木质生物质转化高附加值化学品

本文阐述了木质生物质转化为主要化学品的类型及其转化途径,提出了从木质生物质转化高附加值化学品的新思路.木质生物质通过一定的降解或分解途径,可产生很多有重要价值的有机小分子化合物,这些有机小分子化合物有葡萄糖、木糖、苯丙烷单体及二聚体,气态小分子如CH4和CO,液态小分子如有机酸、醛、醇,重要基础平台化合物糠醛、乙酰丙酸、木糖醇、乙醇等.通过这些小分子有机化合物的转化,可产生替代石油基产品的高附加值化学品,对可持续发展具有重要意义.     

木质生物质转化高附加值化学品

本文阐述了木质生物质转化为主要化学品的类型及其转化途径,提出了从木质生物质转化高附加值化学品的新思路。木质生物质通过一定的降解或分解途径,可产生很多有重要价值的有机小分子化合物,这些有机小分子化合物有葡萄糖、木糖、苯丙烷单体及二聚体,气态小分子如CH4和CO,液态小分子如有机酸、醛、醇,重要基础平台化合物糠醛、乙酰丙酸、木糖醇、乙醇等。通过这些小分子有机化合物的转化,可产生替代石油基产品的高附加值化学品,对可持续发展具有重要意义。     

木质纤维素催化转化制备能源平台化合物

可再生生物质资源的能源化利用能有效缓解能源短缺和环境恶化的双重压力。木质纤维素类生物质原料通过催化转化途径可以转化成为用途广泛的平台化合物,如呋喃类化合物、多元醇和有机酸及其酯类衍生物等。以这些平台化合物为原料,通过基元反应的转化可以制备高附加值的生物质基液体燃料。基于上述背景,本文概述了国内外木质纤维素通过不同催化转化途径制备各种新能源平台化合物的研究进展。目前木质纤维素制备新能源平台化合物的可行途径主要包括液体酸催化、固体酸催化、离子液体催化和多功能材料催化。在介绍这些催化途径的同时,重点讨论了所使用的催化剂,分析了仍然存在的问题和可能的解决措施,同时对今后该领域的研究前景进行了展望。     

生物质平台分子γ-戊内酯的研究进展

生物质是自然界存量丰富的可再生资源.随着化石资源的日渐枯竭,由生物质制备燃料和化学品引起人们关注.把生物质转化为燃料和化学品通常经过生物质平台分子步骤.在众多生物质平台分子中,γ-戊内酯(GVL)具有广泛的用途,有关γ-戊内酯的合成和转化的研究成为一个热点课题.由木质纤维素制备GVL已经开发出多种催化体系,将GVL转化为燃料、化学品以及高分子材料也有大量文献报道.着重从不同的原料、催化体系归纳GVL的合成路线和方法,为探索高效、经济、绿色、可持续的GVL合成途径提供思路,并对GVL的高效转化的研究加以总结,为发展新的转化技术,拓展应用范围提供参考.     

由甲壳素生物质合成含氮化学品研究进展

甲壳素是地球上储量丰富且含有生物固定氮元素的天然高分子。将甲壳素生物质高选择性转化为高值含氮化学品是利用甲壳素的有效策略,已经引起研究者的关注。本文综述了近年来由甲壳素及其衍生物(如壳聚糖等)合成氨基糖、氨基醇、氨基酸和杂环化合物等含氮高附加值化学品的研究进展,对甲壳素生物质的高值化利用进行了展望。     

表界面化学调控二维材料电催化生物质转化的研究进展

电催化生物质转化是以间歇式能源产生的电能驱动生物质电转化为高附加值有机化学品的过程,将其与水分解耦合能够产生高纯度氢气,具有有效降低化石燃料消耗、优化能源结构及解决环境问题的潜力.然而,由于生物质具有多个官能团及其转化反应涉及多个电子参与,电催化生物质转化面临着转化效率低、选择性差和稳定性不足等挑战.通过调控表面本征结构、构筑表面空位、引入表面杂原子和构建表面协同界面等一系列表界面化学工程对二维电催化材料进行设计和改性,实现对其表面电子结构和几何结构的优化,可以有效地改善二维材料的电转化效率、选择性和稳定性.本综述详细介绍了表界面化学改性二维材料电催化生物质转化的最新研究进展,总结了该研究领域存在的问题,并展望了其研究前景.     

油脂和木质纤维素催化转化制备生物液体燃料

世界范围能源短缺和环境恶化的双重压力促使可再生生物质资源的能源化利用成为当前研究的一个重要方向。生物质种类多样,但考虑到粮食安全等因素,其中油脂和木质纤维素适合替代化石资源用于制备液体燃料。本文概述了油脂和木质纤维素通过不同催化转化途径制备液体燃料的一些研究进展。油脂可以通过催化热裂解、加氢和酯交换方法制备生物液体燃料,而木质纤维素制备液体燃料的可行途径包括气化-费托合成、液化-精炼和经历平台化合物的选择性合成。在介绍这些催化途径的同时,特别讨论了其中所使用的催化剂和工艺等方面的研究进展,分析了存在的问题和可能的解决措施,以期能为生物质能源化利用的研究提供参考。     

生物质平台化合物电催化制备高值燃料与化学品研究进展

生物质是一类丰富的可再生碳基资源, 有望代替传统化石资源生产燃料和化学品, 受到了广泛关注和研究. 近年来, 电催化作为一种绿色高效的转化策略, 成为生物质催化转化的重要研究方向之一, 具有巨大的应用前景. 本文总结了生物质平台化合物电催化制备高附加值燃料与化学品的研究进展, 根据反应类型重点介绍了电催化氧化、 还原和偶联反应, 对催化反应过程和机理进行了阐述, 并对电催化生物炼制的前景进行了展望.     

水热条件下酸催化氧化木质纤维生物质制取乙酸

木质纤维基生物质是一类新的能够生产液体燃料和化学品的可再生资源. 本文研究了木质纤维生物质在水热条件下, 以少量无机酸作为酸催化剂, 氧气作为氧化剂(2.0 MPa), 经过"一锅两步法"转化成乙酸的反应. 以玉米秸秆作为反应原料时, 最高可以获得21.3 wt%的乙酸, 占据整个液体产物质量比例的84.6% (选择性). 同时, 将反应推广到玉米芯, 甘蔗渣, 竹子, 杨木和松木等多种生物质原料的转化, 同样取得了较高的乙酸产率. 最后, 我们对木质纤维生物质转化到乙酸的反应过程进行了研究. 研究表明木质纤维生物质中的碳水化合物六碳糖是乙酸的主要来源, 六碳糖经过脱水和水解生成乙酰丙酸中间体, 乙酰丙酸在氧化条件下断裂C-C键生成乙酸.     

生物质转化合成新能源化学品乙酰丙酸酯

生物质是唯一可替代化石资源获取液态燃料和化学品的可再生资源,近年来由生物质转化合成乙酰丙酸酯引起了研究者们越来越广泛的关注。乙酰丙酸酯是一类重要的化学中间体和新能源化学品,具有高的反应特性和广泛的工业应用价值。目前开发的从生物质资源出发转化合成乙酰丙酸酯的潜在合成途径可概括为4种:直接酸催化醇解法、经乙酰丙酸酯化、经5-氯甲基糠醛醇解和经糠醇醇解。本文分别介绍了这4种转化合成途径的化学反应过程及最新研究进展,从反应合成工艺、催化体系、经济可行性等方面评述了各自的特点与发展趋势,并分析了目前工业规模转化生物质合成乙酰丙酸酯仍面临的一些科学难点。最后,对今后该领域的研究前景进行了展望。     

汽爆技术促进中药资源高值化利用

汽爆技术在中药资源高值化利用中发挥的作用正在逐渐体现:汽爆处理打破中药植物细胞壁的屏障结构,有利于有效成分的分离提取;汽爆过程物料自体水解发生去糖苷化作用使天然植物中的苷元与糖基分离,提高苷类物质提取和分离效率;汽爆应用于中药炮制和中药脱毒有高效、快速和避免有效成分流失等优点;汽爆处理有利于中药非药用组分如纤维素、半纤维素等的有效分离和利用,联产乙醇、丁醇等能源和化工产品。本文对汽爆技术在中药资源高值化利用中的研究进展进行了综述。     

关于反馈键理论在小分子活化中的应用的讨论

小分子活化是目前的热门研究领域之一。利用过渡金属和小分子间的反馈键作用,是实现对自然界中稳定存在的二氧化碳、氮气、水和氢气等小分子的活化的一种重要策略。本文从分析过渡金属的d轨道和小分子的前线轨道的相互作用入手,对这一策略进行解读,希望可以帮助学生更好地理解在金属有机化学课程中学习到的反馈键理论。     

Transformations of biomass-derived platform molecules: from high added-value chemicals to fuels via aqueous-phase processing

Global warming issues and the medium-term depletion of fossil fuel reserves are stimulating researchers around the world to find alternative sources of energy and organic carbon. Biomass is considered by experts the only sustainable source of energy and organic carbon for our industrial society, and it has the potential to displace petroleum in the production of chemicals and liquid transportation fuels. However, the transition from a petroleum-based economy to one based on biomass requires new strategies since the petrochemical technologies, well-developed over the last century, are not valid to process the biomass-derived compounds. Unlike petroleum feedstocks, biomass derived platform molecules possess a high oxygen content that gives them low volatility, high solubility in water, high reactivity and low thermal stability, properties that favour the processing of these resources by catalytic aqueous-phase technologies at moderate temperatures. This tutorial review is aimed at providing a general overview of processes, technologies and challenges that lie ahead for a range of different aqueous-phase transformations of some of the key biomass-derived platform molecules into liquid fuels for the transportation sector and related high added value chemicals.     

Conversion of biomass to selected chemical products

This critical review provides a survey illustrated by recent references of different strategies to achieve a sustainable conversion of biomass to bioproducts. Because of the huge number of chemical products that can be potentially manufactured, a selection of starting materials and targeted chemicals has been done. Also, thermochemical conversion processes such as biomass pyrolysis or gasification as well as the synthesis of biofuels were not considered. The synthesis of chemicals by conversion of platform molecules obtained by depolymerisation and fermentation of biopolymers is presently the most widely envisioned approach. Successful catalytic conversion of these building blocks into intermediates, specialties and fine chemicals will be examined. However, the platform molecule value chain is in competition with well-optimised, cost-effective synthesis routes from fossil resources to produce chemicals that have already a market. The literature covering alternative value chains whereby biopolymers are converted in one or few steps to functional materials will be analysed. This approach which does not require the use of isolated, pure chemicals is well adapted to produce high tonnage products, such as paper additives, paints, resins, foams, surfactants, lubricants, and plasticisers. Another objective of the review was to examine critically the green character of conversion processes because using renewables as raw materials does not exempt from abiding by green chemistry principles (368 references).     

Highly Efficient Simulated Solar Light-Driven Photocatalytic Degradation of 4-Nitrophenol over CdS/Carbon/MoSx Hybrids

Among the various organic pollutants and industrial chemicals, 4-nitrophenol has been one of the most monitored substances in aqueous environments, due to its enhanced solubility in such systems. This research reports for the first time the microwave-assisted synthesis of CdS/carbon/MoS_x hybrids and the subsequent utilization of such systems as photocatalysts for 4-nitrophenol degradation. The hybrids demonstrated a variable photocatalytic activity, by using a variety of organic substances as precursors for the solvothermal carbonization step. By using ascorbic acid as precursor, the corresponding ternary composite exhibited excellent photocatalytic activity, with the 4-nitrophenol concentration been almost quantitatively decayed within 45 min of irradiation. This could be ascribed due to the generation of a high population of heterojunctions as well as the chemical speciation of Mo-based nanostructures. Such ternary hybrids may be utilized as potential photocatalytic systems in processes, where removal of toxic water-soluble substances is the key issue.     

生物质水热催化制备重要含氧化学品研究进展

作为唯一可再生、 分布广泛的绿色含碳资源, 生物质的高值化利用尤其是制备高品质含氧化学品日益引起研究者的广泛关注, 其中生物质水热催化制备重要含氧化学品是当前的一个重要研究方向. 本文对生物质经水热催化加氢、 脱水和水解制备多元醇、 5-羟甲基糠醛和乳酸的研究进展进行了系统总结和评述, 分析了催化剂的作用机制和产物生成机理, 并对生物质水热催化的研究前景进行了展望.     

Bio-refinery as the bio-inspired process to bulk chemicals

This paper describes several examples of knowledge-intensive technologies for the production of chemicals from biomass, which take advantage of the biomass structure in a more efficient way than the production of fuels or electricity alone. The depletion in fossil feedstocks, increasing oil prices, and the ecological problems associated with CO(2) emissions are forcing the development of alternative resources for energy, transport fuels, and chemicals, such as the replacement of fossil resources with CO(2) neutral biomass. Allied with this is the conversion of crude oil products utilizes primary products (ethylene, etc.) and their conversion into either materials or (functional) chemicals with the aid of co-reagents such as ammonia, by various process steps to introduce functionalities such as -NH(2) into the simple structures of the primary products. Conversely, many products found in biomass often contain functionalities. Therefore, it is attractive to exploit this in order to by-pass the use, and preparation of, co-reagents as well as to eliminate various process steps by utilizing suitable biomass-based precursors for the production of chemicals.     

Integrating Biomass into the Organonitrogen Chemical Supply Chain: Production of Pyrrole and d-Proline from Furfural

Production of renewable, high-value N-containing chemicals from lignocellulose will expand product diversity and increase the economic competitiveness of the biorefinery. Herein, we report a single-step conversion of furfural to pyrrole in 75 % yield as a key N-containing building block, achieved via tandem decarbonylation–amination reactions over tailor-designed Pd@S-1 and H-beta zeolite catalytic system. Pyrrole was further transformed into dl -proline in two steps following carboxylation with CO₂ and hydrogenation over Rh/C catalyst. After treating with Escherichia coli, valuable d -proline was obtained in theoretically maximum yield (50 %) bearing 99 % ee. The report here establishes a route bridging commercial commodity feedstock from biomass with high-value organonitrogen chemicals through pyrrole as a hub molecule.     

A Biocompatible Alkene Hydrogenation Merges Organic Synthesis with Microbial Metabolism

Organic chemists and metabolic engineers use orthogonal technologies to construct essential small molecules such as pharmaceuticals and commodity chemicals. While chemists have leveraged the unique capabilities of biological catalysts for small‐molecule production, metabolic engineers have not likewise integrated reactions from organic synthesis with the metabolism of living organisms. Reported herein is a method for alkene hydrogenation which utilizes a palladium catalyst and hydrogen gas generated directly by a living microorganism. This biocompatible transformation, which requires both catalyst and microbe, and can be used on a preparative scale, represents a new strategy for chemical synthesis that combines organic chemistry and metabolic engineering.