水泥加固(改良)软土地基的研究

利用水泥作为固化剂以提高软土地基的强度和减少软土地基的变形, 已经为沿海软土地区建设中较为普遍地采用。一般通过粉喷或深层搅拌法, 把水泥掺加拌和到软土地基中, 使它和软土中的物质组分发生物理化学反应, 以收到加固效应。通过对现场和室内的水泥土样品进行对比试验及宏观和微观的对比分析研究, 搞清了水泥土加固软土的作用机理, 提出了用水泥加固提高地基强度和节约水泥用量的建议。     

邯郸与太原两地粉土动力特性的试验研究

对邯郸5个工程场区和太原1个工程场区的粉土进行了循环荷载幅值为不规则变化的动模量试验。试验研究发现,粉土的动模量衰减的比砂土慢;其动模量衰减到最大动模量的85%时,开始表现出塑性特征,因此,在动模量衰减到最大动模量的85%之前降低循环动荷载的幅值,动模量仍能大部分回到初始值。粘粒含量的变化使粘粒在粉土中表现出不同的作用,当粘粒含量小于10%时,动强度随粘粒含量的增加而降低;当粘粒含量大于10%后,动强度随粘粒含量的增加而增加。     

透水与隔水夹层对粉质土液化影响试验研究

黄河三角洲沉积物以粉质土为主,循环荷载作用下隔水夹层与透水夹层的存在对粉质土孔压累积、消散及液化的影响如何,目前尚不清楚。本文针对4种隔水夹层与透水夹层的组合情况,利用现场原位振动和室内土样振动试验,研究隔水夹层与透水夹层的存在对循环荷载作用下黄河口粉质海床土液化过程影响,发现循环荷载导致黄河三角洲粉质土孔隙水压力、粒度成分、密度、含水量及孔隙比等物性指标发生的变化,因夹层的不同有明显的差异,并且其液化性能因夹层结构的不同而不同,有透水夹层时,相对提高了粉土的抗液化性能,隔水夹层则相反。     

黄泛区非饱和砂质粉土的土-水特征曲线试验研究

为了确定黄泛区非饱和砂质粉土的土-水特征曲线,以开封市朗润园小区的地下土为试验对象,通过滤纸法对其进行了室内试验研究,并利用Van Genuchten模型对试验测定出的土-水特征曲线进行了拟合。研究结果表明:非饱和砂质粉土的进气值约为9.5kPa,残余饱和度对应的吸力值约为73.5kPa,非饱和土的减饱和过程具有明显的阶段特征。根据拟合出的含水率和吸力之间的函数关系,可以预测黄泛区非饱和砂质粉土的土-水特征曲线。     

强夯法处理软弱粉土地基试验研究

介绍了钱塘江南岸软弱粉土地基试验区通过降水强夯与填石强夯的试验效果, 并对不同夯击能夯击前后粉土地基的物理力学性质、变形特性、抗液化性能等静力动力特性进行了对比研究。     

模糊识别模式在粉土液化判别中的应用

基于模糊数学的基本原理和方法,分析了粉土液化的影响因素,选取粉土的平均粒径,相对密度,标准贯入击数和上覆有效压力作为评价指标,构造粉土液化的模糊识别模式。验证和应用结果表明,模糊识别模式具有很好的映射能力,是粉土液化势预测的有效手段。     

粉土热导率与含水量关系的实验研究

目前报道的不少实验成果,在得出粉土热物性指标和某一因素的关系时,并未保持其他影响因素固定不变,因而只能说明粉土热物性指标随影响因素的定性变化趋势。要建立热物性指标与影响因素间的确定性关系和推算公式,需要更为严格的实验,即研究某一影响因素时保持其他因素不变。通过一系列实验,对粉土试样的热导率进行研究,在排除孔隙比、干密度、土样成分等影响因素的情况下,独立分析了粉土的热导率与含水量间的关系。实验结果表明粉土的热导率随含水量的增大而增大,其变化规律与砂土一致,都符合对数变化规律,且整个变化过程可分为两个阶段。同时还分析了粉土的内在传热机制,有效描述和解释粉土热导率随含水量的变化规律。分析结果表明用对数形式来描述粉土热导率与含水量之间的关系是正确的。       

粉土抗渗强度测定设备和方法研究

粉土是介于砂性土和黏性土之间的一种过渡类型土,工程性质既与砂性土不同又与黏性土有较大区别。针对目前还没有合适的室内实验仪器测试粉土临界水力比降和抗渗强度的现状,从试样极限平衡状态出发,对土体进行受力分析,研制了粉土抗渗强度测定设备,研究的实验方法解决了粉土饱和难问题。设计的变水头装置和透明接水容器,保证了粉土抗渗强度测定的可靠性和准确性。多个渗透容器并联成多套装置,可实现多个样本同时测定。对杭州钱塘江粉土的实验结果表明,粉土的临界水力比降与一般砂土有差异。原状样的抗渗强度比击实样高。铺设土工布抗渗层,将大大提高粉土的抗渗强度。研究结果可为粉土地基渗透破坏的防控提供参考。     

地沟油对水泥稳定碎石材料路用性能的影响研究

本文分别在粗集料和全部集料中添加地沟油,再拌制得到粗集料拌油和全集料拌油两种水泥稳定碎石;并进行不同混合料的抗压强度试验、回弹模量试验和弯拉疲劳试验等路用性能试验。试验结果表明:粗集料拌油的7d无侧限抗压强度满足规范要求,全部集料拌油仅符合二级以下公路的底基层强度标准,粗集料拌油和全部集料拌油强度后期的增长幅度明显大于普通混合料;两种拌油混合料的弯拉强度有所降低,但粗集料拌油破坏时挠度提高了87.5%;与普通混合料相比,粗集料拌油和全部集料拌油的抗压回弹模量分别降低了23.7%和27.8%,故地沟油增柔效果明显;粗集料拌油混合料的干缩系数小于普通混合料,收缩开裂风险降低,抗疲劳性能优于普通混合料,但对荷载变化的敏感程度比普通混合料大。可见,粗集料拌油水泥稳定碎石可用于半刚性基层。     

干湿循环导致粉砂质泥岩力学特性变化规律研究

受亲水矿物成分影响,水侵作用下粉砂质泥岩力学特性易劣化．开展多种干湿条件下粉砂质泥岩的单/三轴压缩试验,研究试样在饱水作用下的强度和刚度弱化,分析干湿循环对试样力学特性的影响规律．试验结果表明,粉砂质泥岩强度和刚度均随饱和度增加而明显降低,在中期变形阶段刚度下降程度明显大于早期变形阶段．粉砂质泥岩强度随围压增大而线性提高,其强度特性可采用Drucker-Prager准则描述,且试样开裂角符合剪切滑移破坏特征．干湿循环试验结果表明,粉砂质泥岩单轴抗压强度和割线模量随循环次数增大而近似线性衰减,并且其刚度衰减快于强度衰减．     

连铸结晶器内部流场及熔渣卷入的数值模拟

针对连铸结晶器内部流场及熔渣卷入过程 ,提出了两方程k -ε湍流模型和充填法数值计算模型 ,并采用硅油 /水模拟体系代替熔渣 /钢液体系 ,进行了模拟试验和数值计算。对充气造成的浸入式水口水流脉动的影响进行分析。计算结果与试验结果符合良好 ,表明本文所采用的数值模拟方法是适用的     

非饱和固化淤泥的力学及体变特性试验研究

由于降雨、水位升降等自然因素,固化淤泥作为填土材料使用时,其饱和度(基质吸力)常处于变动状态,使固化淤泥力学及体变特性发生改变,对土工构筑物的安全带来潜在隐患。鉴于此,本文通过对不同基质吸力、净围压下的三轴固结排水剪切试验,探讨了基质吸力和净围压对非饱和固化淤泥力学及体变特性的影响。结果表明:随着净围压增大,基质吸力的强度贡献减小,100kPa净围压时基质吸力的强度贡献十分显著,300kPa净围压时基质吸力强度贡献则不明显。当基质吸力小于残余值时,固化淤泥试样的抗剪强度、无侧限抗压强度、粘聚力均随基质吸力增大呈线性增长,但当基质吸力大于残余值时强度增幅均下降,说明基质吸力大于残余值时强度贡献减小。剪切过程中试样均表现为体缩且随基质吸力增大体缩变形减小。吸力摩擦角在土-水特征曲线边界效应区和过渡区之间时几乎不变,进入残余区后开始下降。     

固化滨海盐渍土路用性能的室内试验与现场测试

渤海湾西海岸带地区的路堤多为填方型式,且以滨海盐渍土为主要填料。以滨海盐渍土填筑路堤,须解决土的盐胀、溶陷和吸湿软化带来的强度下降和稳定性降低问题,以进行土的改性或固化处理。为降低工程费用,固化材料应以常规的无机材料为主,辅助少量的高分子材料。为研究滨海盐渍土填筑路堤的力学性能,完成了石灰固化土和石灰+SH固土剂固化土的无侧限抗压强度、劈裂法抗拉强度、三轴抗剪强度和加州承载比等室内试验,同期还进行了固化土的现场碾压试验,检测了碾压固化土的压实度、平整度、回弹弯沉、加州承载比和回弹模量等指标。试验与研究结果显示:(1)石灰固化土和石灰+SH固土剂固化土均满足填筑路堤的强度和变形指标要求,后者的力学性能优于前者; (2)SH固土剂干燥后的胶膜包裹了土颗粒,且在颗粒间形成了抗水的胶结联结,胶丝在土的孔隙内形成了絮状联结网。胶膜和胶丝网共同作用,提高了固化土的强度、抗变形能力和水稳性; (3)2种固化土的现场碾压试验效果都很好,碾压固化土的现场测试结果与固化土的室内试验结果相一致。石灰+SH固土剂固化土的碾压性能和力学指标均满足"公路路基设计规范"的要求,效果良好,这种固化方法适宜在滨海盐渍土地区推广使用。     

水硬性石灰合成及拉破坏特性试验研究

水硬性石灰在欧洲石质文物修复和加固中获得了很大成功。我国的石质文物主要是砂岩,水硬性石灰的修复效果不好。为满足我国石质文物修复和加固的需求,本文以石灰石和黏土为原料,在950℃煅烧不同时间,制备出水硬性石,对试样的成分、微观形貌、收缩率、抗拉强度和拉破坏过程等进行了研究。结果表明:(1)试样中含有水硬性成分2CaO·SiO2(C2S);煅烧8h时,成分与欧洲水硬性石灰NHL5接近;1.5CaO·SiO2·xH2O(C-S-H)和CaCO3的含量随龄期的增加逐渐增加。(2)龄期1~3d,收缩率较小;龄期4~6d,收缩率以线性规律增加;7d以后,收缩率趋于稳定。(3)局部变形区随拉应力的增加而变大,邻近局部变形区逐渐合并,形成面积更大的应变局部化带;载荷超过峰值后,产生微裂隙;随载荷进一步增加,微裂隙扩展,贯穿整个试件,发展成宏观裂隙,使试件破坏。(4)抗拉强度随龄期的增加而增加,水硬性石灰中C-S-H、CaCO3等相互交织,构成空间致密体,使试件力学强度提高。合成的水硬性石灰物理力学性能与欧洲水硬性石灰NHL5相近,并且成分均匀、可控,在石质文物修复和加固工程中具有良好应用前景。     

改良黄土强度特性与工程处置试验研究

本文针对山西朔州典型黄土,利用素黄土与石灰粉煤灰、石灰水泥、水泥粉煤灰三种改良黄土,进行了击实特性、抗剪强度特性及崩解特性试验研究,提出了黄土改良的最佳方案,并采用该方案对山西某煤矿电梯井填方段进行了数值模拟分析,验证了石灰粉煤灰改良黄土工程应用的可行性。试验结果表明:粉煤灰与黄土形成致密的混合结构,石灰的掺入,激活了粉煤灰的活性,发生了一系列的水化反应,使改良黄土的强度大大提高,改良黄土在物理力学性质方面有明显改善。     

Modeling the evolution of stress due to differential shrinkage in powder-processed functionally graded metal–ceramic composites during pressureless sintering

Pressureless sintering of powder-processed functionally graded materials is being pursued to economically produce metal–ceramic composites for a variety of high-temperature (e.g., thermal protection) and energy-absorbing (e.g., armor) applications. During sintering, differential shrinkage induces stresses that can compromise the integrity of the components. Because the strength evolves as the component is sintered, it is important to model how the evolution of the differential shrinkage governs the stress distribution in the component in order to determine when the strength will be exceeded and cracking initiated. In this investigation, a model is proposed that describes the processing/microstructure/property/performance relationship in pressurelessly sintered functionally graded plates and rods. This model can be used to determine appropriate shrinkage rates and gradient architectures for a given component geometry that will prevent the component from cracking during pressureless sintering by balancing the evolution of strength, which is assumed to be a power law function of the porosity, with the evolution of stress. To develop this model, the powder mixture is considered as a three-phase material consisting of voids, metal particles, and ceramic particles. A micromechanical thermal elastic–viscoplastic constitutive model is then proposed to describe the thermomechanical behavior of the composite microstructure. The subsequent evolution of the thermomechanical properties of the matrix material during sintering is assumed to obey a power law relationship with the level of porosity, which is directly related to the shrinkage strain, and was refined to account for the evolving interparticle cohesion of the matrix phase due to sintering. These thermomechanical properties are incorporated into a 2-D thermomechanical finite element analysis to predict the stress distributions and distortions that arise from the evolution of differential shrinkage during the pressureless sintering process. Differential shrinkage results were verified quantitatively through comparison with the shape profile for a pressurelessly sintered functionally graded nickel–alumina composite plate with a cylindrical geometry, and the stress distribution results verified from qualitative observations of the absence or presence of cracking as well as the location in specimens with different gradient architectures. The cracking was mitigated using a reverse gradient at one end of the specimen, and the resulting distortions associated with the shape profile were determined to be no more than 15% reduced from the predictions. The effects of geometry were also studied out-of-plane by transforming the plate into a rod through an increase in thickness, while in-plane effects were studied by comparing the results from the cylindrical specimen with a specimen that has a square cross-sectional geometry. By transforming from a plate to a rod geometry, the stress no longer exceeds critical levels and cracks do not form. The results from the in-plane geometric study indicated that critical stresses were reached in the square geometry at temperatures 100 °C less than in the cylindrical geometry. Additionally, the location of primary cracking was shifted towards the metal-rich end of the specimen, while the stress distribution associated with this shift and the lower temperature for the critical stress resulted in secondary cracking.     

加石灰改性后膨胀土的工程性质研究

  膨胀土掺石灰后其性质有很多改变。通过对荆宜高速公路膨胀土的石灰改性试验,得到了膨胀土加石灰后的工程性质的变化规律,如自由膨胀率、膨胀量、收缩率、塑性指数下降、抗剪强度与CBR增加等。从而为改善膨胀土的工程性质以满足工程设计的要求提供了可靠的试验数据。     

在电厂贮灰场上修建10．50米高灰坝的一个成功实例

本文以工程实践,论述了电厂废料粉煤灰渣这种特殊类土的形成,物理力学特征,以及应用其修建我国最高的灰坝的经验。这个灰坝经过三年的安全贮灰运行验证,证明是成功的,创造了应用电厂粉煤灰渣修建国内最高灰坝,并安全贮灰的新纪录。     

Estimation of structural element sizes in sand and compacted blocks of ground calcium carbonate using a void network model

An algorithm has been developed for the calculation of the size of the effective structural or skeletal elements which make up the solid phase of an unconsolidated or consolidated porous block. It is based on a previously presented algorithm, but it has now been validated on unconsolidated samples and tested on consolidated samples. It also includes a virtual reality representation of the structures. First, a network model named Pore-Cor is made to reproduce the percolation behaviour of the experimental sample, by matching its simulated percolation characteristics to an experimental mercury intrusion curve. The algorithm then grows skeletal elements between the cubic pores and cylindrical throats of the void network model until they touch up to four of the adjacent void features. The size distributions of the simulated solid elements are compared with each other and with experimentally determined particle size distributions, using a Mann–Whitney test. The algorithm was shown to simulate skeletal elements with the correct trends in size distribution for two different sand samples, provided the sand packed itself optimally under the applied mercury pressure. It was also applied to two samples of variously compressed calcium carbonate powder, having fine and coarse particle size distributions respectively. The simulation demonstrated that on compressing the powder at the minimum force, the skeletal elements differed from the constituent particle sizes, as expected. The average size of the skeletal elements increased as the compression force was increased on the calcium carbonate powders. The results suggest that the method could be useful as a tool for probing the effect of compaction on aggregation or sintering, and for studying other effects such as cementation in geological samples, where other more direct techniques cannot be applied.     

Pozzolanic reactivity of silico-aluminous fly ash

For some years it has been possible to control the particle size of fly ashes, by-products of thermal power stations. Incorporating these very fine particles (obtained by grinding and/or pneumatic selection) improves the physical-mechanical characteristics of mortars and concretes. In this study, we measured the lime consumption of the various fractions (granulometric and densimetric) and identified by X-ray diffraction the neoformed phases by the pozzolanic reaction, to show that it is not sufficient to simply define the pozzolanicity of products based on lime consumption since it does not take into account the nature of the phases formed. The size of the particles used in the test samples also has a determining effect on the quantity of lime consumed. Before comparing results, it is necessary to ensure that the size of the particles (of the global ash and its constituents) be the same. Two distinct neoformed phases appear: CSH in the largest granular fractions (d>40 μm) and C<3AH6 in the smaller fractions.