Comportement thermomécanique de l'argile de Boom

Special attention has been recently paid on temperature effects on the behaviour of deep saturated clays, in relation with nuclear deep waste storage. However, few experimental data are presently available, and existing constitutive models need to be completed. This note is aimed at completing, both experimentally and theoretically, the understanding of the effects of the overconsolidation ratio on the thermal volume changes of Boom clay (Belgium). The experimental data obtained here are in a good agreement with existing data. As a complement to existing data, they are used to develop a new elastoplastic model. The adoption of a second coupled plastic mechanism provides good simulations on a complex thermo-mechanical path.     

Mécanique de la rupture fragile en présence de plasticité : définition d'un taux de restitution d'énergie

This study aims at defining an energetic parameter which characterises progressive crack growth in a brittle elastoplastic medium. First, Francfort and Marigo's elastic fracture theory, based on a minimum energy principle, is recalled. Then, a link with the framework of generalised standard materials is exhibited and allows to introduce the new energetic contributions due to plasticity.     

Étude thermodynamique de l'évolution sous chargement dynamique de structures délaminées

In order to study the evolution of damage in a delaminated structure, the assemblage of plates is considered under dynamic loading. Using a general result of the thermodynamic coupling approach, with the Hamiltonian formulation in the general case, the energy release rate associated with the propagation of the delamination is presented as a heat source.     

Analyse mathématique de l'équation de Galbrun en écoulement uniforme

We consider Galbrun's equation, used in linear aeroacoustics. For a simple case (rigid duct with uniform flow) in the time harmonic regime, we show that an approach based on a regularized variational formulation of the problem ensures the convergence of a nodal finite-element method.     

Interprétation de la double structure observée dans l'onde de détonation du nitrométhane gazeux

Calculations of the reaction zone of the detonation of gaseous nitromethane, either pure or diluted with oxygen, in the range of equivalence ratio Φ between 0.1 and 1.75, show that for 1.75⩾Φ⩾1.3 the chemical energy is released in two main successive reaction steps characterized by very different induction times. These results corroborate the experimental observations of two levels of cellular structures in the same range of equivalence ratios. To our knowledge this work is the first which deals with the problem of nonmonotonous chemical energy release behind the leading shock of a detonation wave.     

Modèles discrets de structures tissées : Analyse de stabilité et de drapé

A discrete model of a woven fabric structure is established, whereby nodes endowed with a mass and a rotational rigidity are connected by rigid bars to form a two-dimensional truss. The set of four bars that delineate a quadrilateral area is further endowed with a torsion deformation mode. The kinematics of the truss reproduces the large rotations and displacements encountered for real tissues. The equilibrium shape of such a structure is obtained as the minimum of its total potential energy versus the whole set of kinematic translational and rotational variables, accounting for eventual kinematic constraints due to contact with a rigid surface by the Lagrange multipliers method. A stability analysis is conducted, and the potentiality of the model is illustrated by fabric draping simulations. To cite this article: B. Ben Boubaker et al., C. R. Mecanique 330 (2002) 871–877.     

Calcul numérique de la déformation mécanique d'un modèle de cellule endothéliale

Mechanical forces influence endothelial cell's (EC) morphology and functions. In this work it was proposed a numerical analysis of steady laminar flows near a modeled monolayer of elastic ECs in order to determine the local distributions of mechanical forces on the surface and inside of the cell. The numerical results showed that the flow induced mechanical stresses led to a cell deformation and that the distributions of these stresses were not uniform on cell surface. It will be interesting to study eventual correlations between the distributions of biological receptors (cytoskeleton, adhesion molecules, etc.) and that of the non-uniform mechanical forces.     

Interprétation géométrique de la décomposition des équations de compatibilité en grandes déformations

In this paper, we establish compatibility equations satisfied by the right Cauchy–Green stress tensor by annihiling the associated curvature and torsion. The cancelation of torsion, using variables introduced by the polar decomposition, is not trivial as is usually the case. This point is the key to the decomposition of compatibility conditions in two first-order EDPs.     

Fonction de distribution pour les gaz polyatomiques dans la couche de Knudsen. Solution approchée de l'équation de Boltzmann

Polyatomic gases in strong non equilibrium vibrational state are studied in the Knudsen layer. A kinetic equation is derived from the Boltzmann equation for a stationary gas without macroscopic velocity. The simplification are basically deduced from the order of magnitude of adimmensional gradient terms. The approximate solution of this equation is deduced from a recurrent algorithm on the adimensional space variable power. Furthermore, the boundary condition allows us to obtain density and temperature jumps at the wall.     

Théorie thermodynamique condensée de l'Elasticité linéaire

Sans résumé     

Mesure des modules de rigidité de torsion et de cisaillement de matériaux souples

A specific machine test to measure the shear modulus in the plane and the twisting rigidity of flowing materials, is developed. This machine is tested on samples with known material properties (brass, paper); results obtained on textile samples are then reported.     

Représentation de la ligne de contact mobile dans les équations de la mécanique des fluides

Although the contact angle at equilibrium has a well understood theory for the case of flat homogeneous solid surfaces, the displacement of the contact line is still not well understood. We propose to introduce in the dynamics of the contact line a mobility relation between the deviation of the contact angle out of its equilibrium value and the speed of the line on the solid. When the line slides on the solid thanks to an evaporation/condensation process, this introduces a dynamical Arrhenius factor that may be sufficiently small to make the mobility of the contact line the limiting factor of the dynamics in many physical situations. Then, the shape of the liquid/vapor interface will be in quasi equilibrium giving a contact angle that will define ultimately the speed of the contact line.     

Changements de structure provoqués par l'écoulement

Résumé De même que la structure conditionne les propriétés rhéologiques, l'état d'écoulement d'un système peut être un facteur déterminant de sa structure par suite des réarrangements moléculaires qu'il provoque. On étudie le cas d'un liquide pur à fortes interactions intermoléculaires et celui des suspensions colloïdales et solutions macromoléculaires. Les calculs sont développés dans des cas types où l'écoulement entraîne des changements de phase ou des variations de l'état d'agrégation. L'étude rhéologique ou rhéooptique de tels systèmes permet la détermination expérimentale des énergies d'interaction intermoléculaires. On en donne des exemples.

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Zusammenfassung Ebenso wie die Struktur die Theologischen Eigenschaften beeinflußt, kann der Fließzustand eines Systems ein maßgebender Faktor seiner Struktur als Folge der molekularen Umordnung, die er erzeugt, sein. Es wird der Fall einer reinen Flüssigkeit mit starken intermolekularen Wechselwirkungen sowie der kolloiden Suspensionen und makromolekularen Lösungen untersucht. Die Rechnungen sind für typische Fälle durchgeführt, bei denen das Fließen Phasenänderungen und Änderungen des Aggregatzustandes hervorruft. Die rheologische und rheooptische Untersuchungen solcher Systeme erlaubt eine experimentelle Bestimmung der zwischenmolekularen Wechselwirkungsenergien, wie an Beispielen gezeigt wird.

     

Caractéristiques rhéologiques,coéfficient de frottement et écoulement en situation réelle de fluides à seuil

Résumé Ce travail porte sur l'étude de solutions diluées d'un polymère de l'acide acrylique dans l'eau (concentration en poids 0,1%). Ce fluide présente des effets de seuil. La mesure du champ de vitesse par vélocimétrie laser permet une détermination précise de l'indice rhéologique,n, étant un paramètre essentiel de la loi de comportement proposée: . Les autres constantes peuvent être déduites d'essais rhéologiques classiques, à fort taux de cisaillement. Il est possible de corriger le gradient de pression mesuréP/L, afin d'obtenir la valeur véritable de ce gradient, notéedp/dz. L'analyse de l'écoulement dans un élargissement brusque montre que le seuil a une forte influence sur les zones de recirculation.

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This work deals with the study of very dilute solutions of polyacrylic acid in water (weight concentration about 0.1%). These fluids seem to exhibit a yield effect. The determination of the fully developed velocity field by laser velocimetry allows us an accurate determination of the rheological indexn which is an essential parameter for the proposed rheological relationship: . Other constants can be determined from classical rheological experiments (high shear strain). It is possible to correct the experimental pressure gradientP/L so as to get the real value, noted asdp/dz. An analysis of the flow in an abrupt expansion shows that the yield effect strongly influences the recirculation zones.

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D, d m diamètre intérieur d'une conduite cylindrique - C % concentration en poids - _s Pa seuil de contrainte - K consistance - gradient de vitesse axiale - gradient pariétal de vitesse axiale - Pa s viscosité pour - Pa contrainte de cisaillement - m/s vitesse débitante - n indice de structure - dp/dz Pa/m gradient longitudinal de pression - z m abscisse longitudinale - u m/s vitesse axiale - écart entre le gradient de pression effectif et le gradient mesuré en Pa - P Pa différence de pression mesurée - L m distance entre 2 prises de pression - A Pa constante intervenant dans l'expression de - B 10^–3 Pa s constante intervenant dans l'expression de     

Mise en évidence par granularité en lumière blanche de phénomènes de multilocalisation de la déformation pour les bétons de poudres réactives sollicités en traction

From kinematic observations by granularity in whiting light mode based on a technique of digital speckle images correlation, the behaviour in tension of a reactive powders concrete is studied. The measures show several localisation areas of the deformation fields and the role of the fibres in the transmission of the stresses in the neighbourhood of a damaged area.     

Vérification expérimentale de la relation de réciprocité d'Onsager pour l'électro-osmose et l'électro-filtration dans une argile naturelle

This Note is devoted to the experimental verification of the Onsager's reciprocal relations in the particular case of electro-osmosis and electro-filtration. A special set up has been designed to carry out the measurements of both the electro-osmotic permeability and the streaming potential. This has been performed by using a natural material i.e., saturated kaolinite. To cite this article: K. Beddiar et al., C. R. Mecanique 330 (2002) 893–898.