HKC细胞损伤前后对草酸钙晶体吞噬能力的差异

采用人类肾脏近端小管上皮细胞系(HKC)建立氧化性损伤模型,研究损伤前后HKC调控草酸钙(CaOxa)结晶的差异。采用CCK-8法检测HKC的细胞活性;利用激光共聚焦显微镜观察HKC损伤后表达的晶体粘附分子骨桥蛋白(OPN);采用倒置显微镜观察HKC的形态变化;采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察HKC微结构及其诱导的晶体;采用X射线衍射分析(XRD)表征晶体的组分。在CaOxa过饱和溶液中,正常HKC主要诱导形成二水草酸钙(COD)晶体,而损伤HKC则同时诱导了COD和一水草酸钙(COM)晶体。正常HKC对COD晶体有较强的吞噬能力,而损伤HKC的这种能力较弱;HKC损伤后表达OPN,促进CaOxa晶体的成核和聚集,从而增加了肾结石形成的危险性。     

肾小管上皮细胞损伤及其诱导草酸钙晶体成核

肾上皮细胞损伤可促进肾结石形成.本文采用过氧化氢(H2O2)对人类肾小管上皮细胞(HKC)进行了氧化损伤,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射分析(XRD)和倒置显微镜观察了HKC损伤前后的形态变化及其调控草酸钙(CaOxa)晶体成核、生长的差异;采用zeta电位分析仪检测了损伤前后HKC表面的zeta电位变化.结果表明,H2O2能明显地损伤HKC,降低细胞活性,且在H2O2浓度范围0.1～0.5mmol/L、作用时间0.5～1.5h内具有明显的剂量和时间的依赖性;使用0.5mmol/LH2O2作用1.5h可使HKC损伤达到饱和状态.HKC损伤程度增加后,其诱导的晶体数量显著增加,但晶体尺寸增加不明显(P0.05),表明损伤细胞诱导尿石症形成主要是增加晶体的成核位点而非促进晶体的生长.本文所建立的HKC氧化损伤的模型有助于进一步阐明CaOxa结石形成的细胞机制.     

肾上皮细胞损伤使草酸钙晶体黏附增强的分子机制

研究了非洲绿猴肾上皮细胞(Vero)在损伤前后与一水合草酸钙(COM)和二水合草酸钙(COD)晶体的黏附作用及其引起的细胞反应,探讨了肾结石形成机理.COM和COD晶体与损伤细胞的黏附加重了细胞的过氧化损伤程度,导致损伤细胞的活力进一步降低,乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)释放量和活性氧(ROS)进一步增加,坏死细胞数量进一步增多,细胞体积缩小,并出现凋亡小体.COM晶体对细胞的损伤能力显著大于COD晶体.扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观测结果表明,损伤组Vero与COM微晶的黏附作用显著强于对照组,且能促进COM微晶的聚集.共聚焦显微镜观测结果表明,Vero损伤后,其表面表达的晶体黏附分子透明质酸(HA)显著增加,HA分子是促进微晶黏附的重要原因.细胞表面草酸钙的黏附量和晶体聚集程度与细胞的损伤程度成正相关.本文结果从分子和细胞水平上提示,细胞损伤是导致草酸钙肾结石形成的重要因素.     

非洲绿猴肾上皮细胞的损伤模型及其对草酸钙生长的调控作用

采用H₂O₂对非洲绿猴肾上皮细胞(Vero)进行了损伤, 通过检测细胞存活率、培养基中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)浓度、丙二醛(MDA)释放量和细胞表面晶体粘附分子骨桥蛋白(OPN)的表达量变化, 检测了细胞的损伤程度. H₂O₂对Vero细胞的损伤作用呈现时间依赖性和浓度依赖性|细胞损伤后, MDA释放量增加, SOD浓度降低, OPN表达量显著增加, 导致粘附的晶体量增加. 利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)研究了细胞损伤前后对草酸钙(CaOxa)晶体生长的调控作用. 对照组细胞诱导生成的CaOxa晶体棱角圆钝, 同时含有一水草酸钙(COM)和二水草酸钙(COD)晶体|而损伤细胞诱导生成的晶体形状不规则, 棱角尖锐, 主要为COM晶体, 因此, 细胞损伤后增加了草酸钙结石形成的危险性. 所建立的Vero细胞氧化损伤模型有助于从细胞水平上阐明草酸钙结石的形成机制.     

修复前后Vero细胞调控草酸钙晶体生长的差异

采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和流式细胞仪等多种方法研究了降解大豆多糖(SPS)对损伤的非洲绿猴肾上皮细胞(Vero)的修复作用;研究了修复前后Vero调控草酸钙(CaOxa)晶体形成的差异。经H2O2氧化损伤的Vero在被SPS修复后,其细胞活力、细胞外SOD活性及细胞内线粒体膜电位均增加,细胞形态逐渐恢复到接近正常细胞。在诱导草酸钙(CaOxa)晶体生长过程中,修复细胞可以减少棱角尖锐的一水草酸钙(COM)晶体生成,诱导更多的二水草酸钙(COD)晶体。三种状态Vero诱导的晶体尺寸从小到大顺序为:正常细胞<修复细胞<损伤细胞。本文结果表明,降解大豆多糖可以修复受损伤的Vero细胞,降低肾结石形成的危险性,提示SPS有可能是一种潜在的绿色防石药物。     

不同草酸/钙摩尔比条件下草酸钙晶体的生长及对HK-2细胞的毒性

研究了不同草酸/钙(Ox/Ca)摩尔比对CaOx晶体在损伤前后的人肾近曲小管上皮细胞(HK-2)表面的生长差异及形成的晶体对细胞的毒性差异. 实验结果表明, CaOx过饱和溶液对正常细胞和损伤细胞均会产生进一步的损伤, 导致细胞活力、 溶酶体的完整性和线粒体膜电位降低, 而细胞内活性氧(ROS)、 细胞骨架的紊乱程度、 磷酯酰丝氨酸(PS)外翻比例和骨桥蛋白(OPN)表达量均增加; 且随着过饱和溶液中Ox/Ca摩尔比的增加而损伤加重. 正常细胞主要诱导二水草酸钙(COD)晶体形成, 且COD的含量与Ox/Ca摩尔比成正相关. 损伤细胞表面主要生成一水草酸钙(COM), 且晶体的数量和聚集程度与Ox/Ca摩尔比成正相关. 相比于正常细胞, 损伤细胞诱导的晶体棱角更加尖锐, 其对细胞的损伤大于棱角圆钝的晶体. 实验结果还表明, 降低CaOx的过饱和度、 减小Ox/Ca摩尔比和修复受损伤的肾上皮细胞均有利于抑制CaOx结石形成.     

不同晶相的草酸钙晶体引起肾上皮细胞的毒性差异

采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、激光共聚焦显微镜(LSM)、流式细胞仪、电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP)等方法比较研究了尺寸约1.2 μm的一水草酸钙(COM)和二水草酸钙(COD)晶体对非洲绿猴肾上皮细胞(Vero细胞)的损伤差异.COM和COD均能引起Vero细胞的细胞活力和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力降低、丙二醛(MDA)含量升高以及碘化丙啶(PI)红染细胞数目增多,且均呈现浓度依赖性.在相同晶体浓度时,COM的细胞毒性明显比COD强,引起细胞表面表达的粘附分子透明质酸(HA)比COD多,粘附量也显著增加.相比于COM晶体,Vero细胞更容易内吞COD晶体.COM与COD晶体对肾上皮细胞的毒性差异与晶面的离子密度以及细胞与晶体间的静电作用等因素密切相关.本文结果将有助于从分子水平上和细胞水平上阐释草酸钙结石的形成机理.     

不同晶相的草酸钙晶体引起肾上皮细胞的毒性差异

采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、激光共聚焦显微镜(LSM)、流式细胞仪、电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP)等方法比较研究了尺寸约1.2μm的一水草酸钙(COM)和二水草酸钙(COD)晶体对非洲绿猴肾上皮细胞(Vero细胞)的损伤差异。COM和COD均能引起Vero细胞的细胞活力和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力降低、丙二醛(MDA)含量升高以及碘化丙啶(PI)红染细胞数目增多,且均呈现浓度依赖性。在相同晶体浓度时,COM的细胞毒性明显比COD强,引起细胞表面表达的粘附分子透明质酸(HA)比COD多,粘附量也显著增加。相比于COM晶体,Vero细胞更容易内吞COD晶体。COM与COD晶体对肾上皮细胞的毒性差异与晶面的离子密度以及细胞与晶体间的静电作用等因素密切相关。本文结果将有助于从分子水平上和细胞水平上阐释草酸钙结石的形成机理。     

肾上皮细胞损伤对草酸钙形成和黏附的影响*

肾结石是病理性生物矿化的产物,其主要矿物为草酸钙。肾小管上皮细胞(REC)损伤在肾结石形成过程中起着关键作用。本文综述了REC损伤后膜表面表达的功能分子,特别是可促进晶体黏附的含酸性基团分子,包括磷脂酰丝氨酸、透明质酸、如骨桥蛋白、跨膜糖蛋白等;从分子和超分子水平上讨论了这些功能分子调控草酸钙成核、生长和黏附的机理及其影响因素;并提出了今后的研究方向。     

硅凝胶体系中不同结构羧酸钾对草酸钙结晶的影响

采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)方法研究了硅凝胶体系中不同种类羧酸钾对草酸钙(CaC₂O₄)晶体生长的调控作用. 加入一元醋酸钾(KOAc)只生成一水草酸钙(COM)晶体; 三元柠檬酸钾(K₃Cit)和四元乙二胺四乙酸二钾(K₂EDTA)可诱导二水草酸钙(COD)形成, 且随着其浓度增加, 对COD的诱导能力增加, 而二元酒石酸钾(K₂Tart)同时诱导了COM, COD和三水草酸钙(COT)生成. 随着结晶温度降低, 多元酸钾可以进一步减小COM晶体的比表面积, 增加COD的百分含量, 但K₂Tart诱导COT的能力减弱. 由于诱导COD和COT晶体形成、减小COM的比表面积均有利于防止草酸钙尿石的形成, 因此, 多元羧酸钾可用于草酸钙结石的预防和治疗.     

Promotion on Nucleation and Aggregation of Calcium Oxalate Crystals by Injured African Green Monkey Renal Epithelial Cells

The purpose of this work was to detect the properties of African green monkey renal epithelial cells (Vero) after oxidative injury and to study the mediation of the injured Vero on aggregation and formation of calcium oxalate crystals. This injury model was induced by 0.15 mmol/L H₂O₂ according to the pretest evaluation. The results suggested that H₂O₂ could injure Vero significantly and decrease cell viability in a time‐dependent manner for exposure time of 0.5–2 h. After cell injury, the indexes connected with oxidative injury changed. The malondialdehyde (MDA) content and osteopontin (OPN) expression increased, while superoxide dismutase (SOD) level decreased. It resulted in the increase of both the amount of CaOxa crystals and the degree of crystal aggregation on the injured cells. This work indicated that injured cells promoted the formation of calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) crystals, thus increased the risk of formation of urinary stone.     

A priming role of local estrogen on exogenous estrogen-mediated synaptic plasticity and neuroprotection

The localization of estrogen (E2) has been clearly shown in hippocampus, called local hippocampal E2. It enhanced neuronal synaptic plasticity and protected neuron form cerebral ischemia, similar to those effects of exogenous E2. However, the interactive function of hippocampal and exogenous E2 on synaptic plasticity activation and neuroprotection is still elusive. By using hippocampal H19-7 cells, we demonstrated the local hippocampal E2 that totally suppressed by aromatase inhibitor anastrozole. Anastrozole also suppressed estrogen receptor (ER)β, but not ERα, expression. Specific agonist of ERα (PPT) and ERβ (DPN) restored ERβ expression in anastrozole-treated cells. In combinatorial treatment with anastrozole and phosphoinositide kinase-3 (PI-3K) signaling inhibitor wortmannin, PPT could not improve hippocampal ERβ expression. On the other hand, DPN induced basal ERβ translocalization into nucleus of anastrozole-treated cells. Exogenous E2 increased synaptic plasticity markers expression in H19-7 cells. However, exogenous E2 could not enhance synaptic plasticity in anastrozoletreated group. Exogenous E2 also increased cell viability and B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl2) expression in H(2)O(2)-treated cells. In combined treatment of anastrozole and H(2)O(2), exogenous E2 failed to enhance cell viability and Bcl2 expression in hippocampal H19-7 cells. Our results provided the evidence of the priming role of local hippocampal E2 on exogenous E2-enhanced synaptic plasticity and viability of hippocampal neurons.     

纳米和微米一水草酸钙对Vero细胞毒性的浓度效应

采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、激光共聚焦显微镜(LSM)和流式细胞仪等技术比较了纳米级和微米级一水草酸钙(COM)对非洲绿猴肾上皮细胞(Vero)的毒性差异。结果显示,尺寸为100 nm和6μm的COM晶体都能引起Vero细胞活力下降、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)释放量升高、透明质酸(HA)表达量增多、溶酶体完整性降低、线粒体膜电位下降、细胞死亡率升高和细胞周期滞留,表明这些晶体对Vero细胞都有损伤作用且呈现浓度依赖性,但纳米COM的毒性及其在细胞表面的粘附量均大于微米COM晶体。     

Opsin Expression in Human Epidermal Skin

Human skin is constantly exposed to solar light containing visible and ultraviolet radiation (UVR), a powerful skin carcinogen. UVR elicits cellular responses in epidermal cells via several mechanisms: direct absorption of short‐wavelength UVR photons by DNA, oxidative damage caused by long‐wavelength UVR, and, as we recently demonstrated, via a retinal‐dependent G protein‐coupled signaling pathway. Because the human epidermis is exposed to a wide range of light wavelengths, we investigated whether opsins, light‐activated receptors that mediate photoreception in the eye, are expressed in epidermal skin to potentially serve as photosensors. Here we show that four opsins—OPN1‐SW, OPN2, OPN3 and OPN5—are expressed in the two major human epidermal cell types, melanocytes and keratinocytes, and the mRNA expression profile of these opsins does not change in response to physiological UVR doses. We detected two OPN3 splice variants present in similar amounts in both cell types and three OPN5 splice isoforms, two of which encode truncated proteins. Notably, OPN2 and OPN3 mRNA were significantly more abundant than other opsins and encoded full‐length proteins. Our results demonstrate that opsins are expressed in epidermal skin cells and suggest that they might initiate light–induced signaling pathways, possibly contributing to UVR phototransduction.