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1.
Résumé On a étudié, par la biréfringence d'écoulement, la transformation sol-gel de la solution de gélatine et précisé les modifications apportées au comportement de ces solutions par la variation des facteurs température, concentration et masse moléculaire de la gélatine, pression, pH, concentration en sels (chlorures, iodure, nitrate, sulfates, fluorure, alun de chrome, phosphate), en gomme arabique, en non-électrolytes (alcool, glycérine, urée, formol). Les renseignements ainsi obtenus sont comparés avec ceux relatifs à d'autres substances capable de donner des gels. En général, on distingue deux phases au cours de la transformation sol-gel (organisation de la solution, puis prise en masse). La température, la concentration mais non la masse moléculaire de la gélatine, le pH, la nature du sel mais non la force ionique ont une influence importante sur le comportement de ces systèmes et, en particulier, agissent sur la vitesse de la transformation. L'étude de ces solutions où entrent des substances tannantes (alun, formol) montre que non seulement l'intensité mais le sens de leur action dépend de la concentration en gélatine. Les mélanges contenant de la gomme arabique manifestent une grande diversité de comportements suivant la concentration de cette dernière.
Zusammenfassung Mit Hilfe der Strömungsdoppelbrechung wurde die Sol-Gel-Umwandlung von Gelatinelösung untersucht und die Abhängigkeiten des Verhaltens der Lösungen durch Variation aller maßgebenden Faktoren festgestellt: Temperatur, Konzentration, Molekulargewicht der Gelatine, Druck, pH, Salzkonzentration (Chloride, Jodide, Nitrate, Sulfate, Fluoride, Aluminium usw.), Konzentration von Gummi arabicum und Nichtelektrolyten (Alkohol, Glycerin, Harnstoff, Formaldehyd). Die Ergebnisse werden mit denen an anderen gelbildenden Substanzen verglichen. Im allgemeinen unterscheidet man zwei Phasen der Sol-Gel-Umwandlung (Ausbildung von Ordnungszuständen in der Lösung, dann Verfestigung in der Masse). Temperatur, Konzentration, nicht aber das Molekulargewicht der Gelatine, pH, die Natur des Salzes, nicht aber die Ionenkräfte haben wesentlichen Einfluß auf das Verhalten dieser Systeme, insbesondere hinsichtlich der Geschwindigkeit der Umwandlung. Die Untersuchung solcher Lösungen, denen gerbende Substanzen zugegeben sind (Alaun, Formaldehyd), zeigt, daß nicht nur die Stärke, sondern auch der Sinn ihrer Wirkung von der Gelatinekonzentration abhängt. Gummi arabicum enthaltende Gemische weisen eine große Verschiedenheit im Verhalten der Substanzen auf, stark abhängig von der Konzentration des Gummi arabicums.
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2.
Résumé L'analyse des résultats de l'étude expérimentale de la transformation sol-gel des solutions de gélatine au moyen de mesures de biréfringence d'écoulement montre l'impossibilité de représenter ces solutions à l'aide d'un système de particules indépendantes polydispersées.On propose un mécanisme d'écoulement tenant compte de l'ébauche d'une structure au sein des solutions de gélatine. L'écoulement nécessite la rupture de certaines liaisons. L'angle d'extinction est relié à l'orientation moyenne des liaisons sollicitées à se rompre tandis que l'intensité de la biréfringence dépend du nombre de liaisons qui se brisent. On interprète sur la mÊme base les variations du coefficient de viscosité.Après avoir montré qu'une cinétique d'associationdissociation analogue à celle qui intervient dans les polymérisations conduit à des variations inacceptables de l'angle d'extinction, on introduit une vitesse de transformation dépendant d'une énergie d'attraction entre les particules qui s'oppose à leur agitation thermique.La cinétique de la transformation est très simple dans la première phase de l'évolution: le nombre de liaisons formées est proportionnel au temps. Dans la seconde phase apparait une perturbation importante de la structure sous l'effet de l'écoulement.Les paramètres autres que la température qui agissent sur la vitesse de transformation sol-gel le font en modifiant l'énergie d'attraction interparticulaire.
Zusammenfassung Die Analyse der Ergebnisse einer experimentellen Untersuchung der Transformation Sol — Gel von Gelatinelösungen mit Hilfe von Messungen der Strömungsdoppelbrechung zeigt die Unmöglichkeit, solche Lösungen mit Hilfe eines Systems von unabhängigen polydispergierten Teilchen zu beschreiben.Es wird ein Strömungsmechanismus vorgeschlagen, der eine Andeutung einer Struktur herrÜhrend von der Gelatinelösung zeigt. Die Strömung verlangt den Bruch gewisser Bindungen. Der Extinktionswinkel ist mit der mittleren Orientierung der zu brechenden Bindungen verkoppelt, während die Intensität der Doppelbrechung von der Zahl der aufreißenden Bindungen abhängt. Es läßt sich auf der gleichen Grundlage die Veränderung des Viskositätskoeffizienten interpretieren.Nachdem gezeigt ist, daß eine Kinetik der Assoziation-Dissoziation, derjenigen analog, die bei Polymerisationen eintritt, zu unannehmbaren Variationen des Extinktionswinkels fÜhrt, wird eine Übergangsgeschwindigkeit eingefÜhrt, die von einer Anziehungsenergie zwischen den Teilchen herrÜhrt, welche mit der Wärmebewegung im Gleichgewicht steht.Die Kinetik des Übergangs ist in der ersten Phase der Entwicklung sehr einfach. Die Zahl der gebildeten Bindungen ist proportional der Zeit. In der zweiten Phase erscheint unter dem Einfluß der Strömung eine sehr wesentliche Störung der Struktur.Die Parameter, andere als die Temperatur, die die Geschwindigkeit der Sol-Gel-Transformation beeinflussen, machen sich in einer Modifikation der interpartikulären Anziehungsenergie bemerkbar.
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3.
The systematic investigation of a good Ba+2- Sr+2 separation using a. cellulose powder column has given us the choice of two eluants: (a) Methanol 1.2N en HCl (gazeux) + water (vv: 1005) (b) Methanol-ether-HCl 12N (vv:75-25-5). The second one gave excellent separations, both in quantities of the order of 200 mg and in tracer amounts: Sr ? 0.001 μg-Ba ? 0.8 μg If we increase the eluting power of the solvent after the complete elution of Sr+2 (suppression of ether), we considerably reduce the time and volume needed for the Ba+2 elution. This work was done with the help of radioactive isotopes 140Ba (12.8 days) and 90Sr (25 years). At the same time, we found that the eluant used is also efficient for the separation of 140Ba and 90Sr from their respective decay products: 140La and 90Y (40h and 65h).  相似文献   

4.
The authors describe conditions of electrolysis which permit a quantitative deposit of traces of manganese to be obtained from sulphate and perchlorate solutions. Theoretical considerations based on the application of polarisation curves lead to a quantitative explanation of some of the experimental results, especially those concerned with the effect of different factors on the kinetics of deposition.  相似文献   

5.
In order to separate Ba+2—Sr+2 in submicroquantities we tested, with the aid of radio isotopes, various paperchromatography methods proposed in the literature. These methods were unsatisfactory for our purpose and therefore we examined some other types of eluants.A mixture of methanol and 12 N HC1 gave the greatest separation factor with a satisfactory RF value, and without serious overlapping.  相似文献   

6.
7.
1. A large part of the literature concerning the chemical determination of tryptophan and the explanation of the coloration given by tryptophan with aldehydes is reviewed. 2. The causes of the erroneous results obtained by using the p-dimethylamino-benzaldehyde method, in the presence of hydrochloric acid, have been ascertained. Contrarily to what some authors think, these erroneous results are not due to a lack of specificity of the method. 3. The results and the sensitivity of various methods are discussed. The most advantageous method for the determination of tryptophan in proteins seems to be at the present time,the method described by Spies and Chambers 62.  相似文献   

8.
Decomposition of isopropanol on mixed calcium-silver apatites. A new family of apatite materials Ca10-xAgx(PO4)6(OH)2-xx were synthesized, then studied using the decomposition reaction of isopropanol. The catalytic activity of the mixed apatites was observed to correspond mainly to dehydrogenation reaction features (the formation of acetone). This phenomenon has been tentatively related to the migration of Ag+ ions towards the surface and to their reduction to metallic silver under catalytic reaction conditions. The catalytic tests for the isopropanol decomposition reaction show that silver substituted hydroxyapatites were more actives than pure hydroxyapatite.  相似文献   

9.
The chlorine concentration in drinking water or swimming pools must be lower than 5 ppm. This study relates the amperometric monitoring of the hypochlorous acid (HClO) using microelectrodes in aqueous media of low conductivity (3 g·L−1 of NaCl, concentration in the swimming pools). The cyclic voltammetry makes it possible to identify the reduction wave of HClO and to determine its diffusion coefficient. The chronoamperometry made at a properly chosen potential (400 mV versus SCE) shows a good linear response over the range 1–50 ppm. The concentrations found by iodometry (standard method) and chronoamperometry differ from one another by only 0.3 ppm. This electrochemical technique needs no additional reactant.  相似文献   

10.
A three-dimensionnal analytical model is developed to calculate the thermal constriction resistance for a solid presenting multiple contacts at the surface. The solid can be considered static or sliding. The non-unifomity of contact distribution is studied by the introduction of an eccentricity parameter referred to the uniform case. The results of the proposed model are compared to existing experiments adapted to a static contact.  相似文献   

11.
A good separation of tracer amounts of. Ca- Sr- Ba- Ra could be obtained by chromatography on a cellulose powder column on using successively the following two eluants: 1. Methanol-ether-HCl 12N (v/v: 75-25-5) (Ca, Sr). 2. Methanol - HCI 12N (v/v: 100-5) (Ba, Ra). Eluant 1, which has already been proposed for the separation of Ba and Sr in tracer amounts. is well suited for the separation of Ca Sr (carrier free) A further test of this eluant for the separation of 89Sr-140Ba, obtained carrier-free, from an irradiated uranium nitrate sample, proved to be successful.Eluant 2, gives a satisfactory Ba- Ra separation (Ba either carries free or not) and may be used for a rapid preparation of mesothorium 1 -sources (228Ra), free from barium; it is also recommended for the purification of small quantities of radium.  相似文献   

12.
This review summarizes the statu quo and the perspectives of chemical methanation. CO2 methanation, including catalyst deactivation, reactors, mechanisms, and thermodynamics are presented. This reaction serves as a test bed for our fundamental understanding of heterogeneous catalysis and is used in various industrial processes, including the removal of oxo-compounds (COx) in the feed gas for the ammonia synthesis, in connection with the gasification of coal, where it can be used to produce methane from synthesis gas, and in relation to Fischer–Tropsch's synthesis. Moreover, CO2 methanation became of interest as a renewable energy storage system based on a “power-to-gas” conversion process by SNG (synthetic natural gas) production integrating water electrolysis and CO2 methanation as a highly effective way to store the energy produced by renewables sources. The effectiveness and efficiency of the “power-to-gas” plants strongly depends on the CO2-methanation process.  相似文献   

13.
In the separation of several substances by displacement development, the minimum distance is calculated that the band must travel to obtain a separation of the solutes into zones.The method has been applied to the separation of lithium, sodium, ammonium and potassium ions on Dowex-50 resin, using calcium ions as the developer.  相似文献   

14.
15.
Numerical results concerning mass or heat transfer on a spherical bubble embedded in axisymmetrical accelerated flows are presented. The Reynolds number is varied between 0.1 and 500. Two different situations are considered, namely an unsteady flow with a constant acceleration, and a pure straining flow where the homogeneous strain induces a spatial acceleration. In the latter case, the acceleration is seen to have little effect on the transfer. In contrast in the unsteady case, computations reveal that dramatic history effects may happen. A comparison of characteristic times allows us to explain the various evolutions shown by the computations. These numerical results are confirmed by analytical solutions obtained in the corresponding situations by assuming a potential flow.  相似文献   

16.
The boundary element method and equivalent sources method are currently used in vibroacoustic. While designing the model, we have to know if it is necessary or not to model some geometric “details”. In order to determine the acoustic part of these “details” as vibrating sources, we propose to study a simplified model of two point sources in opposite phase. We determine, on the one hand, the conditions of distance between sources, and, on the other hand, the output ratio for which the secondary source can be neglected when calculating the acoustic power radiated.  相似文献   

17.
Electrochemical treatment of waste water containing phenol: a comparative study on lead dioxide and platinum electrodes. The objective of this work was to study the efficiency of the Pb/PbO2 electrode for decomposing the molecule of phenol, then to compare it to a platinum model electrode. Preliminary investigations by cyclic voltammetry showed that the Pb/PbO2 anode presents a good chemical and electrochemical stability and possesses a high oxygen overvoltage. The study also showed that the electrochemical oxidation of phenol on Pt and PbO2 in acidic media is a complex process. Long-time electrolysis was carried out using a three potential-plateau program with different values of the oxidation potentials and different concentrations of phenol. The obtained results showed that the transformation of phenol is total on the Pb/PbO2 anode and that it is partial on Pt. On the other hand an increase in the phenol concentration decreases the rate of its conversion on the electrodes.  相似文献   

18.
Phase diagrams of polymer blends and solutions are usually studied by measuring the scattered intensity (by light or neutrons) as a function of composition, temperature and pressure. If one expands Flory's χ parameter as a function of the composition, one sees that in order to have deviations from Flory's laws, thermodynamic quantities such as volume, heat capacity or compressibility should vary with respect to composition by a power law of degree larger than two. In some cases, the direct measurement of these quantities could lead to a more precise and rapid determination of the miscibility conditions.  相似文献   

19.
Résumé La mesuredirecte sur papier d'une concentration de chlorure de zinc peut se faire par spectrophotométrie à la longueur d'onde de 520 m, en complexant cet élément à la dithizone. Le procédé standard de dosage décrit ici prévoit la mise au point du Beckman au zéro de densité optique surun seul blanc papier vaporisé valable pour chaque série de 8 mesures. Cette technique économise du temps, réduit le nombre de manipulations et fait gagner 0,010 U. D. O. Lareproductibilité du dosage varie de 0,29 à 0,68% pour des quantités de zinc de l'ordre de 0,1g selon qu'il est ou non chromatographié. Huit dosages, Chromatographie comprise, durent deux heures. L'amélioration des résultats par la Chromatographie se vérifie ici une fois de plus. Laposition et lagrandeur destaches chromato graphiées peuvent être réglées à volonté, quelle que soit la concentration, grâce à une étude des facteurs d'influence.
Summary The direct measurement on paper of a concentration of zinc chloride may be accomplished by the spectrophotometer at the wave length 520 m by complexing this element with dithizone. The standard procedure of determination described here provides for adjusting the Beckman to zero of optical density on a single vaporized white paper valid for each series of 8 measurements. This technique saves time, reduces the number of manipulations, and gains 0.01 U. D. D. The reproducibility of the determination varies from 0.29 to 0.68% for amounts of zinc of the order of 0.1g depending on wether it is chromatographed or not. Eight determinations, chromatography included, require two hours. The improvement of the results by chromatography is once more verified. The position and the size of the spots on the chromatogram may be regulated at will, no matter what the concentration, thanks to a study of the influencing factors.

Zusammenfassung Die Bestimmung der Konzentration von Zinkchlorid kann spektrophotometrisch bei 520 m direkt auf Papier nach Komplexieren mit Dithizon ausgeführt werden. Nach dem hier beschriebenen Standardverfahren wird das Spektrophotometer (Beckman) unter Verwendung eines mit Dithizon vorbehandelten Papierstreifens als Blindprobe geeicht, wonach acht Messungen in Serie durchgeführt werden können. Die Reproduzierbarkeit der Bestimmung beträgt 0,29 bzw. 0,68% für die Größenordnung von 0,1g Zink, je nachdem, ob dieses vorher chromatographiert wurde oder nicht. Acht Bestimmungen dauern einschließlich der Chromatographie 2 Stunden. Es zeigte sich einmal mehr die Verbesserung der Ergebnisse durch die Chromatographie. Stellung und Größe der Chromatogrammflecken sind unabhängig von der Konzentration nach Belieben zu regeln, nachdem die darauf Einfluß nehmenden Faktoren untersucht wurden.
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20.
Deposition of smooth diamond coatings on titanium alloy. A new process has been perfected to deposit smooth diamond coatings, at 600 °C, on titanium alloys. Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, visible and UV Raman spectroscopy show that these coatings are smooth and mainly composed of crystalline diamond with a fine-grained morphology. The results are compared here to those obtained with classical rough polycrystalline coatings. Optical emission spectroscopy reveals important differences between the plasma species produced for the deposition of these smooth coatings and the plasma species produced for the deposition of both polycrystalline diamond and nanocrystalline films. © 2000 Académie des sciences / Éditions scientifiques et médicales Elsevier SASdiamond / coating / titanium alloy / plasma / roughness / Raman spectroscopy / emission spectroscopy  相似文献   

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