Analytical aspects of some organic acids

Summary A direct titrimetric method for the estimation of iron(III) has been developed, which involves the adjustment of concentration of iron(III) andPh, dilution, addition of 1 ml of 2% indicator solution and titration with EDTA (30° to 35° C). It is based on the fact that the iron(III) forms a blue coloured complex which is destroyed at the 11 molar ratio making the end-point of the titration. Quantity of iron(III) as small as 23.2 mg can be titrated accurately when present in a volume of 100 ml. Study of interferences revealed that quite a number of elements like Be²⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Sr²⁺, Ba²⁺, UO₂ ²⁺ and Mn²⁺ does not interfere, whereas much interference is caused by Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺, Pb²⁺, Fe²⁺, Co²⁺, Ni²⁺, ZrO²⁺, V0²⁺, Al³⁺, Cr³⁺, Ti⁴⁺, Ce⁴⁺ and Th⁴⁺. The method proposed for iron(III) is selective and should be of considerable use in many cases.Part III: See Z. analyt. Chem. 167, 332 (1959).     

New Indicator for the Titration of Iron(III) with EDTA

Abstract

New metal indicators, 7 -(2-hydroxy-1-naphthylazo)-8-hydroxy-quinoline-5-sulfonic acids were synthesized. Among them 7-(6-nitro-4-sulfo-2-hydroxy-1-naphthylazo)-8-hydrqxyquinoline-5-sulfonic acid(NH-SNAZOXS) is recommended as an indicator for the titration of iron(III) with EDTA. The sharp color change at the equivalence point from yellow to violet is obtained at pH 2.0 to 3.0 at 50°.     

Spectroscopic studies of water-soluble superstructured iron(III) porphyrin. Interaction with the bovine serum albumin protein

Abstract

Acid-base equilibrium of the “one-face”-hindered sulfonated porphyrin, α5,15-[2,2′(dodecamethyleneoxy),(5-sulfonato)diphenyl]-10,20-bis(2-hydroxy,5-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrinato iron(III), has been studied by paramagnetic ¹H NMR. The isotropically shifted signals change in a fast exchange regime on the NMR time-scale. ¹H longitudinal relaxation times and temperature dependence of the chemical shifts were measured and analyzed. The electronic structure of hydroxo specie is characteristic of a six- or five-coordinate high-spin iron(III) porphyrin with an S = 5/2 ground state. The ¹H NMR titration allowed determination of the acidity constant, pK_a 6.2 (0.1 M KNO₃, 25 °C). In addition, we also report the interaction between the monohydroxo iron(III) porphyrin and the bovine serum albumin protein. From a ¹H NMR titration, we have determined the affinity apparent constant, log K_ap 3.2 (pH 7, KNO₃ 0.1 M, 25 °C). The formation of superstructured iron porphyrin-albumin protein adduct was confirmed by electronic absorption spectroscopy and electron paramagnetic resonance.     

A pH- and Redox-Potentiometric Study of Equilibria between Fe(II), Fe(III), and N-(Carboxymethyl)Aspartic Acid

Complexation in the Fe²⁺–Fe³⁺–N-(carboxymethyl)aspartic acid (H₃L) system in aqueous solutions was studied by pH- and redox-potentiometric titration at 25°C and at an ionic strength of 0.1 (KCl). Depending on the H₃L concentration and pH, neutral, protonated, and hydroxo complexes of iron(III) can be formed in the solutions. The stability constants for all the detected complexes were calculated, and the distribution plots for the fractions of complexes vs. the solution pH were constructed.     

Complexometric titration of copper (II) using chromotropic acid dioxime as a metal indicator

Summary Chromotropic acid dioxime forms purple coloured complexes with copper in the p_H ranges 5.82 to 6.45 and 7.25 to 8.05 respectively which are less stable than the Cu^II-EDTA complex. On titrating these solutions with EDTA, the purple coloured complexes turn colourless or yellow at the end point. These titrations give satisfactory results in the temperature ranges 20 to 70° C and 20 to 50° C respectively. In acid medium, the titration of copper can be carried out in the presence of magnesium and alkaline earths, but zinc, cadmium, nickel, cobalt, aluminium and iron(III) interfere. The latter two elements can be masked by sodium fluoride. In ammoniacal medium, zinc, cadmium, cobalt, nickel, lead, magnesium and alkaline earths interfere.

---

Zusammenfassung Chromotropsäuredioxim bildet mit Kupfer im p_H-Bereich 5,82 bis 6,45 und 7,25–8,05 purpurrot gefärbte Komplexe, die weniger stabil sind als der Kupfer-ÄDTA-Komplex. Bei der Titration solcher Lösungen mit ÄDTA ergibt sich am Endpunkt ein Farbumschlag nach Farblos bzw. Gelb. Bei Temperaturen von 20–70°C bzw. 20–50°C werden gute Ergebnisse erzielt. Die Kupferbestimmung in saurem Medium kann in Gegenwart von Magnesium und Erdalkalien durchgeführt werden; Störungen werden verursacht durch Zink, Cadmium, Nickel, Kobalt, Aluminium und Eisen(III), wobei die beiden letzten jedoch mit Natriumfluorid maskiert werden können. Die Titration in ammoniakalischem Medium wird durch Zink, Cadmium, Kobalt, Nickel, Blei, Magnesium und die Erdalkalien gestört.

     

Ein Iterationsverfahren zur Berechnung der Dissoziationskonstanten vom Ampholyten oder zweibasischen Säuren

Zusammenfassung Durch Messung des pH-Wertes bei Zugabe von HCl bzw. NaOH zu Ampholyten des Typs NH₂–X–COOH oder zu primären Salzen zweibasischer Säuren können beide Dissoziationskonstanten dieser Verbindungen bestimmt werden. Durch cin Iterationsverfahren lassen sich beide Konstanten genau berechnen, auch wenn sie sich nur wenig voneinander unterscheiden. Das Verfahren wird auf o- und p-Aminobenzoesäure in wäßriger Lösung (10 und 25° C) angewendet.

---

By measuring the pH, when HCl resp. NaOH are added to ampholytes of the type NH₂–X–COOH or to primary salts of dibasic acids, both dissociation constants can be determined. An iterative method permits to calculate both constants exactly, even if they differ only by a small amount. This method is applied to o- and p-aminobenzoic acid in aqueous solution (10 and 25° C).

     

Complexation of Indole-3-acetic Acid with Iron(III): Influence of Coordination on the π-Electronic System of the Ligand

Summary.  The iron(III) complex of indole-3-acetic acid (1) was prepared, and its physicochemical properties, mode of iron(III) coordination, and electronic structure were studied using UV/Vis, diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT), and transmission ⁵⁷Fe M?ssbauer spectroscopic techniques. The data obtained provide evidence that iron(III) is not only coordinated by the carboxylic O-donor atom, but also via the conjugated π-electronic system of the pyrrole moiety involving both the non-shared electronic pair of the heteroatom and the C(2)*C(3) double bond. Considering the well-known increased sensitivity of the pyrrole residue in indole derivatives to oxidation as compared to the benzene ring, as well as the formation of a triple complex (peroxidase-1-O₂) proposed for the enzymatic 1 oxidative degradation mechanism involving as a key step the Fe³⁺ → Fe²⁺ transition in the enzyme form as discussed in literature, it is concluded that iron(III) coordination with 1 can influence the redox properties of the pyrrole ring by affecting its π-electronic system. Received September 17, 2000. Accepted (revised) October 31, 2000     

O-(2-Thiazolylazo)-4-Chlorophenol Complexes and Their Utility as Metallo-Chromic Indicators for Nickel(II) Ion

Abstract

The stability constants of the complexes formed between o-(2-thiazoiylazo)-4-chlorophenol (TACL) and bivalent metal ions obtained spectrophotometrically were: logK_MnR = 2.86, logK_CoR = 5.37, logK_NiR = 6.12, logK_{NiR 2} = 5.44, logK_CuR = 8.39, logK_ZnR = 4.54, logK_{ZnR 2} = 4.43 and logK_CuR = 5.65, (20°c, μ = 0.1, 10% v/v aqueous dioxane). These values coincided well with the Irving-Williams order.

The acid dissociation constants of analogous new dyestuffs synthesized in our Laboratory, o-(2-thiazolylazo)-phenol, o-(2-thiazolylazo)-4-bromophenol and o-(2-thiazoly-lazo)-4- iodophenol were 7.36, 7.35, and 7.25, respectively (20°C, μ = 0.1, 10% v/v aqueous dioxane).

TACL was found to be applicable as a metallochromic indicator for the titration of nickel(II) in weakly acidic media using EDTA as a titrant. No heating was required.     

Non-Stoichiometric CoFe2O4 Nanoparticles Supported on an Amorphous Silica Matrix

Non-Stoichiometric CoFe₂O₄ nanoparticles dispersed in an silica matrix with a silica content of 87 wt% and Co/Fe molar ratio of 1:1, were prepared by the sol-gel method using an ethanolic solution of tetraethoxysilane and either iron(III) and cobalt(II) nitrates or iron(II) and cobalt(II) acetates. The influence of different metal precursors on the xerogels were examined by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and N₂ physisorption measurements at 77 K. Magnetic properties of the samples were investigated by field cooled FC and zero field cooled ZFC measurements.Depending on the metal precursor, different spinel oxides of a few nanometers were observed in the samples treated at 350°C. After heating at 900°C non-stoichiometric CoFe₂O₄ was formed in both samples, whose average particle size was only slightly larger than in samples treated at 350°C.     

Oxidation with manganate solutions

Summary The reaction between Tl⁺ solutions and manganate is sluggish. In the titration of Tl⁺ with manganate solution the end points are always attained earlier than the theoretical. When the reaction is accelerated by NaCl and heating to 45–50° C the end points were found to be concordant with the theoretical values. Titration of manganate with Tl⁺ solutions gives accurate results in presence of telluric acid but not in its absence. It is also possible to determine Tl⁺ by oxidation with an excess of K₂MnO₄ using arsenite as a back titrant for excess oxidant.Part III: Issa, I. M., and M. G. E. Allam: Z. analyt. Chem. 175, 103 (1960).     

Use of nitrosochromotropic acid as a metal indicator

Summary Nitrosochromotropic acid and copper give a purple coloured complex in the pH range 5.8–6.5, which is less stable than Cu(II)-EDTA complex. When milligramme quantities of copper solution containing few drops of nitrosochromotropic acid were titrated with EDTA the colour changes to light green or colourless. Copper can be titrated from 15–30° C, but at higher temperature low results are obtained due to dissociation of copper complex. Alkaline earths do not interfere in the titration of copper, but zinc, cadmium, nickel, cobalt, aluminium and iron(III) interfere. The interference of aluminium and iron(III) is masked by sodium fluoride. Microtitration can be carried out using nitrosochromotropic acid screened with xylene cyanol FF as metal indicator.     

Complexation between iron(III) and nicotinamide in aqueous dimethyl sulfoxide

The stability constants of iron(III) complexes with nicotinamide in water-DMSO mixtures (X _DMSO = 0–0.75) were determined by potentiometric titration at 25.0 ± 0.1°C and an ionic strength of 0.25 (NaClO₄). The contributions from the solvation of the reagents to the Gibbs energy of complexation transfer were analyzed. The stabilities of iron(III), copper(II), and silver(I) complexes with nicotinamide were compared. The observed decrease in the stability constants was attributed to the stabilization of iron(III) solvate complexes as the DMSO content increases.     

Gas-Adsorptions-Chromatographie mit aktivem Chrom (III)-oxid

Zusammenfassung Die Anwendung gaschromatographischer Methoden auf die Reaktion von Wasserstoff mit Sauerstoff an der Oberfläche von aktivem Chrom(III)-oxid ermöglicht die getrennte Durchführung von zwei Teilreaktionen:Beladung des Chromoxids mit Wasserstoff durch aktivierte Adsorption, Umsetzung des adsorbierten Wasserstoffs mit Sauerstoff.Die Menge des über 150°C an Chromoxid adsorbierten Wasserstoffs kann bei 37°C durch gaschromatographische Titration mit Sauerstoff bestimmt werden. Das dabei gebildete Wasser wird vom Chromoxid festgehalten.Mit Chromoxidsäulen, die über 150°C mit Wasserstoff beladen wurden, können bei 37 °C Sauerstoffhaltige Gasgemische analysiert werden. In den Chromatogrammen tritt Sauerstoff nicht in Erscheinung. Beispiel: Sauerstoff-Stickstoff-Argon-Helium in wechselnden Mengenverhältnissen.Gaschromatographisch wurde auch die Reaktion von Äthylen mit dem an Chromoxid adsorbierten Wasserstoff verfolgt.

---

Summary By application of gas chromatographic methods to the reaction of hydrogen with oxygen on the surface of active chromium(III) oxide the following two reactions can be carried out separately: loading of chromium(III) oxide with hydrogen by activated adsorption and reaction of the adsorbed hydrogen with oxygen. The quantity of hydrogen adsorbed on chromium(III) oxide above 150°C can be determined at 37°C by gas chromatographic titration with oxygen. The water formed thereby is retained by the chromium(III) oxide. By help of chromium(III) oxide columns, loaded with hydrogen above 150°C, oxygen containing gas mixtures can be analysed at 37°C. In the chromatograms oxygen does not appear (example: oxygen-nitrogen-argon-helium in changing ratios). The reaction of ethylene with hydrogen adsorbed on chromium(III) oxide was also examined by gas chromatography.

---

---

Mit Unterstützung der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft, Bad Godesberg und der Fa. Röhm & Haas GmbH., Darmstadt.     

Complexometric estimation of copper

Summary Copper(II) or Copper(II) and iron(III) in a mixture are determined by titration with EDTA (disodium salt) solution as complexometric reagent at p_H 4.0 using potassium thiocyanate-p-anisidine as an indicator.Fe^III is estimated in the mixture by titration with EDTA (disodium salt) solution using potassium thiocyanate-ether as an indicator.Cu^II present in the mixture is, therefore, equivalent to the difference in amounts of the EDTA (disodium salt) used for the two sets of titrations of the mixture using potassium thiocyanate-p-anisidine and potassium thiocyanate-ether as indicators respectively.Strontium, magnesium, manganese, calcium, barium and mercuric ions do not interfere in these estimations.

---

Zusammenfassung Kupfer(II) oder Kupfer(II) und Eisen(III) zusammen werden komplexometrisch mit ÄDTA-Lösung bei p_H 4,0 unter Verwendung von Kaliumthiocyanat-p-Anisidin als Indicator titriert. Eisen(III) wird in dem Gemisch durch komplexometrische Titration gegen Kaliumthiocyanat-Äther als Indicator bestimmt. Der Kupfer(II)-gehalt ergibt sich aus der Differenz der beiden Titrationen. Strontium, Magnesium, Mangan, Calcium, Barium und Quecksilber(II) stören nicht.

     

Mössbauer study of some iron(III) complexes with urea type ligands and the crystal structure of hexakisdimethylureairon(III) perchlorate

Summary The crystal structure of hexakisdimethylureairon(III) perchlorate, [Fe(dmu)₆](ClO₄)₃, has been determined by x-ray diffraction analysis. The complex crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group C2/c witha = 16.269(2),b = 19.109(2),c = 13.253(2), = 94.96(5)°, z = 4. It consists of discrete [Fe(dmu)₆]³⁺ and [ClO₄]^– ions. The iron atom is coordinated to six oxygens (Fe-O = 1.989, 1.993 and 2.023 Å) in a nearly octahedral way. An iterative extended Hückel-model study has been carried out to rationalize the Mössbauer parameters of some iron(III) complexes with urea type ligands.     

Stability constants of iron(III) borate complexes

The ultraviolet absorbance data from experiments conducted at constant pH and total iron concentration but variable B(OH)₃ concentration were used to determined the stability constants of FeB(OH) ₄ ²⁺ and Fe[B(OH)_{4 2} ⁺ at 25°C and an ionic strength of 0.68. The estimates obtained were *₁ = 1.0 ± 0.2 × 10^–2 and *₂ = 2 ± 1 × 10^–5, respectively (uncertainties are two times the standard error of the estimates). A calculation of the extent of iron(III) borate formation in ocean water at pH 8.2 shows that iron(III) borates are not a significantly large component of iron(III) speciation in seawater.     

Mössbauer spectroscopic and X-ray diffraction study of the thermal decomposition of Fe(CH3COO)2 and FeOH(CH3COO)2

Thermal decomposition of iron(II) acetate, Fe(CH₃COO)₂, and iron(III) acetate hydroxide, FeOH(CH₃COO)₂, has been studied using⁵⁷Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. Samples were thermally treated in air atmosphere between 150°C and 1000°C. The formation of maghemite '-Fe₂O₃, and hematite, -Fe₂O₃, is discussed. Hematite appears as the final decomposition product.     

Revision of iron(III)–citrate speciation in aqueous solution. Voltammetric and spectrophotometric studies

A detailed study of iron (III)–citrate speciation in aqueous solution (θ = 25 °C, I_c = 0.7 mol L⁻¹) was carried out by voltammetric and UV–vis spectrophotometric measurements and the obtained data were used for reconciled characterization of iron (III)–citrate complexes. Four different redox processes were registered in the voltammograms: at 0.1 V (pH = 5.5) which corresponded to the reduction of iron(III)–monocitrate species (Fe:cit = 1:1), at about −0.1 V (pH = 5.5) that was related to the reduction of FeL₂⁵⁻, FeL₂H⁴⁻ and FeL₂H₂³⁻ complexes, at −0.28 V (pH = 5.5) which corresponded to the reduction of polynuclear iron(III)–citrate complex(es), and at −0.4 V (pH = 7.5) which was probably a consequence of Fe(cit)₂(OH)_x species reduction. Reversible redox process at −0.1 V allowed for the determination of iron(III)–citrate species and their stability constants by analyzing E_p vs. pH and E_p vs. [L⁴⁻] dependence. The UV–vis spectra recorded at varied pH revealed four different spectrally active species: FeLH (log β = 25.69), FeL₂H₂³⁻ (log β = 48.06), FeL₂H⁴⁻ (log β = 44.60), and FeL₂⁵⁻ (log β = 38.85). The stability constants obtained by spectrophotometry were in agreement with those determined electrochemically. The UV–vis spectra recorded at various citrate concentrations (pH = 2.0) supported the results of spectrophotometric–potentiometric titration.     

Oxidation of a three-dimensional polymeric iron(II) complex with sodium nitrite in acidic medium

Oxidation of the water-insoluble polymeric iron(II) complex, [(Me₃Sn)₄Fe^II(CN)₆] _n , with NaNO₂ in an acidic medium was followed by monitoring the increase of absorbance of the water-soluble polymeric iron(III) complex product at 419 nm. The reaction is first order in polymer, oxidant and ethanoic acid. Experiments over the temperature range 25–40 °C allowed calculation of the activation parameters. The reaction between the solid polymeric iron(II) complex and NO₂ has been investigated by i.r., electronic-reflectance, X-ray powder diffraction spectra and magnetic measurements. A mechanism involving electron-transfer is proposed.     

Local structure and chemical durability of FeOOH-fixed sodium silicate glass prepared from water glass

A 12M HCl solution of iron oxyhydroxide (a-FeOOH: goethite) was mixed with water glass (18Na₂O^.36SiO₂ ^.46H₂O) at room temperature. The mixture (sol) changed into a dry gel when dried at 25 °C for 120 hours in air. Glass-ceramic and glass samples were prepared when the dry gel was heated for 1-3 hours in an electric furnace at 800 and 900 °C, respectively. The ⁵⁷Fe Mössbauer spectrum of the dry gel is composed of a magnetic hyperfine structure owing to the formation of g-FeOOH (lepidocrocite). By contrast, the ⁵⁷Fe Mössbauer spectrum of glass-ceramic and glasses is composed of paramagnetic Fe(III) with distorted tetrahedral symmetry. This proves that Fe(III) atoms occupy network-forming Si(IV) sites in the FeOOH-fixed sodium silicate glass. A leaching test of the silicate glass in the acid rain simulant composed of HNO₃ (pH 3.5) and H₂SO₄ (pH 3.5) revealed high chemical durability, indicating that Fe(III) is firmly fixed in the glass matrix.