A study of the Ca(d, p)Ca reaction (I). The single-particle states

The reaction ⁴⁰Ca(d, p)⁴¹Ca has been studied with a resolution 30 keV. Excitation functions for the first three strong states have been measured in the energy interval 9.80 to 12.12 MeV. Cross section fluctuations are found to be entirely within statistics, i.e. < 5 %, and it is concluded that σ_CN(θ)/(2J_f+1) < 5 μb/sr. Differential cross sections have been measured for elastic scattering, and the (d, p) transitions to the ground state and the strong single-particle states at E^* = 1.949, 2.471, 3.623 and 3.954 MeV at E_d = 12.00 MeV and, over a limited angular range, at E_d = 11.00 MeV. The angular distributions have been analysed by the DWBA method and spectroscopic factors have been determined. It is suggested that the 3.623 MeV state may be the third state predicted by Gerace and Green rather than as assigned by earlier studies.     

Nuclear structure studies in the tellurium isotopes: the Te(d, p)Te reaction

The levels of ¹²⁷Te have been studied with the ¹²⁶Te(d, p)¹²⁷Te reaction at 7.5 MeV bombarding energy using the MIT multiple-gap broad-range magnetic spectrograph. A total number of 154 levels was observed below 5.7 MeV excitation energy. The angular distributions of 47 of the emitted proton groups were compared with DWBA stripping calculations to determine the orbital angular momentum of the captured neutrons. Transition strengths (2J+1)S_{ln, j} were extracted and compared to pairing-theory calculations. The total number of vacancies measured in the and states in the target is 6.0 , which is considerably lower than the expected value of 7.4 from pairing theory. It is suggested that this discrepancy results mainly from failure of the DWBA theory to predict the correct cross section for the l_n = 5 transition.     

Nuclear structure studies in the Te isotopes: The Te(d, p)Te reaction

The reaction ¹²⁵Te(d, p)¹²⁶Te has been studied at a bombarding energy of 7.5 MeV in order to get information about the ¹²⁶Te nuclear level scheme. Forty-two levels were observed below an excitation energy of 5.1 MeV. The angular distributions of 25 of the emitted proton groups were compared with DWBA calculations to determine the angular momentum of the captured neutrons. Contributions from more than one l_n value were observed for two of the transitions. Transition strengths were extracted and compared to pairing-theory calculations.     

Cross-section measurements for the reaction B(p, He)Be

Cross sections have been measured for the transitions to the ground state and first excited state of ⁸Be and to the two 2⁺ levels at 16.63 MeV and 16.93 MeV excitation in the reaction ¹⁰B(p, ³He) at E_p = 49.5 MeV. The angular distributions of the cross section were compared with DWBA predictions.     

The Cr(d, p)Cr reaction and ln = 1 J-dependence in the (d, p) reaction

The ⁵⁰Cr(d, p)⁵¹Cr reaction has been studied at an incident energy of 10 MeV. Spin assignments are made on the basis of empirical rules for the J-dependence of the angular distributions for l_n = 1 and l_n = 3 transitions. Zero-range DWBA calculations are used to extract spectroscopic factors.     

Investigation of the S(d, p)S reaction at Ed = 10 MeV

Angular distributions of proton groups, corresponding to fifteen levels observed in the reaction ³⁴S(d, p)³⁵S at E_d = 10 MeV have been measured with a split-pole spectrograph equipped with position-sensitive detectors. For the levels at E_x = 0, 1.58, 1.99, 2.34, 2.73, 3.68, 3.80 and 4.20 MeV, l_n = 2, 0, 3, 1, (2, 3), (1), 1 and 1, respectively, has been found from a DWBA analysis. Experimental spectroscopic factors and those following from many-particle shell-model calculations for the lowest four states are in satisfactory agreement. The ground state Q-value has been measured as Q = 4757 ± 5 keV.     

Pion-transfer (n, d) and (d, He) reactions leading to deeply bound pionic atoms

Theoretical studies are given on the (n, d) and (d, ³He) reactions leading to deeply bound pionic atoms in heavy nuclei of configuration [(nl)_π·j_n⁻¹]J. The cross sections for various pionic and neutron-hole configurations in the case of a ²⁰⁸Pb target are calculated at incident energies 300–1000 MeV/u by using the effective number approach and the eikonal approximation for distortion. The effective number with a pion in the 1s or 2p state and a neutron hole in the orbit peaks around the same incident energy (T_n = 600 MeV) as the elementary cross section n+n→d+π⁻, where the momentum transfer matches the angular-momentum transfer of L = 5–7. The DWIA cross section for (n,d) producing a pion in the 1s or 2p orbit at T_n = 600 MeV is found to be around 42 or 75 μb/sr, respectively. At T_n = 350 MeV, where the momentum transfer is small, quasi-substitutional states of configurations and are preferentially populated with (n, d) cross sections of 95 and 190 μb/sr, respectively. The (d, ³He) cross sections are estimated to be an order of magnitude smaller than the (n, d) cross sections. Thus, the (n, d) and (d, ³He) reactions are found to be suited for the production of deeply bound pionic atoms.     

Projectile coulomb excitation of Ne and Ne

The static quadrupole moments of the first excited J^π = 2⁺ states in ²⁰Ne and ²²Ne and the reduced electric quadrupole transition probabilities of these states to the ground states were measured via projectile Coulomb excitation. The quadrupole moments were deduced from the shapes of γ-ray angular distributions. The results are: Q(²⁰Ne, 2⁺) = −0.20±0.05 b and Q(²²Ne, 2⁺) = −0.11±0.05 b. The transition strengths were deduced from yield measurements and by comparison with the yields of target γ-rays. The results are: B(E2; 0⁺ → 2⁺, ²⁰Ne) = 0.037±0.003 e² · b² and B(E2; 0⁺ → 2⁺, ²²Ne) = 0.025±0.002 e²· b². The results for the transition strengths are consistent with the results of accurate timing methods and resolve discrepancies between previous experiments. The results for the quadrupole moments are consistent with earlier measurements, although the mean values we obtain are slightly lower. The experimental measurements are compared with theoretical predictions and a detailed discussion is given of corrections to this type of reorientation experiment.     

The Bi(d,γ)Po reaction

The yield of the ²⁰⁹Bi(d, γ)^211g.s.Po and ^211mPo (T_1/2 = 25.2s) reaction was measured for deuteron energies E_d = 8–11.5 MeV. The reaction was identified by the -activities of the Po isotope. At E_d = 10.43 MeV, the (d, γ) cross section for the population of the ground state of ²¹¹Po is σ_g.s. = 16 ± 3 μb, the ratio relative to the cross section for the metastable state is σ_g.s./σ_m = 25.4 ± 0.9. These values and the yield curves were compared with calculations using a simple model for the population of the two states. In the excitation region E* = 15–19 MeV, the branching ratio of γ- to particle emission is nearly constant and has a value of about 0.4 × 10⁻⁴.     

Excitation of ΔL = 1 resonances in the (p,n) reaction on Zr, Sn, Ce and Pb at Ep = 41 MeV

A broad peak was systematically observed at about 10 MeV above the Gamow-Teller resonance in the ⁹⁰Zr, ¹²⁰Sn, ¹⁴⁰Ce, ²⁰⁸Pb (p,n) reactions at E_p = 41 MeV. The angular distribution shapes of these peaks support the interpretation that they they correspond to ΔL = 1 state. The data are compared with TDA-DWBA calculations.     

DWBA and CCBA analysis of selected transitions in the C(d,τ) B reaction at Ed = 80 MeV

Angular distribution of the reaction ¹²C(d,τ) ¹¹B leading to the 3/2⁻ ground state and the 4.44 MeV excited (5/2⁻ state ¹¹B have measured at E_d = 80 MeV up to about 70° and 40°, respectively. The inclusion of second-order processes in the framework of CCBA calculations gives a good reproduction of the 3/2⁻ as well as of the DWBA forbidden 3/2⁻ angular distribution. The strong dependence of the cross section on the sign of the deformation supports a positive β₂ value for ¹¹B.     

Polarization of neutrons from the O(d, n)F reaction

The polarizations of neutrons from the ¹⁶O(d, n₀)¹⁷F and ¹⁶O(d, n₁ ¹⁷F reactions have been measured at 30° (lab) in steps of approximately 0.15 MeV from E_d = 3.96 to 5.35 MeV. Polarization angular distributions have been obtained at 3.96 and 5.35 MeV. It is determined that the random phase approximation for the scattering amplitudes is not appropriate for the compound nucleus contributions. The analysis indicates probable interference between the compound nucleus and direct interaction reaction mechanisms.     

Optical pumping of the 2p3sP0 State of Ne (I = 3/2): g factor and metastability exchange cross section

A C.W. multi-mode dye laser is used to obtain by optical pumping an orientation of the 2p⁵ 3s³P₀ (F = 3/2) state of ²¹Ne. A magnetic resonance experiment leads to the measurement of the g factor g (³P₀) = 3.027 (8) × 10⁻⁴ to be compared with the theoretical prediction (3.025(6) × 10⁻⁴). One obtains also the metastability exchange cross section σ(³P₀) = 18.4 ± 4 Ų for collisions between metastable (³P₀) Ne atoms and ground state Ne atoms. This result is compared with other measurements and theoretical evaluation.     

利用18O(6Li,d)22Ne反应研究22Ne Eα=470 keV共振态的性质

慢速中子俘获过程（s过程）是合成比铁重元素的重要途径之一。22Ne（α,n）25Mg反应是大质量AGB星中s过程主要的中子源,其中的22Ne主要通过14N（α,γ）18F（β+）18O（α,γ）22Ne反应链合成。该反应链中关键反应18O（α,γ）22Ne在天体物理感兴趣能区的截面非常低,其天体反应率主要来自于22Ne α分离阈附近低能共振态的贡献,但目前相关能级的共振参数严重缺失。在HI-13串列加速器的Q3D磁谱仪上,通过测量18O（6Li,d）22Ne反应的角分布,利用DWBA分析确定了22Ne分离阈附近共振能级E_α=470 keV的自旋宇称为0+,为后续计算18O（α,γ）22Ne的天体反应率打下了基础。About a half of the abundances of elements heavier than iron comes from the so-called slowneutron capture process (s-process) in Asymptotic Giant Branch (AGB) stars, with the 22Ne(α, n)25Mg reaction as one of the main neutron sources. In the beginning phase of AGB thermal pulse, 22Ne is produced by the 14N(α, γ)18F(β+)18O(α, γ)22Ne reaction sequence, in which the 18O(α, γ)22Ne reaction plays a key role. While the reaction rate of the 18O(α, γ)22Ne is mainly affected by several resonant states lying closely to the α threshold in 22Ne, up to now, the relevant 22Ne parameters are fragmentary in the energy region corresponding to the typical temperatures of s-process. The direct measurement of the 18O(α, γ)22Ne reaction rate is extremely difficult due to the very low cross section. In this work, we investigated the 22Ne resonant states via the 18O(6Li, d)22Ne reaction at the Beijing HI-13 tandem accelerator of China Institute of Atomic Energy. Based on the DWBA analysis, preliminary results showed that the spin-parity of 22Ne E_α=470 keV resonant states was assigned as 0+, which would make contributions to subsequent calculation for the reaction rate of the 18O(α, γ)22Ne.     

Study of the structure of S and Ar

The ³⁷Cl(d, ³He)³⁶S and ³⁹K(d, ³He)³⁸ Ar reactions have been studied at a bombarding energy of 28.9 MeV. The results are compared with theoretical calculations for two or four holes in the sd-shell. The three-hole spectrum of ³⁷Cl is also briefly discussed. In the calculation for ³⁸Ar, additional states of a two-particle four-hole nature are included. In ³⁸Ar, the ground state and levels at 2.166 and 7.14 MeV are excited principally by l = 2 transfer, while transitions with appreciable l = 0 strength are observed to levels at 3.935, 4.569, 5.158 and 5.563 MeV. This fragmentation is quite well reproduced by the inclusion of the 2p-4h states. In particular the level at 3.935 MeV is largely of this type, a conclusion supported by both the spectroscopic factors and γ transition rates. The ³⁶S ground state and levels at 6.511 and 7.12 MeV in ³⁶S have angular distributions characteristic of l = 2. Three transitions with l = 0 strength are observed to levels at 3.295, 4.523 and 4.577 MeV in this nucleus. An additional level was identified at 7.71 MeV but the l-transfer could not be determined. The data are only qualitatively reproduced by the four-hole calculation, which while useful in making probable J^π assignments, suggests that core excitation is important here also.     

Electron screening effect in the reactions He(d, p)He and d(He, p)He

The cross section of the reactions ³He(d, p)⁴He and d(³He, p)⁴He has been measured at the center-of-mass energies E=5 to 60 keV and 10 to 40 keV, respectively. The experiments were performed to determine the magnitude of the electron screening effect leading to the respective electron-screening potential energy U_e=219±7 and 109±9 eV, which are both significantly higher than the respective values from atomic physics models, U_e=120 and 65 eV.     

Spin-dependent reaction mechanism in Ti(d, p)Ti from proton-γ correlation

The γ-decays of the states in ⁴⁷Ti at 157 keV and 1547 keV have been studied following the ⁴⁶Ti(d, p)⁴⁷Ti reaction at 5.0 MeV incident energy. Protons were detected at 0° with a semiconductor detector. The angular correlations of the γ-rays with the reaction protons were measured. The E2/M1 mixing ratios of the γ-decays and the population ratios of the to the substates were deduced. From the non-zero population of the substate it was concluded that a spin-flip mechanism exists in the ⁴⁶Ti(d, p)⁴⁷Ti stripping reaction.     

Anomalous behavior of l = 0 transitions in Mo(d,p) and Mo(d,t) reactions

The states of ⁹⁹Mo dominantly populated by l = 0 transitions in ⁹⁸Mo(d,p) and in ¹⁰⁰Mo(d,t) are not the same. The ratio S(d,t)/S(d,p) for these states differs by a factor of 21 which is an order of magnitude larger than in any other known case. This represents a breakdown of the quasi-particle model.     

A study of the S levels and the analogue levels of P by the P(He, d)S reaction

The ³¹P(³He, d)³²S reaction has been studied with high resolution at 12 MeV bombarding energy. A detailed level scheme for ³²S has been determined up to an excitation energy of 9.5 MeV revealing several previously unobserved states. The l_p values and absolute spectroscopic factors extracted from a DWBA analysis of the experimental deuteron angular distributions have provided information on the wave functions for the T = 0 states as well as for the T = 1 isobaric analogue states of ³²P. A comparison between the present data and those of previous experiments is made, and the results are discussed in terms of existing theoretical work in this mass region. Information on Coulomb displacement and symmetry energies is also extracted.