Mechanistic implications of the equality of compensation temperatures in chromatography

A common interpretation of the observation that two processes exhibit similar compensation temperatures in an enthalpy-entropy plot is that the two processes occur via the same "mechanism". We show that this interpretation is not rigorously allowed. In fact, the only thing that can be concluded from the observation of identical compensation temperatures is that the relative contributions of enthalpy and entropy to the overall free energy are the same in the two processes. Since it is possible that two processes occur via different mechanisms that, by chance, result in the same relative blends of enthalpy and entropy, the observation of identical compensation temperatures cannot be used as evidence for mechanistic identity. If two processes exhibit different compensation temperatures, however, it can logically be concluded that the two processes are mechanistically distinct.     

A method for creating a non-equilibrium NT(P1-P2) ensemble in molecular dynamics simulation

A method is proposed for creating a non-equilibrium ensemble with a constant number of molecules, constant temperature and constant pressures with different target values in two reservoirs [referred to as NT(P(1)-P(2)) ensemble] that are connected by a finite length nanopore. This method includes two steps. The first step places a partition between the two reservoirs and then creates a static pressure field and a proper system volume by using two self-adjusting plates on which two external forces/pressures with different target values are exerted. The second step removes the partition and the two self-adjusting plates and the pressure difference between the two reservoirs is maintained by a "pump" designed to simultaneously create a periodic boundary condition between the two reservoirs and supply the necessary force (work) to a subset of molecules for a steady state flow. To examine this method, several cases using liquid argon with a truncated and shift Lennard-Jones potential under different target pressures and pump sizes were studied. Results show that the method proposed in this paper works well. In addition, the method proposed in this paper was compared with the other external force field methods. The results show that as long as the external force is applied to a restricted set of molecules away from the channel a constant pressure difference between two reservoirs is maintained. The advantage of the algorithm proposed here also sets the absolute pressures with different target levels in two reservoirs instead of it being arbitrary. Studies show that the fluid flow rate or permeability through a nanopore depends not only on the pressure difference between two reservoirs, but also on the absolute pressures in two reservoirs.     

咪唑啉盐向邻苯二胺转移一碳单元反应的理论研究

酶催化的一碳单元转移反应在生物合成和代谢过程中具有重要的作用 ,并与抗癌药物设计和合成密切相关 .虽然催化不同一碳单元转移反应的酶不同 ,但大多数酶需要四氢叶酸作辅酶 .四氢叶酸辅酶传递一碳单元的化学与其Ｎ5,Ｎ1 0的ΔｐＫａ 密切相关 ,而与嘧啶环及谷氨酸残基部分无关 ,后两部分的作用是把辅酶结合在适当的酶蛋白表面上[1 ] .当可转移的碳处于甲酸态时 ,四氢叶酸辅酶以衍生物 5,1 0 ＣＨ+ ＴＨＦ(1 )的形式存在 ,其中可转移的碳与Ｎ5,Ｎ1 0相连形成五元环 ,是反应的活性中心 .由于酶反应体系的复杂性 ,在实验和理论研究中大多建…     

Interaction of Adjacent Amino Acids

Ramachandran plots display the dihedral angles of a single protein residue. We propose a crossed torsion angle plot called SSY‐plot between two neighboring amino acids and demonstrate that a special coherence motion can exist between some very special amino acid pairs leading to spontaneous unusual structures. A 6mer was extracted from a BBA polypeptide chain which in this plot shows two diagonal domains for the Ser‐Arg pair after some induction time. Other amino acid pairs in general do not show this kind of split domain. This shows that a special pair is required for stabilizing two distinct native structures in protein folding. We suggest that the existence of these two domains corresponds to a bifurcation between two different protein structures and that the special pair is the key to producing these two structures. These two different structures are produced spontaneously without an external agent.     

吡啶-3-甲醛缩氨基硫脲合镍(Ⅱ)、锌(Ⅱ)配合物的合成、晶结构及生物活性

本文合成并表征了吡啶-3-甲醛缩氨基硫脲(HL)合镍(Ⅱ)、锌(Ⅱ)配合物.在配合物[NiL2(1)中,镍(Ⅱ)离子与来自2个脱氢配体的2个氮原子和2个硫原子配位.形成四配位的平面正方形构型.在配合物[Zn(HL)2(C2H5OH)2(H2O)2](NO3)2(2)中,锌(Ⅱ)离子与2个中性配体、2个乙醇分子和2个水分子配位,配位原子在锌(Ⅱ)离子周围形成畸变的八面体构型.通过荧光吸收法研究了配合物1、2与小牛胸腺DNA的作用机理.结果表明,这2个配合物均以插入形式进入DNA的碱基对.此外,还研究了配体及2个配合物对金黄色葡萄球菌、乙型溶血性链球菌、肺炎链球菌、炭疽杆菌的抗菌活性.结果表明,配体及配合物1对上述测试菌种无抑制作用.配合物2对前面3种有弱的抑菌作用.     

两种拔尿管方法对膀胱功能损伤的临床观察

为观察两种不同的拔尿管方法对膀胱功能损伤的差异,将80例患者随机分成两组,分别采用改良法(40例)和常规法(40例)拔除留置尿管,分析比较了两组患者排尿顺利率、逼尿肌功能恢复率及尿道刺激症、尿失禁、尿潴留。结果表明,两组患者拔管后上述指标与情况有显著性差异,P<0.05。提示改良组膀胱功能损伤明显低于对照组。改良的拔管方法是一种值得护理推广应用的好方法。     

Evidence for two different active oxygen species in cytochrome P450 BM3 mediated sulfoxidation and N-dealkylation reactions

Herein, we report the results from two experiments that are consistent with sulfoxidation and N-dealkylation involving two different enzyme substrate complexes and thus two different active oxygen species that do not interchange. The first experiment involves the use of a mutant that may increase the amount of the hydroperoxy-iron species (FeIIIO2H).1 This mutant increases the amount of sulfoxidation relative to the amount of N-dealkylation by 4-fold. In a second experiment, deuterium substitution on the N-methyl groups of substrate does not result in an increase in sulfoxidation. This later result is consistent with N-dealkylation and sulfoxidation being mediated by two different active oxygen species. While the data indicate two active oxygen species, they do not distinguish between the different possibilities for the active oxygen species.     

Polarization dependent resonant x-ray emission spectroscopy of D2O and H2O water: assignment of the local molecular orbital symmetry

The polarization dependence of the split two peaks in the lone-pair region in the x-ray emission spectra has been determined at several different excitation energies for both D(2)O and H(2)O water. In contrast to predictions based on a narrow range of local water structures where the two peaks would be of different molecular orbital symmetry and arise from, respectively, intact and dissociated molecules, we show that the two peaks in the lone-pair region are both of lone-pair 1b(1) orbital symmetry. The results support the interpretation that the two peaks appear due to fluctuations between two distinct different main structural environments.     

A strategy for probing the autonomy of cross-domain stereochemical communication in glycoconjugates

Glycoproteins contain carbohydrate and peptide sectors. As a model for studying whether there exists stereochemical "communication" between the two domains, we prepared two glycopeptides differing only in the absolute stereochemistry of the peptide domain (L-peptide vs D-peptide). High-field NMR spectroscopy revealed that there are distinct and measurable differences, indicating that the two domains are at some level interactive.     

单核和双核钌配合物在铟锡氧化物电极上的电化学行为及对双酚A的催化氧化

本文应用循环伏安法和微分脉冲伏安法研究了两种新型单、双核多吡啶钌(Ⅱ)配合物在铟锡氧化物(ITO)电极上的电化学行为及对双酚A(BPA)的催化氧化。研究结果表明,单、双核配合物在ITO电极上均出现两个归属为中心离子和亚胺基的氧化波,双核配合物的峰电流约为单核的2倍,表现为通过桥联配体在两中心离子间的电子转移速度较其与电极间的大。同时,两种配合物对BPA的氧化呈现相近的催化氧化活性。此外,讨论了pH值对单、双核钌配合物电化学行为的影响,比较分析了它们对BPA的催化氧化过程。     

3,4,4-三甲基-1-乙酰基咪唑啉盐向邻苯二胺转移一 碳单元反应的理论研究

用PM3-MO半经验方法对叶酸辅酶模型化合物3,4,4-三甲基-1-乙酰基咪唑啉盐向邻苯二胺转移一碳单元的反应进行了理论研究。结果表明,咪唑环有两种开环方式,该反应可能通过两种途径实现,每一种途径都经历了六个反应步骤,包括两次质子转移步骤,其中第二次质子转移是限速步骤。优化计算了所有步骤的中间体和过渡态的结构,各个中间体和过渡态具有不同的构型,构象和能量。     

Diversity of interstrand π—π stacking motifs in the double helices of pyridinedicarboxamide oligomers

Winding of oligoamide strands of 2,6-diaminopyridine and 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid into molecular duplexes is illustrated by two new crystal structures of double helical dimers. The relative positions of the two strands within the double helices in these two structures are different; they also differ from the structures reported previously. Unlike the single helical structure of the monomeric strands, the double helical motif is not highly stable in the solid state. This implies that the interactions that lead to duplex formation are not directional. It suggests that the two strands have a significant motional freedom in the duplex.     

Protein photocrosslinking reveals dimer of dimers formation on MarR protein in Escherichia coli

The multiple antibiotic resistance regulatory protein(MarR) binds to two promoter sites on the marO operator in Escherichia coli.Our study showed that more than one MarR dimer proteins bound to either of its two promoter sites(Site I and Site II),suggesting that MarR might form higher complexes than homodimers when bound to DNA inside E.coli cells.To further verify this hypothesis,we site-specifically incorporated a photocrosslinking probe at the interface between two MarR dimer proteins.Photolysis in living E.coli cells revealed a covalent linkage between the two interdimer subunits of MarR,suggesting that MarR forms dimer of dimers in vivo.     

New types of reactivity of α,β-unsaturated N,N-dimethylhydrazones: chemodivergent diastereoselective synthesis of functionalized tetrahydroquinolines and hexahydropyrrolo[3,2-b]indoles

The indium trichloride-catalyzed reaction between aromatic imines and α,β-unsaturated N,N-dimethylhydrazones in acetonitrile afforded 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolines bearing a hydrazone function at C4 through a one-pot diastereoselective domino process that involves the formation of two C-C bonds and the controlled generation of two stereocenters, one of which is quaternary. This reaction constitutes the first example of an α,β-unsaturated dimethylhydrazone that behaves as a dienophile in a hetero Diels-Alder reaction. The related reaction between anilines, aromatic aldehydes, and methacrolein dimethylhydrazone in CHCl(3) with BF(3)?Et(2)O as catalyst afforded polysubstituted 1,2,3,3a,4,8b-hexahydropyrrolo[3,2-b]indoles as major products through a fully diastereoselective ABB'C four-component domino process that generates two cycles, three stereocenters, two C-C bonds, and two C-N bonds in a single operation.     

Synthesis of two types of nanoparticles in polyelectrolyte capsule nanoreactors and their dual functionality

Polyelectrolyte multilayer capsule reactors (PEMCRs) for the synthesis of two types of nanoparticles were prepared. The tunable PEMCRs containing two different functional groups that can be used to synthesize two types of nanoparticles simultaneously and to control the composition of two types of nanoparticles within the shell of PEMCs. These PEMCRs enabled the composition as well as the amount of the loaded two types of nanoparticles within the shell of PEMCs to be controlled by the copolymer ratio and the number of reaction cycles. Another interesting finding is that, as a result of the synthesis of two types of nanoparticles, these specially designed PEMCs containing both silver and goethite nanocrystals can be used as antimicrobial capsules, which can move by an external magnetic field. Such a technology has the potential for use in sterilization at the desirable sites.     

基于化学子空间对线性变换稳定的秩估计方法

提出了一个新的化学计量学方法,即线性变换下稳定的化学子空间法,用于二维数据的化学秩估计.该方法的基本思想是具有化学意义的子空间对在一个方向上的二维数据的线性变换是最稳定的.据此,两个新的定量指标投影残差法和子空间夹角法被提出用于衡量两个子空间之间的差异性.对两个近红外数据的分析结果表明,这一方法为二维数据的化学秩估计提供了一个很有价值的工具.     

Quantum chemical study on the one-carbon unit transfer of imidazolinium

One-carbon unit transfer reaction of folate cofactor model compound, 1-acetyl-2-methyl-imidazolinium, with 1,2-diaminobenzene has been studied theoretically with ONIOM method. The result shows that there are two pathways to complete this reaction because the imidazolinium ring has two breaking patterns. Both the two pathways have six steps. They are combination of two reactants, proton migration, break of five-membered ring, formation of benzimidazole derivate, another proton migration, and formation of final products. In each of the above pathways, the two proton migration steps have higher energy, which illuminate that the reaction is catalyzed by general acid-base. This fact agrees with the experimental results of enzymatic one-carbon unit transfer at oxidation level of formate.     

Mechanism of coadsorption of two organic substances on electrodes at strong attractive interaction between their molecules in the adsorption layer

Based on the model of three parallel capacitors, the differential capacitance and the surface concentration of two organic compounds coadsorbed on an electrode are calculated as a function of the potential. It is shown that for the strong attractive interaction of two different adsorbed molecules that occupy equal areas on the surface and for different combinations of the other adsorption parameters is well described by the model of two parallel capacitors with a simple Frumkin isotherm. However, in this case, the effective attraction constant in this isotherm should depend on the electrode potential. The obtained results show that the good agreement of experimental data with the calculations based on the model of two parallel capacitors is insufficient for assuming that the orientation of adsorbed molecules of a given organic compound is potential-independent. On the other hand, if the adsorbate molecule in two different orientations occupies different areas on the electrode surface, then the model of two parallel capacitors does not allow one to describe the dependence of the total surface concentration on the electrode potential even under the conditions where this model adequately describes the differential capacitance curves.     

Effects of NaCl on the J-aggregation of two thiacarbocyanine dyes in aqueous solutions

The effects of NaCl on the aggregation of two typical thiacarbocyanine dyes (3,3'-di(3-sulfopropyl)-4,5,4',5'-dibenzo-9-phenyl-thiacarbocyanine triethyl ammonium salt (Dye 1) and 3,3'-di(3-sulfopropyl)-4,5,4',5'-dibenzo-9-methyl-thiacarbocyanine triethyl ammonium salt (Dye 2)) in aqueous solution have been studied by using absorption spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, and 1H- and 23Na-NMR measurements. It is found that the J-aggregation of two dyes can be promoted by the addition of NaCl and that the effective coherence length of the J-aggregate is shorter than that obtained without NaCl. Fluorescence spectra demonstrate that the fluorescence intensities of the J-aggregates of two dyes are quenched by addition of NaCl. This is consistent with the decrease of the effective coherence length of J-aggregates of the two dyes in the presence of NaCl. 1H-NMR spectra of two dyes show that the Na(+) ions penetrate into the J-aggregates and replace the counterion (triethylammonium ions) in two dyes. The measurements of the chemical shifts of 23Na nuclei provide further information about the interaction between the Na(+) ions and dye anions in the J-aggregates of the two dyes. Due to this interaction, the electrostatic repulsion between the dye anions in the J-aggregates can be reduced and thus accelerate the aggregation of the two dyes in the presence of NaCl. The apparent association constants between Na(+) ions and dye molecules in J-aggregates of Dye 1 and Dye 2 estimated from the measured chemical shifts of 23Na nuclei are about 2.38 M(-1) and 1.35 M(-1), respectively.     

Formation of molecular ladder elements with macrocyclic platforms via linear bifunctional ligands

Reaction between 4-aminopyridine and a dinuclear zinc(II) component of a Robson macrocyclic ligand has resulted in the formation of a molecular ladder element motif. X-ray single crystal structural analysis indicates that two pyridine rings are assembled at the same direction of the macrocycle, which are placed in a nearly parallel way via pi-pi interactions, forming a concavity structure with a macrocyclic base. It is significantly noted that one hydrogen-bond cycle generated from hydrogen atoms of two amino groups with two perchlorate anions has sustained such an assembly of two 4-aminopyridine species to stand in a face to face pattern through a weak molecular interaction on the macrocyclic platform by one-end coordination bonding. The self-assembly of 4-carboxylic pyridine acid and the same macrocyclic component in the presence of sodium hydroxide has yielded an interesting wheel-like complex. Two macrocyclic dinuclear zinc(II) components have been linked through coordination bonding with two pyridine derivatives situated on the same direction of a macrocycle. X-ray structural results suggest that the compound has a unique sandwich-like structure consisting of two macrocyclic covers with two inversely positioned bridging pyridine carboxylic groups in the middle.