15～20 mA多峰负氢离子源全三维数值模拟

对自主开发的全三维粒子模拟/蒙特卡罗(PIC/MCC)算法进行了阐述,包括算法流程设计、碰撞处理机制等。采用该算法对中国原子能科学研究院研制的15~20mA负氢离子源进行数值模拟研究,结果显示:该多峰会切离子源能得到空间分布均匀的离子束,采用优化后的虚拟过滤场,不仅能有效过滤高能电子,还将导致离子源下游区域低能电子增多,有效提高负氢离子体积产生效率。     

体积产生负氢离子能量沉积及引出效率数值模拟研究

深入研究了负氢离子输运及能量沉积机理,采用全三维蒙特卡罗碰撞方法处理负氢离子与其他粒子间的碰撞,运用CHIPIC软件平台下的PIC(particle-incell)技术处理粒子的储存和磁场约束作用,在此基础上,对JAEA 10 A离子源中体积产生负氢离子输运和散射情景进行了模拟,并分析和讨论了不同气压和过滤磁场对体积产生负氢离子传输和引出特性的影响.结果显示:气压越大,体积产生负氢离子碰撞损耗越大,体积产生负氢离子达到器壁的数量和被引出的数量都越小;低气压放电环境中,过滤磁场对体积负氢离子的引出影响更强烈,且过滤磁场越大,引出效果越差.     

Japan Atomic Energy Agency 10 Ampere多峰负氢离子源全三维数值诊断

本文研制了全三维粒子模拟/蒙特卡罗碰撞算法, 并采用该算法对国外研究较热的 Japan Atomic Energy Agency 10 Ampere (JAEA 10A) 离子源进行了全方位的数值诊断, 探索了电子能量沉积过程中电子的横向漂移和能量分布规律, 分析了离子源放电的主要物理参数对电子沉积的影响作用. 模拟及分析结果显示: 电子横向漂移 (-Y方向) 来源于过滤区的磁漂移, 增加过滤磁场, 导致磁漂移增大, 横向漂移加剧, 且电子的利用率增大; 提高放电室气压, 电子的碰撞更频繁, 进而加剧横向非均匀性, 也同时提高电子的利用率. 关键词： Japan Atomic Energy Agency 10 Ampere 多峰负氢离子源 全三维粒子模拟/蒙特卡罗碰撞     

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研究了矩形永磁体的理论计算方法,深入剖析了PIC-MCC处理算法,在粒子模拟软件平台下研制了全三维PIC-MCC模拟算法,并采用该算法数值研究了J-PARC多峰离子源放电特性,分析了J-PARC离子源电子能量沉积过程和体积产生机制,讨论了该离子源在光学特性和设计思路上的优势。结果显示:该离子源能产生空间均匀的负氢离子离子束,且体积负氢离子产生效率较高。     

多峰离子源的三维数值模拟优化与设计

本文理论计算了多峰离子源永磁体, 采用二体碰撞模型处理电子之间的库仑碰撞, 运用空碰撞方法处理电子与氢元素相关粒子碰撞, 开发了全三维粒子模拟-蒙特卡罗模拟算法, 并采用此软件对热门多峰离子源JET-60U的两种优化设计模型进行数值模拟研究, 探索了两种离子源空间分布特性和体积负氢离子产率相关问题, 提出了负氢离子源设计的基本思想: 适当调整离子源多峰磁场分布情况可以输出均匀离子束; 适当调整引出磁场大小和离子源结构, 可以达到离子束空间均匀性和高产率兼顾的效果.     

表面产生负氢离子引出MCC算法设计

本文深入研究负氢离子输运及引出物理机理,理论分析了交换电荷反应及库仑碰撞过程,并设计了相应数值计算模块.在此基础上,采用有限差分法计算负氢离子所受洛伦兹力,运用蒙特卡罗碰撞方法处理负氢离子与其他粒子间的碰撞,成功研制了表面产生负氢离子输运及引出的全三维MCC算法,结合国外热门离子源JAEA 10A离子源进行模拟验证,结果显示:随着过滤磁场增大,引出离子数越大,离子源空间生存离子总数越小;当过滤磁场较小时,气压越大引出离子数越多,当过滤磁场较大时,气压越小引出离子数越多.     

JAERI 10 A 离子源体积产生效率数值优化

阐述了拥有自主知识产权的粒子模拟-蒙特卡罗算法, 采用该算法数值研究了JAERI 10 A多峰离子源放电特性, 并分析主要放电参数(气压、放电电极位置、过滤磁场大小、放电电压等)对体积产生率的影响. 模拟结果显示: 为了得到高体积负氢离子产量, 过滤磁场不宜太大, 放电电压不宜太小, 而应该适当选取过滤磁场和放电电压, 主要通过同时调节气压和放电位置来实现离子源优化.     

氢原子传输及负氢离子产生全三维数值模拟研究

理论分析了负氢离子源中中性粒子传输特性及引出电极表面产生负氢离子(H^-)的物理过程, 研究了引出孔传输率对氢原子传输的影响,深入剖析了氢原子与不同属性导体壁碰撞以及碰撞后反射的物理情景.基于CHIPIC软件平台,成功研制了全三维 Particle-in-cell with Monte Carlo Collision 氢原子传输及负氢离子产生物理过程的模拟算法,并采用JAEA 10A负氢离子源进行模拟验证.模拟达到稳态后,氢原子平均能量约为0.57 eV, 且H原子呈现+Y漂移,当非均匀氢原子束轰击引出壁时,导致产生的负氢离子空间分布不均匀. 这些模拟结果都与文献符合,验证了算法的可靠性.     

多峰场负氢离子源磁体布局对等离子体特性影响的数值模拟研究

负氢离子源的研究对于响应国家散裂中子源建设和国际热核聚变实验堆计划的开展都具有十分重要的意义. 由于离子源本身的物理特性导致数值模拟成为不可或缺的研究手段, 基于此, 首先对自主研发的全三维粒子模拟/蒙特卡罗碰撞算法进行阐述, 然后对负氢离子体积过程进行描述, 并在此基础上对中国原子能研究中心的多峰质子源进行了系统仿真, 在引出磁体极性相同和相反两种情形下, 分别对多峰质子源放电特性进行了讨论和分析. 结果显示: 在相反极性下, 两引出磁体附近的磁漂移方向相同且数值较大, 即磁漂移剧烈, 导致电子总数较大且高能电子在特定区域活跃, 进而负氢离子体积产率较高, 即负氢离子在空间呈现Y漂移; 反之, 在相同极性下, 电子约束效果相对较差且负氢离子体积产率较低, 但其空间分布均匀.     

大面积负离子束源磁过滤器的设计及实验研究

中性束注入是磁约束核聚变能研究中重要的辅助加热手段。大面积负离子源是中性束注入系统的核心部件。在负离子源工作过程中,负离子的电子结合能非常小(约0.75e V),极易被高能电子破坏。为此需要设计过滤磁场降低电子温度,减少负离子的损失,同时也可以减少伴随引出的电子。根据大面积负离子束源的机械结构,分别设计了永磁体产生过滤磁场和利用等离子体电极(PG)电流产生磁场两种磁过滤器结构;通过有限元算法对产生的过滤磁场进行模拟分析和优化,完成了大面积负离子束源过滤磁场的研制。在负离子束源测试平台开展实验测试,引出区电子温度从5eV降至1eV。这个结果初步验证了大面积负离子束源的过滤磁场的性能,为大面积负离子束源的研制提供了支持。     

基于负氢离子源的全三维PIC/MCC模拟算法研究

在分析负氢离子源中等离子体物理机理基础下, 研究并优化粒子模拟算法, 设计高效的粒子存储方法. 研究并运用粒子碰撞蒙特卡罗方法, 考虑等离子体势以及带电粒子间库仑碰撞, 研制了全三维粒子模拟/蒙特卡罗算法(PIC/MCC). 采用磁荷模型, 运用时域有限差分方法计算多峰磁场, 并结合国外负氢离子源JT-60U, 考虑负氢离子源中主要反应, 对全三维PIC/MCC模拟算法模拟验证.     

Magnetic microhelix coil structures

Together with the well-known ferro- and antiferromagnetic ordering, nature has created a variety of complex helical magnetic configurations. Here, we design and investigate three-dimensional microhelix coil structures that are radial-, corkscrew-, and hollow-bar-magnetized. The magnetization configurations of the differently magnetized coils are experimentally revealed by probing their specific dynamic response to an external magnetic field. Helix coils offer an opportunity to realize microscale geometries of the magnetic toroidal moment, observed so far only in bulk multiferroic materials.     

Entropic and conformational study of isolated double-tethered chains by three-dimensional lattice simulations

Double-tethered polymers are a kind of linear polymer with a peculiar topological constraint; that is, both of its end-points are attached to a plane which the polymer segments cannot penetrate. The effects of the constraint on the polymer's configurational and entropic properties were investigated by means of a three-dimensional lattice simulation that combined a previously proposed idea with a very efficient chain generation algorithm. In particular, the value of a topology-dependent critical exponent was estimated for the double-tethered configurations. This data is the first report on isolated and double-tethered chains. Also, two optional types of tethered-polymer were investigated as asymptotes of the double- and single-tethered configurations.     

Noncollinear magnetic order in quasicrystals

Based on Monte Carlo simulations, the stable magnetization configurations of an antiferromagnet on a quasiperiodic tiling are derived theoretically. The exchange coupling is assumed to decrease exponentially with the distance between magnetic moments. It is demonstrated that the superposition of geometric frustration with the quasiperiodic ordering leads to a three-dimensional noncollinear antiferromagnetic spin structure. The structure can be divided into several ordered interpenetrating magnetic supertilings of different energy and characteristic wave vector. The number and the symmetry of subtilings depend on the quasiperiodic ordering of atoms.     

Pure multipoles from strong permanent magnets: analytic and experimental results

We present the construction of arbitrary multipole field configurations from strong permanent magnets for trapping charged or neutral particles. A general analytic method for the design of three-dimensional magnetic multipoles is discussed for an idealized continuously varying magnetisation taking advantage of the superposition principle. Simple recipes for constructing magnetic dipole and quadrupole fields are given with two types of elements, axially and radially magnetised rings. Cylindrical magnet components not only give free access to the experimental region of interest, but also allow for some tunability to reduce undesirable higher multipole orders. Measurements confirm theoretical predictions achieving useful magnetic fields of 1 T and steep gradients of 3 T/cm with high purity over several ccm.     

Electrically controllable surface magnetism on the surface of topological insulators

We study theoretically the RKKY interaction between magnetic impurities on the surface of three-dimensional topological insulators, mediated by the helical Dirac electrons. Exact analytical expression shows that the RKKY interaction consists of the Heisenberg-like, Ising-like, and Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya (DM)-like terms. It provides us a new way to control surface magnetism electrically. The gap opened by doped magnetic ions can lead to a short-range Bloembergen-Rowland interaction. The competition among the Heisenberg, Ising, and DM terms leads to rich spin configurations and an anomalous Hall effect on different lattices.     

MR fingerprinting reconstruction with Kalman filter

Magnetic resonance fingerprinting (MR fingerprinting or MRF) is a newly introduced quantitative magnetic resonance imaging technique, which enables simultaneous multi-parameter mapping in a single acquisition with improved time efficiency. The current MRF reconstruction method is based on dictionary matching, which may be limited by the discrete and finite nature of the dictionary and the computational cost associated with dictionary construction, storage and matching.In this paper, we describe a reconstruction method based on Kalman filter for MRF, which avoids the use of dictionary to obtain continuous MR parameter measurements. With this Kalman filter framework, the Bloch equation of inversion-recovery balanced steady state free-precession (IR-bSSFP) MRF sequence was derived to predict signal evolution, and acquired signal was entered to update the prediction. The algorithm can gradually estimate the accurate MR parameters during the recursive calculation. Single pixel and numeric brain phantom simulation were implemented with Kalman filter and the results were compared with those from dictionary matching reconstruction algorithm to demonstrate the feasibility and assess the performance of Kalman filter algorithm.The results demonstrated that Kalman filter algorithm is applicable for MRF reconstruction, eliminating the need for a pre-define dictionary and obtaining continuous MR parameter in contrast to the dictionary matching algorithm.     

Momentum and spin filtering of electrons on the surface of a topological insulator

We study theoretically electron tunneling through planar magnetic barrier arrays on the surface of a three-dimensional topological insulator. Interestingly, the transmission displays a collimation behavior at some specific incident angles. This feature provides us a new way to construct a momentum and spin filter in topological insulators.     

基于水平集的牙齿牙槽骨图像分割

口腔锥形束计算机断层扫描（Cone Beam Computed Tomography,CBCT）图像中牙齿及牙槽骨的分割对骨性结构的三维重建提供了基础,是实现牙齿牙槽骨三维可视化的必要步骤.本文根据牙齿及牙槽骨特点,将一种改进的势阱函数与水平集模型结合,克服以往势阱函数在部分区域出现“停止演化”或“过快演化”的缺陷,并将其应用在对牙齿牙槽骨的分割当中.采用多次小方差高斯滤波叠加的方式对图像进行序贯滤波预处理,解决单一方差高斯滤波难以有效滤除CBCT图像中噪声的问题,为准确分割提供了条件;基于序列图像相邻两张图片中同一牙齿的轮廓变化不大这一特点,以当前层的分割结果作为下一层曲线演化的初始轮廓,使得用更少的迭代次数得到相同结果,从而提高分割速度.另外,本文还将该算法应用于口腔磁共振图像中,并成功对单颗牙齿进行了分割.