不同类型的添加剂对制冷效能的影响分析

为了提高溴化锂吸收式制冷系统的制冷效率,通常在制冷剂中添加表面活性剂,以提高制冷系统中溶液蒸发、吸收和冷凝过程中热量传递效率.通过研究溴化锂吸收式制冷系统的工作原理和工作过程,得到了活性剂对制冷性能影响关系式.在此基础上,对戊基甲醇、正六醇和1-羟基己烷这三种添加剂的制冷性能进行对比测试,实验表明添加浓度为150ppm...     

WATER VAPOR ABSORPTION ENHANCEMENT IN LiBr/H2O FILMS FALLING ON HORIZONTAL TUBES

An experimental investigation was conducted into the enhancement of water vapor absorption in aqueous lithium bromide solution films falling on horizontal tubes. The variable parameters included the solution flow rate, the inlet temperature of the cooling media, the solution inlet temperature, and the effective extended surface. The experimental results, which were correlated with the film Reynolds number, showed that the cooling effect of the tube wall was the governing factor in the absorption process for small solution flow rates, but the inlet solution subcooling dominated the absorption performance for large flow rates. Also, the R tube, which has a unique ridged fin shape, exhibited the best absorption performance among the tested tubes.     

传热传质分离的绝热吸收过程实验研究

根据传热传质分离的吸收形式,设计加工了一台溴化锂绝热降膜吸收的实验装置,对溴化锂水溶液在倾斜平板上对水蒸气的吸收特性进行了实验研究,分析了预冷却温差、溶液流量及平板倾角对吸收过程的影响。实验结果表明:预冷却温差、溶液流量及平板倾角越大,溴化锂溶液对水蒸气的吸收效果越好,并认为吸收过程可以分成三个步骤,另外就热质分离吸收器的设计过程中的溴化锂溶液的最小速度提出建议。     

填料型绝热吸收器影响因素实验研究

为了研究绝热吸收器内溴化锂溶液降膜吸收水蒸汽传质强化过程,本文首先建立了溴化锂溶液降膜绝热吸收循环实验台,然后分析了喷淋溶液温度、喷淋溶液流量、喷淋溶液浓度和吸收压力等参数变化对吸收过程传质系数的影响,并得出有指导意义结论.     

太阳能与生物质能耦合供能系统的应用研究

介绍了太阳能与生物质能溴化锂吸收式制冷机的工作原理,分析了太阳能集热器及溴化锂制冷机组的热效率,利用生物质汽化炉余热弥补太阳能不稳定的缺陷,证明了利用清洁能源作为溴化锂吸收式中央空调热源问题的可行性。     

Corrosion monitoring of stainless steel 304L in lithium bromide aqueous solution using transmittance optical detection technique

We report a method based on the power ratio of transmittance for monitoring the corrosion rate in stainless steel 304L immersed in an aqueous solution of lithium bromide at 50 wt%, at 70 °C. The optical transmittance measured in the solution contaminated with corrosion oxides at different times of exposure is related to the physical degradation of the stainless steel samples. Lasers at 532 and 632 nm were utilized for monitoring the accumulation of corrosion oxides dissolved in the lithium bromide solution of the metallic samples for 480 h. The change in the optical power of transmittance was 13 μW/480 h measured at 532 nm and 3.6 μW/480 h at 632 nm. The variation of the power ratio for 532 nm was from 0.01 to 0.24, and for 632 nm, from 0.01×10⁻³ to 15.61×10⁻³; this is proportional to an accumulated corrosion rate of [0.0142×10⁻³–0.552×10⁻³ g/cm²] for an exposure time of 432 h.     

低品位余热驱动制冷问题的探讨

低品位余热的回收应用于制冷是节能减排、保护环境的有效方法之一。文中介绍了目前常用的两种余热驱动制冷的方式,并重点介绍了各种热源应用于溴化锂制冷的情况,最后比较了不同温度热水应用于溴冷机的区别,为余热回收应用于制冷提供理论参考。     

The ionic conductivity of rapidly quenched tungstate and molybdate glasses containing lithium halides

Rapidly quenched lithium tungstate and molybdate glasses containing up to 20 mole% lithium chloride and bromide additives have been prepared. The additives are found to give a small increase (up to a factor of two at room temperature) in the lithium ion conductivity of the glass which can be understood in terms of models developed for network forming glasses.     

氯化锂溶液表面蒸汽压的理论及实验研究

应用经典热力学理论建立了溶液表面蒸汽压的计算模型,获得了氯化锂溶液的表面蒸汽压随温度及浓度的变化规律;建立了氯化锂溶液表面蒸汽压测量实验台,实验测量结果与理论模型完全符合,验证了本文结果的正确性.     

冷源方式选择对CEC影响的分析

以空调系统能耗系数CEC(Coefficient of Energy Consumption)即空调设备全年总能量消耗量与假想空调负荷累计值之比作为空调系统能耗性能评价指标,对天津地区某典型办公大楼建筑空调系统选用水源热泵和溴化锂冷热水机组条件下的能耗状况进行计算与分析。并证明了与采用水源热泵的空调系统相比较,采用溴化锂冷水机组的空调系统节电不节能。     

Isentropic compressibility, effective pressure, classical sound absorption and shear relaxation time of aqueous lithium bromide, sodium bromide and potassium bromide solutions

Densities, speeds of sound and viscosities of aqueous lithium bromide, sodium bromide and potassium bromide solutions were measured as functions of concentration (0.0085≤m (mol kg⁻¹)≤14.06) and temperature (273.15≤T(K)≤323.15). Allied properties like isentropic compressibilities, effective pressure, classical sound absorption and shear relaxation time were calculated by using the measured data. The interaction in these three bromide solutions vary in the order of NaBr>KBr>LiBr. The primary hydration shells are saturated at 10.8, 5.1 and 5.8 mol kg⁻¹ with 5.1, 10.9 and 9.6 number of water molecules in the primary hydration shell of lithium bromide, sodium bromide and potassium bromide solutions respectively. The cationic environment is found to influence the hydration phenomena of the anion.

The non-Arrhenius temperature dependence of shear relaxation time were analysed by using the Vogel-Tammann-Fulcher (VTF) equation. The concentration dependence of shear relaxation time is different in these three bromide solutions. Such an effect is attributed to the competitive effects of hydrogen bonding, structure forming/breaking effect of ions and the formation of ion pairs.     

辛醇对LiBr水溶液汽液界面的影响

采用分子动力学方法分析303.15 K时,添加不同量异辛醇的水或溴化锂水溶液汽液界面的微观结构,发现;未吸收水蒸气时,当异辛醇较少时,醇分子在界面处分布不均匀;当异辛醇较多时,异辛醇在界面处均匀分布,但排列比较松散;随着异辛醇数目的继续增加,异辛醇在界面处形成双层结构。异辛醇亲水羟基中的氢与阴离子存在氢键作用,而阳离子与异辛醇的氧之间存在着较强的静电相互作用。在非平衡条件下,采用分子动力学方法对添加或未添加正辛醇的溴化锂水溶液吸收水蒸气的动态过程模拟0到100ps,发现;加有正辛醇的溴化锂水溶液与未添加正辛醇的溴化锂水溶液相比,吸收的水分子数目明显增多。     

太阳能溴化锂吸收制冷系统的优化模拟分析

基于溴化锂吸收制冷循环的效率受太阳能热源温度较低的影响,文中对太阳能溴化锂吸收制冷系统的循环进行了改进,提出了改进型太阳能溴化锂增压抽气吸收制冷循环,以充分利用太阳能低温热源。新循环不仅克服了传统循环的缺点,降低了驱动热源温度,而且制冷循环相对稳定即使热源温度有波动时,新循环与传统循环的制冷系数也基本相当。     

Peculiarities of transfer processes in major units of lithium bromide thermotransformers

Some peculiarities of heat and mass transfer processes in units of lithium bromide thermotransformers as applied to the problem of development of new-generation refrigerating machines and thermal pumps are presented.     

分光光度法研究钯(Ⅱ)的三元离子缔合物与锑(Ⅲ)、锆(Ⅳ)和铈(Ⅲ)的浮选分离

分光光度法研究钯(Ⅱ)的三元离子缔合物与锑(Ⅲ)、锆(Ⅳ)和铈(Ⅲ)浮选分离的条件。在水溶液中,钯(Ⅱ)与溴化钾和四丁基溴化铵形成不溶于水的三元离子缔合物,此三元离子缔合物浮于盐水相上层形成界面清晰的液-固两相。当溶液中溴化钾和四丁基溴化铵的浓度分别为1.5×10-2mol·L-1和2.0×10-3mol·L-1时,钯(Ⅱ)被定量浮选,实现了钯(Ⅱ)与锑(Ⅲ)、锆(Ⅳ)、和铈(Ⅲ)离子的定量分离,对合成水样中的钯(Ⅱ)进行定量浮选分离测定,结果满意。     

Energy recovery and plume reduction from an industrial spray drying unit using an absorption heat transformer

Spray drying is a widely used unit operation in the chemical industry. It is highly energy intensive, requiring hot, dry airstreams, at temperatures up to 550°C, to dry a wide range of products. Exhaust air from a dryer is usually vented to the atmosphere with little or no heat recovery. At best only the sensible heat associated with the air stream is recovered, although the majority of the stream's energy is in the form of latent heat associated with the evaporated water. Exhaust airstreams usually contain moisture to cause visible plumes upon leaving the dryer stack.A two-stage absorption heat transformer (A.H.T.) has been designed and contructed to investigate the potential for dehumidifying and reheating a simulated dryer exhaust stream to make it suitable for recycling to the dryer inlet. The amount of air vented to atmosphere and also the amount of wasted heat would be reduced by incorporating an A.H.T. into the drying operation. Performance data for the A.H.T. indicates that an airstream can be reheated to a temperature of 160°C, using a lithium bromide solution of 68% w/w, with a circulation ratio (LiBr: steam flow) of 14.8. Temperature lifts between 50 and 70°C are possible in the reheat column when using a low circulation ratio and a high LiBr concentration. Experiments show that a humid air stream can be dehumidified to a level suitable for recycling by direct contact with a concentrated lithium bromide stream.     

Investigation of the boron-oxygen network in borate glasses by infrared spectroscopy

Lithium borate glasses are fast ionic conductors in which the lithium ions conductivity is all the more important as the content in lithium oxide and in lithium salt is higher. In the perspective of their use as electrolytes in solid state micro-batteries, we have studied the conformation of the boron-oxygen network of lithium halides “doped” glasses by MIR spectroscopy. The modifying properties of the lithium oxide on the binary system B₂O₃-Li₂O are investigated by the same technique and the results are used to understand the modifications of the boron-oxygen network induced by the “doping salt”. The observed results depend on the type of salt anions: fluoride anions participate directly to the O/B network while chloride and bromide anions are in interstitial position in the glass matrix.     

添加剂对LiBr溶液吸收蒸汽过程中的强化机理

利用吊板法测量了加有正辛醇和异辛醇这两种添加剂的溴化锂溶液的表面张力 ,利用激光照相的可视化方法研究了在静池吸收过程中添加剂对溴化锂溶液吸收水蒸汽的强化影响 .实验结果显示液体添加剂和蒸汽添加剂都能显著地降低溴化锂溶液的表面张力 ;蒸汽添加剂不仅和液体添加剂一样可以在吸收表面引起马拉戈尼对流 ,而且对吸收具有更好的强化效果 .根据对实验现象的分析 ,得出了添加剂对吸收的强化机理 :由于溶液表面层对液体添加剂或蒸汽添加剂的表面吸附作用 ,造成吸收界面处表面张力分布不均匀 ,从而在吸收界面引起马拉戈尼对流现象 ,强化了吸收过程中的传热、传质性能     

Energy and Exergy Analysis of an Absorption and Mechanical System for a Dehumidification Unit in a Gelatin Factory

In this paper, an energy and exergy analysis is applied to the air dehumidification unit of a liquid desiccant system in an industrial gelatin conveyor dryer. The working fluid is a binary solution of lithium chloride (LiCl) in water. Dry air is used in order to decrease the amount of liquid in the gelatin. Therefore, the environmental air must have its absolute humidity reduced from about 12 g/kg to the project target, which is 5 g/kg. The process is a cycle using an absorption desiccant unit (LiCl in water), where the weak solution absorbs water vapor from the air. In the regenerator, condensation of the solution (desorption) from the moist air occurs. As a result, the steam consumption of the desorber and electrical power used for the vapor compression chiller (with ammonia, NH3, as working fluid) are the primary sources of cost for the factory. To improve the plant’s energy and exergy behaviors, the process is evaluated using a mathematical model of the system processes. In addition, we evaluate the substitution of the vapor compression chiller by an absorption unit (lithium bromide (LiBr) in water). The performance indicators of the compression vapor systems showed the best results. Even when using the condenser’s energy to pre-heat the solution, the installed system proved to be more effective.     

Improved cycling performances with high sulfur loading enabled by pre-treating lithium anode

Lithium nitrate (LiNO₃) is reported as an effective additive to protect lithium anode in rechargeable lithium-sulfur battery. However, for its strong oxidation, cells containing LiNO₃ still suffer from safety problems and poor cycle performance since LiNO₃ can be reduced on cathode to form some irreversible products. In this study, a facile and effective method to pre-passivate lithium anode is proposed by simply immersing lithium plates in LiNO₃ solution. The electrochemical properties show that the pretreatment is favorable for the construction of a protection layer on the surface of lithium anode. Cells with pretreated lithium show the coulombic efficiency of 80.6 % in the first cycle and 87.2 % after 100 cycles, far higher than the one with pure lithium. The discharge capacity is retained at 702 mA h g^?1 after 100 cycles, and the result is better than those directly adding LiNO₃ in electrolyte. It is believed that these improvements result from the high stability of surface film during the charge and discharge process, which can stabilize the structure of anode and suppress the shuttle effect.