 分析和讨论了在这些反应中, 生成CF2(^3B1)和CHF卡宾的机理。     

亚磺化脱卤研究 V. Rcel~3型化合物的亚磺化脱卤反应

本文报道RCCl3型化合物的亚磺化脱卤反应,在温和条件下,四氯化碳及1,1,1-三氯多氟烷烃RCCl3(R=Cl, F, CF3, Cl(CF2)n, n=2,4,6,8)与连二亚硫酸钠反应,得到亚磺化脱氯产物RCCl2SO2Na,产率最高达85%以上,反应在水-乙腈或水-乙醇溶剂中以及碳酸氢钠或碳酸钠存在下进行,反应的最佳温度为25℃左右,提高反应温度,则脱氯氢化成为主要反应, 三氯溴甲烷和三氯碘甲烷的亚磺化反应分别生成脱溴及脱碘产物,三氯甲基亚磺酸钠(CCl2SO2Na),产率80%左右. RCCl3型化合物的亚磺化脱卤反应,提供了合成三氯甲基亚磺酸、磺酸及其衍生物的一种新方法,并首次应用于合成α,α二氯多氟烷基亚磺酸、磺酸等类化合物。     

氟烷基化和氟烷氧基化的研究 21: 锌存在下全氟烷基碘与亚硝酸阴离子的反应及其机理探讨

在过量锌粉的存在下, 全氟烷基碘(RFCF2I, RF:CF3CF2, Cl(CF2)n, n=3,5,7)(1)能与亚硝酸阴离子反应, 一步生成全氟烷基羧酸钠, 酸化后得到相应的羧酸. p-DNB不能阻止反应. NO3^-, SCN^-或F^-等阴离子在同样条件下和1反应只能生成1-氢-全氟烷烃.反应可能经锌单电子转移诱发的非链式自由基亲核取代机理.     

Unimolecular reactions in the CF3CH2Cl ↔ CF2ClCH2F system: isomerization by interchange of Cl and F atoms

The recombination of CF(2)Cl and CH(2)F radicals was used to prepare CF(2)ClCH(2)F* molecules with 93 ± 2 kcal mol(-1) of vibrational energy in a room temperature bath gas. The observed unimolecular reactions in order of relative importance were: (1) 1,2-ClH elimination to give CF(2)═CHF, (2) isomerization to CF(3)CH(2)Cl by the interchange of F and Cl atoms and (3) 1,2-FH elimination to give E- and Z-CFCl═CHF. Since the isomerization reaction is 12 kcal mol(-1) exothermic, the CF(3)CH(2)Cl* molecules have 105 kcal mol(-1) of internal energy and they can eliminate HF to give CF(2)═CHCl, decompose by rupture of the C-Cl bond, or isomerize back to CF(2)ClCH(2)F. These data, which provide experimental rate constants, are combined with previously published results for chemically activated CF(3)CH(2)Cl* formed by the recombination of CF(3) and CH(2)Cl radicals to provide a comprehensive view of the CF(3)CH(2)Cl* ? CF(2)ClCH(2)F* unimolecular reaction system. The experimental rate constants are matched to calculated statistical rate constants to assign threshold energies for the observed reactions. The models for the molecules and transition states needed for the rate constant calculations were obtained from electronic structures calculated from density functional theory. The previously proposed explanation for the formation of CF(2)═CHF in thermal and infrared multiphoton excitation studies of CF(3)CH(2)Cl, which was 2,2-HCl elimination from CF(3)CH(2)Cl followed by migration of the F atom in CF(3)CH, should be replaced by the Cl/F interchange reaction followed by a conventional 1,2-ClH elimination from CF(2)ClCH(2)F. The unimolecular reactions are augmented by free-radical chemistry initiated by reactions of Cl and F atoms in the thermal decomposition of CF(3)CH(2)Cl and CF(2)ClCH(2)F.     

The CW-CO2 laser induced reaction of 1,1-difluoroethane with chlorine

The CW–CO₂ laser induced reaction of CF₂HCH₃ (1) with Cl₂ yields vinylidene fluoride (2) as the main product; other products are CH₃CF₂Cl (3), CF₂ClCH₂Cl (4), CF₂ = CHCl (5), CF₂ = CCl₂ (6) and CF₂ Cl₂ (7). The yield dependence of 2 on the CF₂HCH₃/Cl₂ ratio, the laser irradiation time, the laser power and the pressure of the gaseous reactants have been investigated. Furthermore, the TEA–CO₂ laser induced reaction of 1 with Cl₂. the CW–CO₂ laser induced reaction of 2 and 2 with Cl₂ have also been studied in order to gain more mechanistic insights for this complicated reaction system. Apparently, CF₂ClCH₃ but not CF₂HCH₂Cl. is the main precursor to 2. Interestingly, it has been found that the relatively strong double bond of CF₂ = CH₂ can be broken by laser irradiation. The possibility of applying this laser methodology to the production of vinylidene fluoride has been discussed.     

多氟芳烃的亲核反应II: 一氯五氟苯的亲核环化

本文报道一氯五氟苯与双官能团亲核试剂反应制备环化产物的研究结果, 发现应用NaH-DMF体系制备醇钠, 有利于亲核反应的顺利进行, 环化产物产率有较大幅度提高.     

几种碳卤化物多通道激光化学的研究

本文用CW和TEA CO2激光器研究了F12(CF2Cl2)、F114(CF2ClCF2Cl)和F22(CF2HCl)等碳卤化合物的激光诱导解离反应, 实验发现, 在激光作用下, 这些化合物的解离方式不仅与化合物的性质有关, 还与激光的能量密度密切相关; F22的激光解离为一级反应,并存在“瓶颈效应".     

氟化银促进烯炔分子内串联反应研究

以烯炔为反应原料,在碱性条件下,顺利地发生分子内串联反应合成了芳基萘类木脂素.研究发现,加入氟化银可以高效地促进反应进行.实验结果表明,以CH2C1CH2C1作溶剂,在AgF和K2CO3存在下,烯炔可以顺利发生分子内串联反应,高产率得到芳基萘类木脂素.     

α-酯甲基硫桥羰基铁配合物(μ-RS)[μ-EtO<(O)CH2S]-Fe2(CO)6的合成及构象分析

通过μ-S2Fe2(CO)6的S-S键被Grignard试剂的还原断裂反应及中间物(μ-RS)(μ-XMgS)Fe2(CO)6(2)对氯代乙酸乙酯的亲核取代反应,合成了一系列铁硫原子簇配合物(μ-RS)[μ-EtOC(O)CH2S]Fe2(CO)6(1).1也可由2经三氟醋酸酸解及中月物(μ-RS)(μ-HS)Fe2(CO)6(3)在三乙胺存在下与氯代乙酸乙酯缩合制得.然而前法较后法既操作简便又原料便宜易得.构象分析表明,各配合物一般为ae.ee和ea三种或其中构象体以一定比例存在的混和物.     

A theoretical study of abiotic methylation reactions of gaseous elemental mercury by halogen-containing molecules

Methylation reactions of gaseous elementary mercury by halogen containing molecules such as halogenomethane species CH(3)X (with X = Cl, Br, and I) and the dimethylchlorinium ion CH(3)ClCH(3)(+) were investigated at the density functional level. With CH(3)X, the reaction is predicted to be almost athermic and kinetically demanding for a thermal reaction. The reaction can proceed photochemically in the visible range; therefore sunlight may increase the reaction rate. These results compare well with the experimental data. Consecutive methylation of the CH(3)HgX products (with X = Cl, Br, and I) and subsequent formation of CH(3)HgCH(3) were also studied. These reactions are predicted to be kinetically inaccessible and thermodynamically unfavorable. With CH(3)ClCH(3)(+), the reaction is predicted to be athermic but kinetically easy. This is due to the suitability of the methyl transfer reagent. Geometrical and electronic data were systematically analyzed in order to rationalize the results.