充气型放电毛细管的密度测量及磁流体模拟

在激光尾波场电子加速机理中,为了有效地加速电子,需要抑制衍射散焦等造成的激光传输不稳定性问题. 激光脉冲的稳定传输不仅有利于能量耦合给等离子体波,而且对电子束的注入及稳定加速有着重要影响,具有一定横向密度分布的充气型放电毛细管可以有效引导激光脉冲的传输. 利用等离子体的Stark展宽效应对毛细管产生的等离子体进行密度测量,给出了等离子体密度与充气压强之间的关系. 利用磁流体程序CRMHA对毛细管的放电特性进行了模拟,研究了毛细管引导效应的形成机理. 关键词： 充气型放电毛细管 Stark展宽 磁流体模拟 引导     

高压氘氚靶球的制备与拉曼光谱研究

氢同位素的定量分析与监测在能源与环境领域都有着重要的意义。激光拉曼光谱由于其可以无损分析氢同位素分子,已经成为一种重要的方法,在国际热核聚变实验反应堆(ITER)和美国萨凡纳河工厂得到了广泛应用。利用高压充气装置得到了惯性约束聚变(ICF)高压靶丸,并对靶丸内气体进行原位拉曼光谱测量,通过对高压下氘氚混合气体的拉曼光谱进行分析得到了靶丸内气体的成分比例,验证了靶丸充气工艺参数。实验表明,在CCD的积分时间延长到1 min时,氘(DD),氘氚(DT)和氚(TT)的测量精度可以达到1%,同时对不同时刻靶丸内气体组分的拉曼光谱进行测量,实验结果表明在氘氚渗透和氚衰变两者共同作用下,靶丸内总气体压力随时间不断下降,但是气体组成基本不发生变化。     

复杂通道内激光传输的气体热效应

 借助现有的流体力学分析软件,运用用户自定义函数的方式,建立了一套完整的光场流场耦合相互作用仿真模型。针对一种特殊的激光内传输通道,对光场流场耦合相互作用的气体热效应问题进行了仿真计算。仿真结果表明:通道内气体速度分布是非常不均匀的,但在无激光加热时,气体密度基本保持均匀分布;将激光加热效应引入到流场以后,气体密度分布会发生明显变化;激光加热引起的气体非均匀密度分布使得激光通过传输通道后,产生双鱼眼型结构的光场相位分布。     

PA-PVA-CH塑料微球充D2和Ar

ICF塑料靶丸典型结构由3层组成：内层起支撑作用的聚苯乙烯（PS），中间起阻气作用的聚乙烯醇（PVA）和外部的烧蚀层碳氢（CH）。作为靶丸，空心塑料微球内的气体由燃料气体和诊断气体组成。燃料气体目前使用的主要是D2。塑料微球采用热扩散法充气，D2在塑料球壳中扩散很快，而Ar却渗透很慢，因此，塑料靶丸充气的核心工艺是如何充Ar和如何保D2。利用充Ar条件充D2或利用保D2技术保Ar都是很容易实现的。塑料微球充气在自行研制的充气系统中完成，球内气体采用四极质谱或X射线荧光谱仪进行测量。     

激光干涉技术在超声速气体喷嘴特性研究中的应用

在激光与物质相互作用的实验中,气体靶通常由超声速喷嘴在高背压下向真空中高速喷射气体产生。激光与气体靶相互作用时确定打靶条件对整个实验有着十分重要的意义。为了得到不同实验条件下气体靶密度的分布特性，采用马赫-曾德尔干涉法测量了气体靶密度分布，获取了干涉图样。使用基于傅里叶变换的条纹处理方法测得的干涉图样，得到不同实验条件下气体分子密度的全空间分布。实验表明：用M-Z干涉仪测量超声速气体喷嘴产生的气体靶密度分布十分有效。基于傅里叶变换的条纹处理方法具有精度高、实时性好的优点，为打靶时气体靶密度的实时测量提供了可能。     

气体靶密度的数值计算与实验研究

 采用了1维简单模型来模拟气体靶的空间密度分布情况，并且该计算值得到了实验的验证。使用M-Z干涉仪诊断锥型喷嘴喷射的气体靶密度分布，得到了不同压力和不同延时下的干涉图样。自行编写了实验数据处理程序，得到了不同情况下气体密度的空间分布。在相互作用实验中，由气体分子密度随压力的变化，可以确定合适的压力，以获得预期的气体靶密度；由气体分子密度随时间的变化，可以确定激光与气体的作用时刻。     

惯性约束聚变靶丸内杂质气体抽空流洗过程的数值模拟

低温冷冻靶是实现惯性约束聚变(inertial confinement fusion,ICF)的关键部件之一.低温靶靶丸内杂质气体的去除程度和效率对低温靶燃料冰层的在线制备具有重要意义.依据低温靶物理对冰层杂质含量的设计要求,在计算靶丸内杂质气体最大允许分压的基础上,建立了靶丸内气体在微米级充气管内流动的抽空流洗模型.模拟研究了不同微管尺度及结构、温度对靶丸内杂质气体抽空流洗效率的影响规律,获得了靶丸充气微管的最佳管型设计方案.基于最佳管型设计,优化得到了具有最高抽空流洗效率的抽空时间与流洗次数组合策略.     

纳米通道内气体剪切流动的分子动力学模拟

采用分子动力学模拟方法研究了表面力场对纳米通道内气体剪切流动的影响规律.结果显示通道内的气体流动分为两个区域:受壁面力场影响的近壁区域和不受壁面力场影响的主流区域.近壁区域内,气体流动特性和气体动力学理论预测差别很大,密度和速度急剧增大并出现峰值,正应力变化剧烈且各向异性,剪切应力在距壁面一个分子直径处出现突变.主流区域的气体流动特性与气体动力学理论预测相符合,该区域内的密度、正应力与剪切应力均为恒定值,速度分布亦符合应力-应变的线性响应关系.不同通道高度及密度下,近壁区域的归一化密度、速度及应力分布一致,表明近壁区域的气体流动特性仅由壁面力场所决定.随着壁面对气体分子势能作用的增强,气体分子在近壁区域的密度和速度随之增大,直至形成吸附层,导致速度滑移消失.通过剪切应力与切向动量适应系数(TMAC)的关系,得到不同壁面势能作用下的TMAC值,结果表明壁面对气体分子的势能作用越强,气体分子越容易在壁面发生漫反射.     

筒内高功率脉冲磁控放电的电磁控制与优化

高功率脉冲磁控溅射(Hi PIMS)技术被提出以来就受到广泛关注,其较高的溅射材料离化率结合适当的电磁控制,可产生高致密度、高结合力和高综合性能的涂层,但其沉积速率低、放电不稳定、溅射材料离化率差异较大.我们设计了一种筒形溅射源,通过对结构的设计优化,利用类空心阴极放电效应,使问题得到解决.然而其靶面切向磁场不均匀,电子逃逸严重,进而造成等离子体密度偏低,且放电不均匀.本文通过对其放电和等离子体分布进行仿真,提出电场阻挡和磁铁补偿两种方案,研究了不同电场控制条件下的放电行为和等离子体分布.结果表明:增加电子阻挡屏极可以生成势阱,从而有效抑制电子从边缘的逸出;优化后的磁铁补偿可以显著提高靶面横向磁场的均匀性及靶面利用率.两种方案同时作用时,Hi PIMS放电刻蚀环面积更大、且更加均匀.     

变压吸附系统气流分布器结构对分配性能的影响

建立了变压吸附系统分布器结构的数学模型,并对吸附柱入口的速度场分布进行了研究,计算结果表明:目前工业吸附柱入口物流分配存在严重的不均匀性,而且Reynolds越大,物流分配越不均匀。在此基础上,对多种不同型式分布器结构进行了数值模拟,计算结果表明分布器结构是影响分配效果的主要因素,吸附柱气体分布器结构优化设计对改进吸附效果具有重要的意义。     

Evanescent-wave optical Cr VI sensor with a flexible fused-silica capillary as a transducer

A light-guiding, flexible fused-silica (FFS) capillary has been used in designing an optical fiber Cr VI sensor for monitoring Cr VI ions in water samples. The FFS capillary is similar to a conventional silica optical fiber in that it can guide light in the wavelength region from the UV to the near IR but different from a conventional optical fiber in that it is a tubular waveguide. The inner surface of the FFS capillary is fused silica, which one can modify to design an optical fiber chemical sensor. The FFS capillary has a cladding layer plus a protective polymer coating on its outside surface. The cladding layer ensures the ability of the FFS capillary to guide light. The protective coating increases the FFS capillary's mechanical strength and makes it robust for practical applications. Compared with conventional silica optical fibers, it is much easier and more feasible to use this FFS capillary to fabricate long-path (tens of meters to thousands of meters) evanescent-wave based chemical sensors. We describe a Cr VI sensor based on the intrinsic evanescent-wave absorption by Cr VI ions in a water sample filled inside the capillary as an example of use of a FFS capillary in chemical sensor design. This simple sensor, using a 30 m light-guiding FFS capillary as a transducer, has the capability of detecting as little as 31 parts in 10(9) of Cr VI in a water sample, which is close to the detection limit of some sophisticated, expensive analytical instruments.     

Dynamics of Interface Displacement in Capillary Flow

The dynamics of capillary flow has several practical applications in the industry and has been extensively investigated. The main focuses in these studies are the motion of the interface, especially near the three-phase contact line, and the change of contact angle during the invasion process. In this work we present several simulations results of capillary invasion in two- and three-dimensions, using the Lattice–Boltzmann model based on field mediators. We investigate the velocity field near the solid surface, the changes in the contact angle as a consequence of the flow, and the boundary conditions that can be used in the inlet and outlet of the capillary tube. In all simulations the diameter of tube is made large enough to enable the evaluation of the contact angle directly from the density field and the results of capillary rise are compared with a theoretical model based on the Bosanquet equation, which includes capillary, viscous, inertial and gravitational effects.     

进气道内衬筒形等离子体隐身性能三维模拟

针对飞机进气道等离子体隐身问题,建立了三维筒形进气道模型,采用有限元求解波动方程,计算了腔体内壁覆盖均匀等离子体时的雷达散射截面。研究表明:腔体内覆盖等离子体时可以有效吸收入射电磁波能量;吸收随电磁波频率增加而减弱,但由于腔体结构作用,会存在几个吸收峰;吸收随电子数密度增加而增强,但电子数密度过高时,吸收效果会变差;最佳碰撞频率虽然与电磁波频率和电子数密度有关,但其值可约为9GHz;吸收随等离子体厚度增加而变大,但在较大电子数密度时,由于电磁波在等离子体与空气交界面处反射导致厚度增加,从而使得吸收变小;选取合适的入射角度和等离子体数密度可以在1~3GHz频段实现明显的隐身效果。     

On-line matrix addition for detecting aerosol particles

Single aerosol particles were measured by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) with an aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometer (ATOFMS). The inlet to the ATOFMS was coupled with an evaporation/condensation flow cell that allowed matrix addition by condensation onto the particles. The coated particles entered the ion source through three-stage differentially pumped capillary inlet and were then ionized by a focused 266 nm Nd:YAG laser. The mass spectra and aerodynamic size of the single particles can be obtained simultaneously. The on-line matrix addition technique makes it possible to identify biological aerosols in real-time.     

Simulation of x-ray transmission through an ellipsoidal capillary

This paper develops a simulation program for x-ray transmission in an ellipsoidal capillary based on a ray-tracing method.The influence of the parameters of ellipsoidal capillary and x-ray energy on transmission efficiency,full width at half maximum and power density gain of x-ray beams through an ellipsoidal capillary was analysed by this program.It shows that the particular rules of the ellipsoidal capillary x-ray lens are different from the polycapillary lens.Furthermore,this analysis method can be applied to the optimized design of ellipsoidal capillary.     

燃料电池阴极相变临界电流模拟

本文根据直接甲醇燃料电池(DMFCs)阴极运行工况特性,考虑一个简单的一维模型,分析水蒸气饱和凝结成水的条件,从而得到电池阴极从单相流动到两相流动的临界电流值。分析结果表明:阴极气体进口速度增大使临界电流密度增大;临界电流随阴极气体进口相对湿度的增加而线性下降;临界电流随流道变长而减小;电池运行温度高有利于提高电池的临界电流。     

回收湿焓的新风换气节能空调换热部件的两相流模拟

本文着眼于一种回收湿焓的新风换气节能空调,基于Volume of Fluid算法,建立其核心换热部件波纹板换热器板外两相流传热传质的计算模型,并利用该模型模拟分析了壁面热流密度、喷淋水入口温度、喷淋水量、气相进口速度及板间距等因素对板外传热性能的影响。结果表明:热流密度对壁面温度、两相界面温度的影响是线性的;壁面热流密度增大、冷却水喷淋密度减小、气相进口速度提高、板间距减小对传热传质效果具有强化作用。     

毛细管等离子体射流技术研究现状及应用前景

 毛细管放电等离子体是近年来发展起来的一种新型脉冲高能粒子源，可以产生高温、高密和高速等离子体射流，具有推进、发射、加速等功能，可以加热或引燃化学工质，具有广泛的应用前景。介绍了毛细管等离子体的基本原理和特点，综述了国内外研究现状，对毛细管等离子体应用前景进行了展望，以期引起我国对这一技术研究的重视，促进毛细管等离子体技术的发展。     

The exact solution of the equation for diffusion of a three-component mixture through a capillary

The exact solution of the equation for steady-state diffusion of a three-component mixture is presented for a closed system of two capillary-connected bulbs. The solution, obtained in the whole range of concentrations, makes it possible to compute the concentration profiles of the components and the distribution of the mixture density over the capillary. It is shown that an extremum of the mixture density may arise inside of the capillary when the components greatly differ in diffusion coefficients. Specifically, when the mixture in the lower bulb is denser than in the upper one and the stratification of the system is stable, an inverse density gradient region may occur in the capillary, this region being unstable against gravitational convection.     

A study of laser action on a free-molecular flow of atoms in a capillary

We found experimentally that resonance laser irradiation of a rarefied flow of atoms in a capillary causes their density at the exit to decrease. We established a dependence of the change in atomic density on the excitation intensity. The observed effect is shown to be related to the flow heating caused by hyperelastic collisions of excited atoms with the capillary wall. We describe the gas heating in a capillary taking into account the energy relaxation of hot atoms as they collide with the wall. We show that our experimental results can be explained by assuming that the energy accommodation coefficient for hot atoms during their collisions with the wall is close to unity.