Role of interactions of triplets of atoms in the formation of elastic properties of cubic crystals

It is widely known that the interaction of triplets of particles (which are not reducible to the sum of pair interactions) play an important role in formation the nonlinear and anisotropic properties of crystals. The aim of this work is to establish a general form of the dependence of these properties on interactions of triplets of atoms that is dependent only on the structure of the crystals. To separate the interactions of triplets of atoms from those of quadruples, we assume that the energy of triplets of interacting atoms depends only on the characteristics of a triangle whose vertices are the centers of gravity of interacting atoms. In this model, the internal energy must therefore be invariant upon rearrangement of the numbers of interacting atoms and any rotation of the triangle in isotropic space, P(3) × O(3). To specify the form of energy dependence on characteristics of selected triangles, we constructed an integral rational basis of invariants in dependence on the components of the vectors connecting the vertices of each triangle. Using the example of a simple dependence of the energy on basic invariants, we show how to move from the assumed energy dependence on invariants to the dependence of energy on lattice sums.     

催化裂解CH4制备碳纳米管的影响因素

以柠檬酸法制备的Fe MgO、Co MgO和Ni MgO为催化剂 ,CH4 为碳源气 ,H2 为还原气 ,在 873、973和 10 73K制备出碳纳米管 ,通过TEM和拉曼光谱表征 ,讨论了催化剂、制备温度、反应时间等因素对碳纳米管形貌、产率和内部结构的影响 .结果表明 :不同的催化剂在相同的温度下制备的碳纳米管的形态和内部结构有很大的差异 .其中Fe MgO催化剂制备的碳纳米管管径粗 ,且大小不均匀 ,而Ni MgO催化剂制备的碳纳米管管径较细、较均匀 .碳纳米管的产率随着裂解温度的变化而改变 .Fe MgO催化剂制备碳纳米管的产率随制备温度的升高而提高 ,而Ni MgO催化剂制备碳纳米管的产率随制备温度的升高而降低 .Fe MgO催化剂制备碳纳米管 ,在10 73K甚至更高的制备温度才能达到其最高产率 .Co MgO催化剂制备碳纳米管的产率在 973K左右产率较高 ,而用Ni MgO催化剂制备碳纳米管 ,则在 873K甚至更低的制备温度就能达到最高产率 .反应时间与碳纳米管的产率不成正比 ,有一最佳反应时间 ,如Ni MgO催化剂的最佳反应时间为 2h .     

Assembly of single-walled carbon nanotubes on patterns of Au nanoparticles

We report on the assembly of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) and gold nanoparticles (NPs) hybrid structure without any surface modification of SWNTs on patterns of Au nanoparticles (NPs). Microscale Au NP patterns were created on composite self-assembled monolayer (SAM) templates of octadecanethiol (ODT) and octanedithiol (OD) through self-assembly of Au NPs via the thiol-Au chemical bond onto the OD region. On such templates, we observed extensive adhesion and strong affinity of SWNTs on the Au NPs and no SWNT on ODT. We also examined systematically the adhesion of SWNTs on ODT with varying coverage of vapour-deposited Au. We observed little SWNT attachment even when there are high-density of Au clusters on the ODT SAM. Extensive adhesion of SWNTs is observed only when the coverage of ODT by Au is almost complete. Dynamic contact angle measurements of dichlorobenzene on the ODT/Au substrates revealed a direct correlation between the surface wettability and the SWNT assembly on a molecular template.     

Continuity of state functions of the Bose gas

In this paper we show that some state functions of the Bose gas, especially the entropy, depend continuously on the energy levels for the free Hamiltonian and on perturbations of the free Hamiltonian by operators of degree 0. The method used here is to introduce an appropriate topology on the density matrices and on the perturbations of the free Hamiltonian.     

航天器空间静电效应研究进展

航天器在轨运行过程中面临的空间环境复杂多变,高能电子、等离子体环境、低气压、大温差等环境因素会引起航天器发生静电带电和放电效应,对航天器的安全运行造成严重影响。基于国内外试验数据和案例分析了空间环境引起的航天器故障,从数值仿真软件、地面模拟技术、强场诱发放电以及防护技术等方面介绍了空间环境作用下航天器充放电效应研究进展,对我国目前研究差距和未来研究方向进行了展望。研究表明:我国航天器充放电效应防护技术研究取得了进步,下一步重点针对空间站、深空探测、探月工程等新任务,进一步拓展空间环境作用下航天器充放电效应机理和防护新技术研究,为提升我国航天器的安全性和可靠性提供技术支撑。     

小液滴撞击壁面传热特性数值分析

小液滴撞击壁面现象在喷雾冷却等领域都有广泛应用.为研究小液滴(微米)撞击热壁面(非沸腾区)传热过程,建立了二维液滴撞壁瞬态模型,并采用相场方法对小液滴换热过程中对流热通量和导热热通量的大小进行了对比.研究结果表明:液滴撞击壁面初期形成“冷斑”,有利于小液滴与壁面的传热;小液滴撞击壁面过程中热通量峰值存在于三相接触点附近,数量级在105—106 W/m²;小液滴撞击壁面过程中受壁面浸润性和液滴尺寸对传导热通量的影响较为显著,而速度和液滴尺寸对对流热通量的影响较为显著;大多数情况下,小液滴撞击壁面传导热通量数量级在103—105 W/m²,对流热通量数量级在104—106 W/m²,对流热通量大于传导热通量,在整个换热过程中占据主导地位.     

Numerical analysis of the dynamics of vapor bubbles

The nonlinear dynamics of vapor bubbles for the external pressure changing in steps is numerically analyzed based on a complete system of hydrodynamic equations without regard to the internal heat problem. Primary attention is focused on analyzing the applied numerical algorithms and on determining the conditions of complete vapor cavity collapse during first oscillation periods, depending on three parameters: Peclet number, Jacob number, and wave intensity.     

湿颗粒堆力学特性的离散元法模拟研究

利用基于线性黏聚接触模型的离散元法对不同颗粒系统的堆积过程进行了数值模拟研究,分析了颗粒形状和湿颗粒间液桥力对颗粒堆积形态的影响机理,获得了球形和块状湿颗粒堆基底表面所受的法向力以及堆中颗粒间的法向力和切向力"中心凹陷"式的分布规律,讨论了颗粒形状和黏聚能量密度对基底表面作用力和颗粒间作用力的影响.研究结果表明,颗粒形状和液桥力对颗粒堆的堆积形态具有显著的影响.堆积角随着黏聚能量密度的增加而增大,并且相同条件下的块状颗粒堆积角大于球形颗粒.颗粒形状和黏聚能量密度对基底表面所受作用力和堆中颗粒间的作用力变化及最大幅值均有影响作用.当黏聚能量密度值逐渐增大时,颗粒堆的作用力最大幅值均逐渐增大,并且块状颗粒堆的作用力最大幅值大于球形颗粒堆.当黏聚能量密度值过大时,颗粒堆力学特性更加复杂,液桥力对颗粒堆积特性的影响作用大于颗粒形状的影响.     

Effect of ionization of condensing flux and transverse electric field on nucleation of metal films on ionic crystals

Experimental data on the effect of ions in the flux of condensing metal on the orientation of island metal films on alkali halide crystals are given. The effect of ionization of the condensing flux and the transverse electric field is explained on the basis of a previously proposed model of nucleation and oriented growth on point defects on the crystalline substrate.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 11, pp. 35–39, November, 1979.     

Calculation of geometries and chemisorption energies of adatoms on simple metals

We report results of calculations with a formalism that in principle applies quite generally for chemisorption on a real metallic substrate. Including the substrate structure within perturbation theory on a self-consistent jellium-plus-adatom calculation, we have computed the dependence of the binding energy of an adatom on the surface geometry. Specifically, in the case of hydrogen on Al, our model calculation predicts that the stable positions are bridge configurations on the (100) and (110) surfaces and atop positions on the (111) surface, and that they have almost the same heats of chemisorption (1.8–2.0 eV). For geometrical reasons the bridge configuration seems to be a reasonable result while the atop result for the (111) surface is more uncertain. Thus, chemisorption of H on Al should require predissociation of the H₂ gas. In addition, the predicted values for hydrogen desorption imply that measurements on H on Al surfaces should be performed at low temperatures to avoid desorption. Results for H on a jellium of Na density indicates that hydrogen should be absorbed in rather than adsorbed on Na metal.     

NMR波谱技术在两亲分子聚集体研究中的应用

通过近年来NMR技术在两亲分子聚集体研究中的应用实例,特别在弛豫时间、自扩散系数测定、谱线宽度、化学位移等方面取得的研究结果,对确定的两亲分子聚集性质、聚集体结构和聚集体性质的研究进行了较为详细的介绍.主要侧重点在于介绍1HNMR、13CNMR、19FNMR及2H四极分裂谱等技术在两亲分子聚集体结构及结构演变研究中的应用,特别在胶束、囊泡和微乳液结构确定上的应用.     

Binding states of CO on single crystal planes of Pt

Flash desorption mass spectrometry and Auger electron spectroscopy are used to compare the binding states, desorption and adsorption kinetics, and adsorbate densities on the (111), (100), (110), (211), and (210) crystal planes of clean Pt. Desorption obeys first order kinetics for all states with activation energies of the most tightly bound states varying from 36 kcal mole^?1 on (211) and (210) to 26 kcal mole^?1 on (110) and (111). The sticking coefficient is nearly unity on (110) and (210) and is 0.24 on (100). Multiple binding state (or breaks in the desorption activation energy versus coverage) are observed on all planes. The saturation CO density at 300 K is highest on the (100), (210), and (211) planes and lowest on (110). Properties of (210) and (211) cannot be explained simply in terms of sites on the other planes, and adsorption indicates that none of the planes facet. Previous models of CO on (111) and (110) are compared with present results, and structures are suggested for the other planes.     

The Mechanism of Formation of Nanostructures of Hexagonal Symmetry on Surfaces of Metals by a Sequence of Doubled Ultrashort Pulses of Radiation of Orthogonal Polarization

Optics and Spectroscopy - Recent experimental results on formation of ordered surface nanostructures of hexagonal symmetry on metals under the action of a series of scanned doubled collinear...     

菁染料J-聚集体的微观结构研究

用原子力显微镜观察了阴阳离子菁染料及对应的阴离子菁染料和阳离子菁染料吸附在立方体(100)和八面体(111)溴碘化银乳剂颗粒表面形成的J-聚集体的微观结构,得到了3种不同排列的J-聚集体结构。研究结果表明,菁染料分子在溴碘化银颗粒表面不是单层吸附,而是以一定的形状聚集在溴碘化银表面。阴阳离子菁染料形成的J-聚集体为"鱼骨"状;阴离子菁染料的J-聚集体以"卡片堆积"式排列;阳离子菁染料J-聚集体为"磁砖"式结构。     

Fine structure of faces and imperfection of surface layers of shaped sapphire crystals

The development of faces on cylindrical and ribbon-shaped sapphire single crystals grown from a melt using the Stepanov method is investigated by optical and electronic microscopy. The crystallographic indices on the detected faces are established, and the microstructure of the growth layers is studied. The X-ray spectral microanalysis of foreign particles on the sapphire surface confirms the presence of molybdenum single crystals on it. Cathodoluminescence spectra of surface layers of sapphire single crystals are obtained.     

CFETR ΢�����Ԥ������ƽ�չ

Based on parameters of the recent zero-dimensional design of CFETR the research and design for microwave diagnostics are conducted. The reflectometry system works with a combination of both O-mode and X-mode. Besides, the measurement is conducted on high field side and low field side simultaneously in order to obtain the entire density profile. O-mode of the first harmonic of electron cyclotron emission (ECE) is used to measure the core electron temperature profile while X-mode measurement of the second harmonic can provide the edge temperature profile. In order to verify the applicability of the new technique on CFETR, a multi-band coupler based on the frequency select surfaces has been developed on EAST to offer the feasible solution for the multi-band coupling technical requirement on CFETR.     

Analysis of the dependence of the microwave generation power of a low-voltage vircator on controlling parameters

The results of experimental and theoretical analysis of the dependence of the generation power of a low-voltage vircator, viz., a nonrelativistic electrovacuum device based on a high-intensity electron beam with a virtual cathode, on the values of controlling parameters are considered. The dependences of the generation power on the decelerating potential and on the beam current are analyzed.     

Influence of pressure and paramagnetic impurities on properties of superconductors

An investigation is made of the influence of a Fermi-surface topology change under pressure and paramagnetic impurities on the superconducting transition temperature, on the order parameter and on the energy gap at zero temperature. The critical impurity concentrations are not the universal values and depend on the valence difference between the impurity atoms and the metal atoms.     

Analysis of the features of meniscus profile curves during growth of base-faceted sapphire ribbons

The dependence of the step parameters on the surface of base-faceted sapphire ribbons on the angle of deviation of crystallographic orientation has been measured. A model of step formation on the lateral ribbon surface is proposed. Hysteretic character of the dependence of the lateral ribbon surface inclination on the meniscus angle at the triple point is shown. The shapes of the lateral surfaces are calculated and the range of variation in the meniscus angle is determined.     

共面线多阳极大面积光电倍增管的研制

提出了一种新型的基于共面线结构的多阳极光电倍增管(CPWMA-PMT),可实现大的工作面积、反射式光电阴极和近贴式聚焦方式。阐述了CPWMA-PMT的工作原理,分析了设计与研制中的关键问题。对所研制的CPLMA-PMT进行了参量测试,验证了在近贴聚焦工作条件下采用共面线多阳极结构的可行性,并提出了进一步的改进方向。