Coupled heat and mass transfer in mixed convection over a vertical flat plate embedded in saturated porous media: PST/PSC or PHF/PMF

A boundary layer analysis is used to investigate the heat and mass transfer characteristics of mixed convection about a vertical flat plate embedded in a saturated porous medium under the coupled effects of thermal and mass diffusion. The plate is maintained at prescribed surface temperature/concentration (PST/PSC) or prescribed heat/mass flux (PHF/PMF). The nonsimilar governing equations are obtained by using a suitable transformation and solved by Keller box method. Numerical results for the local heat transfer rate and the local mass transfer rate are presented for various parameters. The local heat and mass transfer rates increase with increasing n and m and buoyancy parameter ξ. When buoyancy parameter ξ is very small (large) the value of local Nusselt and the local Sherwood number correspond with the pure forced (free) convection, respectively. Increasing buoyancy ratio N (or N ^*) increases the local heat and mass transfer rates. It is apparent that Lewis number has a pronounced effect on the local mass transfer rate than it does on the local heat transfer rate. Furthermore, increasing Lewis number decreases (increases) the local heat (mass) transfer rate. Received on 8 December 1997     

Augmented heat transfer and pressure drop of strip-type inserts in the small tubes

An experiment is carried out to investigate the characteristics of the augmentation of heat transfer and pressure drop by different strip-type inserts in small tube having an inside diameter of 2.0 mm. The effects of the imposed wall heat flux, mass flux, strip inserts with various configurations (heights, widths, pitches) on the measured augmentative heat transfer and pressure drop are examined in detail. In order to obtain insight into the fluid flow phenomena, flow visualization was also made to observe the detailed fluid flow characteristics of the present tubes inserted with strip-type inserts. In addition, comparisons are made with a plain tube having the same length, heat transfer area and experimental conditions. The measured heat transfer coefficients and pressure drops for this small pipe are also emphasized to compare with those for larger pipes. Furthermore, in order to compare results from the different configurations of strip-type inserts, several enhancement factors and performance ratios are defined to account for the effects of augmentation. Moreover, correlation equations for the heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop of the present study are proposed.The financial support extended by the National Science Council of the Republic of China through grant No. NSC-89-2212-E-230-004.     

Gas–liquid mass transfer in the gas–liquid–solid mini fluidized beds

The gas–liquid–solid mini fluidized bed (GLSMFB) combines the advantages of fluidized bed and micro-reactor, and meets the requirements for safety and efficiency of green development of process industry. However, there are few studies on its flow performance and no studies on its mass and heat transfer performance. In this paper, the characteristics of gas–liquid mass transfer in a GLSMFB were studied in order to provide basic guidance for the study of GLSMFB reaction performance and application. Using CO₂ absorption by NaOH as the model process, the gas–liquid mass transfer performance of GLSMFB was investigated. The results show that the liquid volumetric mass transfer coefficient and the gas–liquid interfacial area both increase with the increase of the superficial gas velocity within the experimental parameter range under the same given superficial liquid velocity. At the same ratio of superficial gas to liquid velocity, the liquid volumetric mass transfer coefficient increases with the increase of the superficial liquid velocity. Fluidized solid particles strengthen the liquid mass transfer process, and the liquid volumetric mass transfer coefficient is about 13% higher than that of gas–liquid mini bubble column.     

不同耦合介质爆破爆炸能量传递效率研究

不耦合装药爆破可有效降低孔壁峰值压力,改善爆破效果。针对不同耦合介质爆破时爆炸能量的传递问题,考虑岩体应变率效应,理论分析了爆炸作用下岩体变形及破坏特征,得到不同耦合介质爆破时理论爆炸能量的传递效率,并结合数值模拟研究了岩体性质、炸药类别及不耦合装药系数对不同耦合介质爆破时爆炸能量传递效率差异的影响。研究结果表明,爆炸能量传递效率与耦合介质相关,装药结构相同时,水耦合爆破比空气耦合爆破爆炸能量传递效率高;不同耦合介质爆破爆炸能量传递效率的差异受爆破岩体、炸药性质及不耦合装药系数等因素影响;装药系数相同耦合介质不同的爆破,岩体强度越高,不同耦合介质爆炸能量传递效率差别越大;岩体性质相同时,不同耦合介质爆破间能量传递效率差异随不耦合装药系数的增大而增大,对于乳化炸药在粉砂岩中的爆破,不耦合装药系数由1.28增至3.44时,水耦合爆破传递入周围岩体的能量由空气耦合爆破的1.45倍增至6.52倍。研究结果可对优化爆破设计、改善爆炸能量分布提供参考。     

Experimental investigation of Marangoni condensation of ethanol–water mixture vapors on vertical tube

The heat transfer characteristics of the condensation of ethanol–water binary vapor on vertical tubes with the pipe diameter of 10 mm were investigated experimentally. The results showed that, with the change of the vapor-to-surface temperature difference, the condensation heat transfer coefficients revealed nonlinear characteristics with peak values under a wide variety of operating conditions. With the increasing pressure or velocity of the vapor, the heat transfer coefficients increased subsequently. The effect of vapor pressure or velocity on heat transfer coefficients reduced with the increasing ethanol mass fraction. It was noteworthy that, under low ethanol mass fractions (0.5–2%), the heat transfer coefficients augmented significantly, were about 5–8 times greater than that of pure steam. The comparison for different test blocks indicated that the condensation heat transfer coefficients for different pipe diameters were about the same value under the same operating condition. Significant heat transfer enhancement by Marangoni condensation could be achieved for full range of pipe diameter used in industrial condensers.     

Double diffusive convection of anomalous density fluids in a porous cavity

A numerical study has been performed to analyze the combined effect of temperature and species gradients on the buoyancy-driven natural convection flow of cold water near its density extremum contained in a porous cavity. The governing equations are descretized using the finite volume method. The results of the investigation are presented in the form of steady-state streamlines, velocity vectors, isotherms, and isoconcentrationlines. The results are discussed for different porosities, Darcy numbers, and Grashof numbers. The heat and mass transfer rates calculated are found to behave nonlinearly with hot wall temperature. The heat and mass transfer are increased with increasing Darcy number and porosity. It is found that the convective heat and mass transfer rate are greatly affected by the presence of density maximum.     

Influence of lateral mass flux on mixed convection heat and mass transfer over inclined surfaces in porous media

 The effect of lateral mass flux on mixed convection heat and mass transfer in a saturated porous medium adjacent to an inclined permeable surface is analyzed. A similarity solution is obtained when surface temperature and concentration, free stream velocity and injection/suction velocity of fluid are prescribed as power functions of distance from the leading edge. The cases when the flow and buoyancy forces are in the same and opposite directions are discussed both for aiding and opposing buoyancy effects. The governing parameters are the mixed convection parameter Gr, the Lewis number Le, the buoyancy ratio N, the lateral mass flux parameter f _w, representing the effects of injection or withdrawal of fluid at the wall, and λ which specifies three cases of the inclined plate. The interactive effect of these parameters on heat and mass transfer rates are presented. It is observed that the diffusion ratio (Le) has a more pronounced effect on concentration field than on flow and temperature fields. It is found that the rates of heat and mass transfer increase with suction and decrease with injection of the fluid. Received on 31 August 2000 / Published online: 29 November 2001     

Experimental study of convective heat transfer under arrays of impinging air jets from slots and circular holes

 Impinging air jets are widely used in industry, for heating, cooling, drying, etc, because of the high heat transfer rates which is developed in the impingement region. To provide data for designers of industrial equipment, a large multi-nozzle rig was used to measure average heat transfer coefficients under arrays of both slot nozzles and circular holes. The aim of the present paper is to develop the relationship between heat transfer coefficient, air mass flow and fan power which is required for the optimum design of nozzle systems. The optimum free area was obtained directly from experimental results. The theory of optimum free area was analysed and good agreement was found between theoretical and experimental results. It was also possible to optimise the variables, to achieve minimum capital and running costs. Received on 21 November 2000 / Published online: 29 November 2001     

Comparison of heat transfer distributions on a flat plate impinged by under-expanded jets from a convergent nozzle and a circular orifice

Experiments are carried out for a circular orifice and a nozzle for the same contraction ratio to explore the heat transfer characteristics. The pressure ratios covered in this study are 2.36, 3.04, 3.72, 4.4 and 5.08 for jet to plate distances (z/d) of 2, 4, 6 and 8. The presence of vena contracta and absence of the stagnation bubble in the orifice flow are confirmed from the surface pressure distributions. It is found that higher Nusselt number for the orifice than the nozzle are due to different shock structures and shear layer dynamics. Peak Nusselt number is found as high as 84 % than that for the nozzle. In the wall jet region, the heat transfer rates for the orifice and nozzle are almost of the same order, thus producing steeper temperature gradients under similar operating conditions. The average heat transfer rates are almost 25 % higher for the orifice than that of the nozzle. The recovery factors are in general higher in case of orifice than the nozzle. However, this has not resulted in decreasing the heat transfer rates due to shear layer dynamics.     

Analyzing and modeling the dynamic thermal behaviors of direct contact condensers packed with PCM spheres

Condensers serve as important components for humidification–dehumidification (HDH) desalination plants. Based on the interpenetration continua approach with volume averaging technique, a mathematical dynamic model for analyzing the heat and mass transfer within direct contact condensers with co-current or countercurrent flow arrangement was developed. It was validated against the experimental data from a small scale HDH desalination system. Comparisons including the productivities and the temperature profiles of gas, liquid, and solid phases show good agreement with the measurements. Phase change material (PCM) melting processes have little effect on water production rate for co-current flow arrangement, but the condenser packed with PCM capsules have higher water production rates than that packed with air capsules packed under given conditions. The relative humidity profile of the bulk gas shows contrary trend with the gas temperature profile. The direct contact condenser with countercurrent flow arrangement can provide much better heat and mass transfer between gas and water and produce about 16.3% more fresh water than the same condenser with co-current flow arrangement in 4 h under given conditions.     

Measurement of wall shear rate in large amplitude unsteady reversing flows

Wall shear rates in large amplitude unsteady flows that cause flow reversal can be measured by using two rectangular electrodes in a sandwich arrangement. The frequency response of this sandwich probe is studied numerically. An inverse mass transfer method is applied to recover the instantaneous shear rate from the measured difference in the mass transfer rate to the two segments. Experimental results for a turbulent pipe flow with imposed large amplitude sinusoidal oscillations are used to test the method.     

稳定渗流条件下土坡稳定性分析的一种新方法

在提出随机角生成曲线滑动面方法的基础上,通过改变选定参数来搜索临界滑动面,对渗流作用下的不同土质边坡进行稳定性分析。 考虑渗流效应时,将土体视为三种土条划分情况,并进行受力分析,推导出简化Janbu法中土条的浮力和渗透力计算公式。同时,对实际渗流场做出合理简化,以便应用于计算机编程。算例对比分析表明: ①此方法计算出的最小安全系数与已有研究成果非常接近,得到的最危险滑动面也颇为相似,可证明本文方法的正确性; ②以非圆弧滑动面与圆弧滑动面计算出的最小安全系数相比,前者明显要小,建议在有渗流作用时应采用非圆弧滑动面; ③对两个不同水位下的均质土坡,以水位与坡高之比为参数对边坡状态进行分析时,结果表明随着地下水位的升高,边坡安全系数急剧下降,因而,渗流效应是边坡发生失稳的一个重要因素,工程实际中应特别注意边坡排水设施的设置。     

A review of pool and forced convective boiling of binary mixtures

Boiling of binary mixtures is characterized by a close linking between heat and mass transfer processes, with the evaporation rate usually being limited by the mass transfer process. This is significantly different from single-component systems where interfacial mass transfer rates are normally very high. Information on pool boiling of binary mixtures is widely available in the literature, whereas research on forced convective boiling of mixtures has become significant only over the last few years. This paper presents a brief review of experimental results obtained in pool and forced convective boiling of binary mixtures and upgrades the empirical or theoretical predictive tools for both situations.     

Combined heat and mass transfer by laminar natural convection from a vertical plate

Simultaneous heat and mass transfer in buoyancy-induced laminar boundary-layer flow along a vertical plate is studied for any ratio of the solutal buoyancy force to the thermal buoyancy force by using a new similarity transformation. The effects of the buoyancy ratio and Lewis number on the rates of heat and mass transfer are presented explicitly for most practical gaseous solutions (Pr=0.7, 0.21≤Sc≤2.1) and aqueous solutions (Pr=7, 140≤Sc≤1400). Very accurate correlations of the mass transfer and heat transfer rates are developed for the cases of single and combined buoyancy forces.     

The effect of vapour super-heating on hydrocarbon refrigerant condensation inside a brazed plate heat exchanger

This paper investigates the effect of vapour super-heating on hydrocarbon refrigerant 600a (Isobutane), 290 (Propane) and 1270 (Propylene) condensation inside a brazed plate heat exchanger.Vapour super-heating increases heat transfer coefficient with respect to saturated vapour, whereas no effect was observed on pressure drop.The super-heated vapour condensation data shows the same trend vs. refrigerant mass flux as the saturated vapour condensation data, but with higher absolute values. A transition point between gravity controlled and forced convection condensation has been found for a refrigerant mass flux around 15-18 kg m⁻² s⁻¹ depending on refrigerant type. The super-heated vapour heat transfer coefficients are from 5% to 10% higher than those of saturated vapour under the same refrigerant mass flux.The experimental heat transfer coefficients have been compared against Webb (1998) model for forced convection condensation of super-heated vapour: the mean absolute percentage deviation between the experimental and calculated data is ±18.3%.HC-1270 shows super-heated vapour heat transfer coefficient 5% higher than HC-600a and 10-15% higher than HC-290 together with total pressure drops 20-25% lower than HC-290 and 50-66% lower than HC-600a under the same mass flux.     

Eine remissionsfotometrische Meßmethode zur Bestimmung örtlicher Stoffübergangskoeffizienten bei Zwangskonvektion in Luft

The publication represents an improved measuring technique for local mass transfer coefficients which are fotometrically determined by light remission. The described technique is characterized by simple handling, good local accuracy, high local resolution and analogy between heat transfer and observed mass transfer. All kinds of complicated surfaces, which can be projected into a plane or even not, may be investigated. The physico-chemical fundamental of the measuring technique is based on a reaction of absorbed ammonia and immediate color reaction. Its intensity determined by fotometrical remission corresponds with the mass transfer rate. These and the according fotometrical results can be related with each other by the heat and mass transfer at the stagnation point of a cylinder and a disk in cross flow. Compared to former investigations this calibration is accurately and more easily accomplished when recently developed measuring techniques are appointed and the equipment is improved. For serial measurements the new technique has a great advantage, that the distribution of mass transfer rates is quite similar to that of the fotografic density. Therefore an immediate qualitative survey can be carried out. A practical example is given by a model of a fin tube heat exchanger with three rows of tubes behind each other. The possibilities of a tv-technical equidensitometry are demonstrated for the complicated evaluation of mass transfer distributions.     

水平层状岩体边坡动力响应中的结构面效应研究

根据应力波传播原理分析了水平层状岩体边坡中应力波传播特征,建立了应力波在该类边坡中传播的模型。利用离散元软件UDEC分析了不同频率垂向压缩应力波作用下边坡动力响应规律中的结构面效应。结果表明:边坡中的水平层面对坡顶的动力响应有明显影响。低频应力波作用下,水平层状岩体边坡坡顶的垂向峰值速度较均质坡体相同部位的峰值速度的增加值随坡高增加而增大。较高频率应力波作用时,边坡顶部靠近坡面的垂向峰值速度高于无结构面边坡相同部位的峰值速度,远离坡面时情况相反; 坡顶垂向峰值速度大小呈周期性变化,输入应力波频率越大该变化频次越高。研究结果将有助于进一步揭示各种不同岩体结构类型边坡在动力荷载作用下损伤机理及破坏模式。     

Forced convective flow drag and heat transfer characteristics of carbon nanotube suspensions in a horizontal small tube

This study paid attention to the effect of fluid temperatures on the forced convective flow drag and heat transfer characteristics of multi-wall carbon nanotube (MWNTs)-water suspensions without any surfactants. The experiments were carried out under the two fixed average fluid temperatures of 29 and 58°C. A horizontal small stainless steel tube with an inner diameter of 1.02 mm was used as the test section. The experiment results show that the flow drag characteristics of suspensions are almost the same as those of water. While the heat transfer of MWNTs suspensions with high mass concentration or high fluid temperature is significantly enhanced. The fluid temperature does not affect flow drag characteristics but has great effect on the heat transfer characteristics. Nanometer characteristics are presented by suspensions with high MWNT mass concentration or high temperature on convective heat transfer.     

HMX/TNT炸药爆速与曲率及组分关系实验研究

为了确定爆轰波法向速度Dn与当地曲率κ的定量关系,用光电联合测试法研究质量配比分别为60/40、50/50及40/60时HMX/TNT炸药的Dn-κ关系.结果表明,爆轰波延滞距离z随TNT含量的增加而增大;爆轰波延滞距离z随著炸药密度P的增大而减小;随着TNT的含量增加,Dn-κ曲线的斜率逐渐增大,且斜率增大的速率为正...     

Numerical analysis of thermosolutal flows in a cavity with gravity modulation effects

 In this work, a two-dimensional thermosolutal convection flow under a sinusoidal gravity modulation (g-jitter) field is studied to understand the effects of the periodic source on flow field, as well as heat and mass transfer mechanisms. A semi-implicit projection finite element method is adopted to solve the transient Navier–Stokes, energy and species concentration equations. The fingering regime and the diffusive regime are explored for a series of gravity modulation frequencies. Two types of flow evolution, synchronous and subharmonic responses, are obtained for different frequencies. Distribution of unstable responses for the singly unstable condition is in agreement with the literature predict. The results show that heat and mass transfer rates are affected by the response type. For a subharmonic variation flow field, the overall Nusellt number and Sherwood number exhibit larger values. In addition, the augmenting condition in combining thermally driving force and solutally driving force is analyzed for a practical crystal material and displays a different response distribution from those in the fingering regime and the diffusive regime. Received on 19 February 2001 / Published online: 29 November 2001