Maximal theorems for the directional Hilbert transform on the plane

For a Schwartz function on the plane and a non-zero define the Hilbert transform of in the direction to be

p.v.

Let be a Schwartz function with frequency support in the annulus , and . We prove that the maximal operator maps into weak , and into for . The estimate is sharp. The method of proof is based upon techniques related to the pointwise convergence of Fourier series. Indeed, our main theorem implies this result on Fourier series.

     

Invariance in and

We define , a substructure of (the lattice of classes), and show that a quotient structure of , , is isomorphic to . The result builds on the isomorphism machinery, and allows us to transfer invariant classes from to , though not, in general, orbits. Further properties of and ramifications of the isomorphism are explored, including degrees of equivalence classes and degree invariance.

     

Stationary isothermic surfaces and uniformly dense domains

We establish a relationship between stationary isothermic surfaces and uniformly dense domains. A stationary isothermic surface is a level surface of temperature which does not evolve with time. A domain in the -dimensional Euclidean space is said to be uniformly dense in a surface of codimension if, for every small the volume of the intersection of with a ball of radius and center does not depend on for

We prove that the boundary of every uniformly dense domain which is bounded (or whose complement is bounded) must be a sphere. We then examine a uniformly dense domain with unbounded boundary , and we show that the principal curvatures of satisfy certain identities.

The case in which the surface coincides with is particularly interesting. In fact, we show that, if the boundary of a uniformly dense domain is connected, then (i) if , it must be either a circle or a straight line and (ii) if it must be either a sphere, a spherical cylinder or a minimal surface. We conclude with a discussion on uniformly dense domains whose boundary is a minimal surface.

     

On the shape of the moduli of spherical minimal immersions

The DoCarmo-Wallach moduli space parametrizing spherical minimal immersions of a Riemannian manifold is a compact convex body in a linear space of tracefree symmetric endomorphisms of an eigenspace of . In this paper we define and study a sequence of metric invariants , , associated to a compact convex body with base point in the interior of . The invariant measures how lopsided is in dimension with respect to . The results are then appplied to the DoCarmo-Wallach moduli space. We also give an efficient algorithm to calculate for convex polytopes.

     

Frobenius morphisms and representations of algebras

By introducing Frobenius morphisms on algebras and their modules over the algebraic closure of the finite field of elements, we establish a relation between the representation theory of over and that of the -fixed point algebra over . More precisely, we prove that the category    mod- of finite-dimensional -modules is equivalent to the subcategory of finite-dimensional -stable -modules, and, when is finite dimensional, we establish a bijection between the isoclasses of indecomposable -modules and the -orbits of the isoclasses of indecomposable -modules. Applying the theory to representations of quivers with automorphisms, we show that representations of a modulated quiver (or a species) over can be interpreted as -stable representations of the corresponding quiver over . We further prove that every finite-dimensional hereditary algebra over is Morita equivalent to some , where is the path algebra of a quiver over and is induced from a certain automorphism of . A close relation between the Auslander-Reiten theories for and is established. In particular, we prove that the Auslander-Reiten (modulated) quiver of is obtained by ``folding" the Auslander-Reiten quiver of . Finally, by taking Frobenius fixed points, we are able to count the number of indecomposable representations of a modulated quiver over with a given dimension vector and to generalize Kac's theorem for all modulated quivers and their associated Kac-Moody algebras defined by symmetrizable generalized Cartan matrices.

     

-manifolds with planar presentations and the width of satellite knots

We consider compact -manifolds having a submersion to in which each generic point inverse is a planar surface. The standard height function on a submanifold of is a motivating example. To we associate a connectivity graph . For , is a tree if and only if there is a Fox reimbedding of which carries horizontal circles to a complete collection of complementary meridian circles. On the other hand, if the connectivity graph of is a tree, then there is a level-preserving reimbedding of so that is a connected sum of handlebodies.

Corollary.

The width of a satellite knot is no less than the width of its pattern knot and so

.

     

Bumpy metrics and closed parametrized minimal surfaces in Riemannian manifolds

The purpose of this article is to study conformal harmonic maps , where is a closed Riemann surface and is a compact Riemannian manifold of dimension at least four. Such maps define parametrized minimal surfaces, possibly with branch points. We show that when the ambient manifold is given a generic metric, all prime closed parametrized minimal surfaces are free of branch points, and are as Morse nondegenerate as allowed by the group of automorphisms of . They are Morse nondegenerate in the usual sense if has genus at least two, lie on two-dimensional nondegenerate critical submanifolds if has genus one, and on six-dimensional nondegenerate critical submanifolds if has genus zero.

     

Resolutions for metrizable compacta in extension theory

We prove a -resolution theorem for simply connected CW- complexes in extension theory in the class of metrizable compacta . This means that if is a connected CW-complex, is an abelian group, , , for , and (in the sense of extension theory, that is, is an absolute extensor for ), then there exists a metrizable compactum and a surjective map such that:

(a) is -acyclic,

(b) , and

(c) .

This implies the -resolution theorem for arbitrary abelian groups for cohomological dimension when . Thus, in case is an Eilenberg-MacLane complex of type , then (c) becomes .

If in addition , then (a) can be replaced by the stronger statement,

(aa) is -acyclic.

To say that a map is -acyclic means that for each , every map of the fiber to is nullhomotopic.

     

Lattice-ordered Abelian groups and Schauder bases of unimodular fans

Baker-Beynon duality theory yields a concrete representation of any finitely generated projective Abelian lattice-ordered group in terms of piecewise linear homogeneous functions with integer coefficients, defined over the support of a fan . A unimodular fan over determines a Schauder basis of : its elements are the minimal positive free generators of the pointwise ordered group of -linear support functions. Conversely, a Schauder basis of determines a unimodular fan over : its maximal cones are the domains of linearity of the elements of . The main purpose of this paper is to give various representation-free characterisations of Schauder bases. The latter, jointly with the De Concini-Procesi starring technique, will be used to give novel characterisations of finitely generated projective Abelian lattice ordered groups. For instance, is finitely generated projective iff it can be presented by a purely lattice-theoretical word.

     

Bounded Hochschild cohomology of Banach algebras with a matrix-like structure

Let be a unital Banach algebra. A projection in which is equivalent to the identitity may give rise to a matrix-like structure on any two-sided ideal in . In this set-up we prove a theorem to the effect that the bounded cohomology vanishes for all . The hypotheses of this theorem involve (i) strong H-unitality of , (ii) a growth condition on diagonal matrices in , and (iii) an extension of in by an amenable Banach algebra. As a corollary we show that if is an infinite dimensional Banach space with the bounded approximation property, is an infinite dimensional -space, and is the Banach algebra of approximable operators on , then for all .

     

Exponents for -stable ideals

Let be a simple algebraic group over the complex numbers containing a Borel subgroup . Given a -stable ideal in the nilradical of the Lie algebra of , we define natural numbers which we call ideal exponents. We then propose two conjectures where these exponents arise, proving these conjectures in types and some other types.

When , we recover the usual exponents of by Kostant (1959), and one of our conjectures reduces to a well-known factorization of the Poincaré polynomial of the Weyl group. The other conjecture reduces to a well-known result of Arnold-Brieskorn on the factorization of the characteristic polynomial of the corresponding Coxeter hyperplane arrangement.

     

On almost one-to-one maps

A continuous map of topological spaces is said to be almost -to- if the set of the points such that is dense in ; it is said to be light if pointwise preimages are zero dimensional. We study almost 1-to-1 light maps of some compact and -compact spaces (e.g., -manifolds or dendrites) and prove that in some important cases they must be homeomorphisms or embeddings. In a forthcoming paper we use these results and show that if is a minimal self-mapping of a 2-manifold , then point preimages under are tree-like continua and either is a union of 2-tori, or is a union of Klein bottles permuted by .

     

The braid index is not additive for the connected sum of 2-knots

Any -dimensional knot can be presented in a braid form, and its braid index, , is defined. For the connected sum of -knots and , it is easily seen that holds. Birman and Menasco proved that the braid index (minus one) is additive for the connected sum of -dimensional knots; the equality holds for -knots. We prove that the equality does not hold for -knots unless or is a trivial -knot. We also prove that the -knot obtained from a granny knot by Artin's spinning is of braid index , and there are infinitely many -knots of braid index .

     

Partitioning -large sets: Some lower bounds

Let denote the property: if is an -large set of natural numbers and is partitioned into parts, then there exists a -large subset of which is homogeneous for this partition. Here the notion of largeness is in the sense of the so-called Hardy hierarchy. We give a lower bound for in terms of for some specific .

     

Maximal families of Gorenstein algebras

The purpose of this paper is to study maximal irreducible families of Gorenstein quotients of a polynomial ring . Let be the scheme parametrizing graded quotients of with Hilbert function . We prove there is a close relationship between the irreducible components of , whose general member is a Gorenstein codimension quotient, and the irreducible components of , whose general member is a codimension Cohen-Macaulay algebra of Hilbert function related to . If the Castelnuovo-Mumford regularity of the Gorenstein quotient is large compared to the Castelnuovo-Mumford regularity of , this relationship actually determines a well-defined injective mapping from such ``Cohen-Macaulay' components of to ``Gorenstein' components of , in which generically smooth components correspond. Moreover the dimension of the ``Gorenstein' components is computed in terms of the dimension of the corresponding ``Cohen-Macaulay' component and a sum of two invariants of . Using linkage by a complete intersection we show how to compute these invariants. Linkage also turns out to be quite effective in verifying the assumptions which appear in a generalization of the main theorem.

     

Functional distribution of with real characters and denseness of quadratic class numbers

We investigate the functional distribution of -functions with real primitive characters on the region as varies over fundamental discriminants. Actually we establish the so-called universality theorem for in the -aspect. From this theorem we can, of course, deduce some results concerning the value distribution and the non-vanishing. As another corollary, it follows that for any fixed with and positive integers , there exist infinitely many such that for every the -th derivative has at least zeros on the interval in the real axis. We also study the value distribution of for fixed with and variable , and obtain the denseness result concerning class numbers of quadratic fields.

     

Open loci of graded modules

Let be an excellent homogeneous Noetherian graded ring and let be a finitely generated graded -module. We consider as a module over and show that the -loci of are open in . In particular, the Cohen-Macaulay locus    is Cohen-Macaulay is an open subset of . We also show that the -loci on the homogeneous parts of are eventually stable. As an application we obtain that for a finitely generated Cohen-Macaulay module over an excellent ring and for an ideal which is not contained in any minimal prime of , the -loci for the modules are eventually stable.

     

The center of the category of -modules

Let be a semi-simple connected Lie group. Let be a maximal compact subgroup of and the complexified Lie algebra of . In this paper we describe the center of the category of -modules.

     

Frequently hypercyclic operators

We investigate the subject of linear dynamics by studying the notion of frequent hypercyclicity for bounded operators on separable complex -spaces: is frequently hypercyclic if there exists a vector such that for every nonempty open subset of , the set of integers such that belongs to has positive lower density. We give several criteria for frequent hypercyclicity, and this leads us in particular to study linear transformations from the point of view of ergodic theory. Several other topics which are classical in hypercyclicity theory are also investigated in the frequent hypercyclicity setting.