任意折射率的三维离散空间光线追迹方法研究

介绍了Runge-Kutta光线追迹方法,并以此作为任意折射率介质中光线追迹基本手段;针对具有折射率任意分布性质并且离散的三维流场空间,建立了流场空间任意点的折射率和折射率梯度计算方法;在追迹过程中,提出了追迹步长根据当地折射率梯度和网格几何尺寸自适应调节的思想和方法,用于提高追迹的精度和效率。结果表明,建立的光线追迹方法适用于三维离散空间折射率任意分布的光线追迹,具有较高的精度和效率。     

自由曲面LED汽车后位置灯的光学设计

为使汽车在夜间行驶时能够被别的车辆识别,避免交通事故的发生,设计了聚光器带有花纹的新型后位置灯光学系统.基于非成像光学理论,采用照度优化方法,利用公式计算自由曲面反射镜各个点的坐标值.根据法规对后位置灯的配光要求,合理划分反射面,使其达到配光要求.通过蒙特卡洛方法对光线进行追迹,实验模拟结果显示:配光效果达到国家标准G...     

x射线在毛细导管中传输的模拟计算

阐述了x射线在毛细导管中传输的基本理论，根据光线追迹原理建立了x射线在毛细导管中传输的计算模型.在此基础上使用MATLAB编写程序，实现了对x光经过x光单导管的传输效率和光强分布的模拟计算.计算结果和实验数据进行比较，得到了很好的符合. 关键词： 模拟计算 毛细导管 光线追迹 传输效率 光强分布     

光学仪器照明CAD软件设计

设计了一套照明CAD软件用于实现对光学仪器中照明光路照度分布模拟.对该照明CAD系统的光线追迹与光照度计算方法进行了理论探讨,其中在光照度计算方法中引入了线性同余组合发生器,大大提高了模拟的真实性.运用该软件对实际照明光路进行了分析,分析结果表明该软件获得了需要的照度分布模拟图,能较好地满足用户要求.     

基于ADB汽车前照灯的光学设计

为了避免由于远光灯使用不当而产生的一系列交通事故，且带给驾驶员更好的驾驶体验，设计了具有可以主动调整远光光束分布的自适应远光系统—ADB(adaptive driving beam)。基于非成像光学理论，采用照度优化设计法，通过计算来合理划分区域，控制相应LED的亮灭，以此达到不同远光光型的实现。通过蒙特卡洛模拟法追迹光线，测试结果表明:配光结果满足现行仅有的对自适应远光(ADB)配光规定，且当全部LED工作时，照度最大值为111 lx，模组光学系统效率为35.7%。     

失调光学系统光线追迹公式

本文借助坐标变换，对现有的光线追迹公式进行改进，推导出一套失调光学系统的光线追迹公式。利用该套公式可以计算出光学系统存在各种失调情况下的像差值。     

微型曲面发光二极管阵列照度一致性研究

为提高微型曲面发光二极管(LED)阵列在显示及照明使用方面的舒适度,针对微型曲面LED阵列照度分布的均匀性问题进行研究.采用TracePro光线追迹法分别计算了柱面显示阵列及球面照明阵列的照度分布.计算结果表明,曲面弯曲半径R和光源辐射参数m是影响柱面阵列照度分布的主要因素.通过合理排布阵列像素单元位置,可以增强器件显示均匀度,提高能量利用效率.10×10柱面LED阵列最大平坦化照度均匀度为90.5%.对球面环形阵列照度分布计算结果表明,单环形LED阵列照度均匀性与像素数量无关.影响球面多环LED阵列照度分布的参数主要包括环线分布系数K、环法线与第一环阵列光源法线夹角(?)_0及各环线像素光通量之比φ.以双环LED阵列为模型进行计算,获得最大平坦化照度均匀度为94.8%.调整球面多环阵列位置参数可实现不同照度分布模式.实验对比了微型LED像素单元夹角θ分别为13°,15°和17°时的照度分布,实验结果与理论计算较为一致.本文取得的理论与实验结果可以为微型曲面LED显示及多模式智能照明设计提供参考.     

基于微分几何的矩形照度分布自由曲面反射器设计

在LED照明应用中为实现矩形均匀照度分布要求,提出了一种基于一阶线性偏微分方程的自由曲面反射器设计方法。基于微分几何理论和折射定律描述了光线与自由曲面的相互作用。根据LED光源特性建立了朗伯光源与矩形被照面之间的能量拓扑关系,推导了自由曲面反射器的一阶线性偏微分方程和边界条件。分别使用Runge-Kutta法和有限差分法对边界条件和偏微分方程进行数值计算,并对计算结果进行光线追迹仿真。仿真结果表明自由曲面反射器光通利用率达到了94%,矩形被照面横向照度均匀度达到了0.9,纵向照度均匀度达到了0.8。程序计算时间少于1s。     

星载激光测距大气校正算法与模型研究

考虑大气折射对星载激光测距的影响,研究了基于光线追迹理论的激光程差计算方法.综合利用气象探空数据和高层大气模式数据,拟合得到了全国46个典型地区的年度平均大气折射率模数高度分布廓线.据此,比较分析了光线追迹算法结果与Marini-Murray模型计算结果,给出了激光程差的全国性分布状况.最后,分析了激光程差与海拔高度和...     

水下对空成像的光学计算模型

海面波浪对光线的扰动以及海水对光的吸收和散射对水下对空成像有重大影响。建立了水下对空成像的光学计算模型，采用基于PM谱的海浪模型和基于小角度散射理论的水下辐射场传输模型，利用光线追迹分析波浪对光线的扰动，得到了像面照度的分布。仿真结果的分析表明，像面上的照度由视场中心向边缘递减，并随成像深度增加按指数衰减，海浪对图像的破坏程度在消光边界附近最大。     

Probability analysis of position errors using uncooled IR stereo camera

This paper analyzes the random phenomenon of 3D positions when tracking moving objects using the infrared (IR) stereo camera, and proposes a probability model of 3D positions. The proposed probability model integrates two random error phenomena. One is the pixel quantization error which is caused by discrete sampling pixels in estimating disparity values of stereo camera. The other is the timing jitter which results from the irregular acquisition-timing in the uncooled IR cameras. This paper derives a probability distribution function by combining jitter model with pixel quantization error. To verify the proposed probability function of 3D positions, the experiments on tracking fast moving objects are performed using IR stereo camera system. The 3D depths of moving object are estimated by stereo matching, and be compared with the ground truth obtained by laser scanner system. According to the experiments, the 3D depths of moving object are estimated within the statistically reliable range which is well derived by the proposed probability distribution. It is expected that the proposed probability model of 3D positions can be applied to various IR stereo camera systems that deal with fast moving objects.     

一种抖动与孤立像素点分离相结合的灰度级增强方法

为了使由等离子体显示器(PDP)反γ校正和有限灰度级显示方法引起的灰度损失得到改善,在分析灰度损失原因及有序抖动和随机抖动特点的基础上,提出了一种抖动与孤立像素点分离相结合的灰度级增强方法。该方法首先采用有序抖动和孤立像素点分离对γ校正后的图像进行灰度增强;然后把图像数据映射到有限灰度级,计算有限灰度级与需要显示的灰度级之间的误差;最后采用随机抖动和孤立像素点分离对有限灰度级图像进行灰度增强。实验结果表明,反γ校正和有限灰度级图像的灰度均得到了显著增强,低灰度级和中高灰度级过渡平滑,没有周期性抖动噪声,孤立像素点的亮度显著降低,图像显示效果明显优于仅采用随机抖动或有序抖动的图像。     

X‐ray analog pixel array detector for single synchrotron bunch time‐resolved imaging

Dynamic X‐ray studies can reach temporal resolutions limited by only the X‐ray pulse duration if the detector is fast enough to segregate synchrotron pulses. An analog integrating pixel array detector with in‐pixel storage and temporal resolution of around 150 ns, sufficient to isolate pulses, is presented. Analog integration minimizes count‐rate limitations and in‐pixel storage captures successive pulses. Fundamental tests of noise and linearity as well as high‐speed laser measurements are shown. The detector resolved individual bunch trains at the Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source at levels of up to 3.7 × 10³ X‐rays per pixel per train. When applied to turn‐by‐turn X‐ray beam characterization, single‐shot intensity measurements were made with a repeatability of 0.4% and horizontal oscillations of the positron cloud were detected.     

简易高斯灰度扩散模型的误差分析及适用性研究

为了验证简易高斯灰度扩散模型的适用性,与传统高斯灰度扩散模型进行了对比分析。将两种高斯模型做归一化处理,设定检验像素,分析检验像元灰度的归一化值的相对误差;进行星图模拟,得到4个不同高斯半径(σ)下灰度赋值相对误差与像点映射位置偏离值的关系曲线,整体上误差随σ的增大而减小;对星图模拟得到的系列星像点采用灰度重心法提取质心,质心误差随σ增大而减小,传统模型模拟像点的质心提取精度比简易模型高约2个数量级。无噪声条件下σ=0.671时,简易模型模拟像点最大质心误差仅为0.033pixel。仿真结果表明:单就像点外形仿真而言,当σ较小时,简易模型不再适用;但针对像点的质心定位及后续算法,简易模型带来质心误差量级可以忽略,运算量更小,适于应用。     

探测器像素尺寸对PMP测量精度的影响研究

以阶跃型反射率分布为例，分析了像素尺寸对相位测量轮廓术（PMP）测量精度的影响情况。仿真结果表明相位测量误差大小随感光单元覆盖的相位范围增加而增加，即采用高分辨率探测器可以得到高的测量精度；相位测量误差大小与阶跃在感光单元上的位置有关，存在导致最大误差的位置，并且该位置与阶跃相对幅值有关；相位测量误差大小随阶跃相对幅值增大而增大，偏向反射率高的方向。研究结果为PMP测量系统设计中图像探测器选择、测量精度评价提供了依据。     

CdZnTe像素探测器的电输运性能

碲锌镉(CdZnTe)是一种性能优异的室温核辐射半导体探测器材料,广泛应用于核安全、核医学以及空间科学等领域.然而,传统的CdZnTe平面探测器受制于"空穴拖尾"效应的影响,探测性能有待改善.采用改进的垂直布里奇曼法生长的In掺杂Cd_(0.9)Zn_(0.1)Te单晶制备出单载流子收集的4×4像素阵列探测器,通过电流-电压(I-V)测试和γ射线能谱响应测试,研究了像素探测器的电学性能和载流子电输运性能,随之与相应的CdZnTe平面探测器进行了性能对比.结果表明,CdZnTe像素探测器的电阻率约为1.73×10~(10)?·cm,且施加100 V偏压后单像素点的最大漏电流小于2.2 nA;当施加偏压升高至300 V时,单像素点对~(241)Am@59.5 keV的γ射线的最佳能量分辨率可达5.78%,探测性能优于相同条件下制备的CdZnTe平面探测器.     

A ray-optic, Monte Carlo, description of a Gaussian beam waist – applied to reverse saturable absorption

The intensity distribution in a Gaussian beam is represented by a bundle of rays in which each ray has a random pointing error. The ray bundle is allowed to pass through a simple lens using the usual geometrical optics formulae and it is shown that the position of the focused beam waist agrees exactly with the usual Gaussian mode analysis. The interaction of the beam waist with a reverse saturable absorber (silicon napthalocyanaine) is modelled using a Monte Carlo method and a null absorption coefficient is introduced to increase the speed of the calculation. An f/5 geometry is considered and it is shown that the results from the ray model agree well with those obtained from standard split-step beam propagation techniques. Received: 23 July 1999/Revised version: 28 September 1999/Published online: 21 January 2000     

单周期条纹双四步相移投影仪的标定方法

针对投影仪标定方法中存在畸变及倾斜投影引起条纹周期、条纹级数变化的问题,提出一种单周期条纹双四步相移投影仪的标定方法.设计生成横向和纵向各两组单周期条纹图像,经投影仪投影到带有圆形标识的标定板上,相机同步采集标定板图像,叠加由双四步相移获得的两幅相位主值图,对叠加相位主值图相位展开,利用展开的绝对相位值计算投影仪像素坐标值,最终将投影仪标定转换为成熟的相机标定.实验结果表明:仿真投影仪标定实验准确度的最大重投影误差约为0.4pixel,均方根误差为0.132 96pixel;实际投影仪标定实验准确度的最大反投影误差约为0.46pixel,均方根误差为0.143 12pixel;实验结果与仿真结果的最大反投影误差相差15%,均方根误差相差7.6%.与现有的采用三频相位展开进行投影仪标定的方法相比,投影光栅图像数可减少8幅.该方法改善了现有投影仪标定方法的不足,标定准确度和标定效率均得到提高.     

Modified Phillips–Tikhonov regularization for plasma tomography

The tomography has been used as a powerful diagnostic method for visualizing cross-sectional images in plasma research. Without any biasing data, the Phillips–Tikhonov (P–T) regularization method was attempted in this work to reconstruct cross-sectional phantom images of the plasma by minimizing the gradient between adjacent pixel data. A comparison of the tomographic reconstructions of the cross-sectional images similar to the tokamak plasmas by the P–T method and the maximum entropy (ME) method showed that the P–T method produced more accurate results. In addition, the P–T method was modified by adding an iteration procedure with a second-order correction to improve the accuracy of the reconstruction for noisy line-integrated data. Tomographic reconstructions in the presence of Gaussian-distributed random noise demonstrated that the modified P–T method with only several iterations significantly reduced the mean reconstruction error by (30–50)% of the original root-mean-square error caused by the random noise.     

Ternary phase-amplitude modulation with twisted nematic liquid crystal displays for Fourier-plane light homogenization in holographic data storage

Holographic data storage applications often use liquid crystal displays as spatial light-amplitude modulators for writing data images. The hologram created in the Fourier plane is usually applied to store the information, since this plane supplies optimal data density. A well known technique for homogenizing the light distribution in the Fourier plane is the application of external random phase modulating masks. The requirement for pixel by pixel matched positioning of the phase modulating mask and the pixels of the spatial light-amplitude modulator is hard to solve in the optical systems and any positioning error leads to significant signal degradations. The article analyses the possibilities of realizing the required simultaneous amplitude and phase modulation of light with the application of a single LCD. Twisted nematic LCDs with different maximal birefringence are numerically investigated using the Jones matrix method. Elliptical incident and exit polarizations are proposed, by which ternary phase-amplitude modulation (+1,–1,0) can be realized. Test measurements are also presented that demonstrate the validity of the calculated results.