Underlying probability distributions of the canonical ensemble

The canonical distributions are chi-square distributions which are derived from parent distributions for nonconjugate fluctuating thermodynamic variables. The probability distributions are generated by discrete random variables which are the number of degrees of freedom and the number of particles. Randomized sampling of the total number of degrees of freedom and total number of particles gives rise, respectively, to fluctuations in the energy and volume.     

Signal statistics of laser light scattering

After a brief survey of number fluctuations, a topic of current interest in light scattering research, the theory is developed for a particular case of this type. A laser beam of Gaussian cross section illuminates a volume in which there is a fluctuating number of identical particles. For incoherent detection the scattered intensities are additive. The interest centers on the statistics of the total scattered intensity. Starting from the moment generating function, the distribution function of scattered intensity is computed using two different methods. In an experiment designed to test the computed distributions, agreement between theory and measurement is found if the mean particle number within the scattering volume exceeds 3. The experimental procedure is described and some difficulties are explained which so far did not permit application of the theory for particle numbers much below 3.     

[Russian Text Ignored]

Some aspects of the theory of fluctuating microfield in a system of charged particles are considered. The question concerning regions of validity for Holtsmark-like and Gauss-like microfield distributions in a rarefied and a dense plasma is discussed. The influence of finite dimensions of particles (test particles as well as field particles) on the microfield distribution is investigated. Expressions for a “dynamic” (two-time) generalization of the Holtsmark distribution are obtained for limiting cases. By methods of microfield theory certain formulas for the fluctuations of the electric charges within a finite volume of an electrolyte are derived too.     

Measurement of particle concentration in flow by statistical analyses of optical coherence tomography signals

We present a statistic method to measure the concentration of particles in flow by the use of optical coherence tomography (OCT). This method is based on the fact that the fluctuating numbers of particles contained within a small OCT detection volume caused by Brownian motion are governed by Poissonian distribution. Particle concentration is evaluated from the statistical analyzes of the OCT intensity signals that are backscattered by the moving particles. The method is experimentally verified with flow phantoms of polymer microspheres. Experimental results are in good agreement with the theoretical ones for low concentrations while relatively large discrepancies emerge for high concentrations.     

单开口膜泡形状转变的研究

基于双层耦合模型,先通过求解无黏附能情况下满足给定边界条件的欧拉-拉格朗日方程组,找到了约化面积差?a稍大于1的内凹开口形状解,并发现以往Umeda和Suezaki(2005 Phys.Rev.E 71 011913)给出的杯形解是对应?a1的另一支解,该支解在?a趋于1时开口是外凸的.进而在无黏附能和有黏附能的情况下对开口膜泡的两支解进行了深入研究,发现在?a=1附近这两支解之间有一个间隙,在该间隙内不存在开口解.随着黏附半径的增大,该间隙的位置较缓慢地向右移动.在?a=1附近,在无黏附能时的闭合形状只有球形一个解,而在有黏附能的情况下,闭合形状在1附近的一个区间内都有解.在无黏附及有黏附情况下的计算结果都表明这两支开口解及闭合形状属于不同的分支,它们之间不能连续演化.在间隙右侧的这一支解随着?a的增大可以通过自交形状连续地演化到开口哑铃形.在有黏附的情况下,在?a参数空间,同一支解会发生折叠,即出现同一?a值对应多个解(形状)的情况,这在以往双层耦合模型的计算中没有出现过.讨论了?a对无黏附和有黏附开口膜泡的形状和能量的影响.     

An experimental investigation of three-dimensional particle aggregation using digital holographic microscopy

The tendency of particles to aggregate depends on particle-particle and particle-fluid interactions. These interactions can be characterized but it requires accurate 3D measurements of particle distributions. We introduce the application of an off-axis digital holographic microscopy for measuring distributions of dense micrometer (2 μm) particles in a liquid solution. We demonstrate that digital holographic microscopy is capable of recording the instantaneous 3D position of particles in a flow volume. A new reconstruction method that aids identification of particle images was used in this work. About 62% of the expected number of particles within the interrogated flow volume was detected. Based on the 3D position of individual particles, the tendency of particle to aggregate is investigated. Results show that relatively few particles (around 5–10 of a cohort of 1500) were aggregates. This number did not change significantly with time.     

Shape and scale dependent diffusivity of colloidal nanoclusters and aggregates

The diffusion of colloidal nanoparticles and nanomolecular aggregates, which plays an important role in various biophysical and physicochemical phenomena, is currently under intense study. Here, we examine the shape and size dependent diffusion of colloidal nano- particles, fused nanoclusters and nanoaggregates using a hybrid fluctuating lattice Boltzmann-Molecular Dynamics method. We use physically realistic parameters characteristic of an aqueous solution, with explicitly implemented microscopic no-slip and full-slip boundary conditions. Results from nanocolloids below 10?nm in radii demonstrate how the volume fraction of the hydrodynamic boundary layer influences diffusivities. Full-slip colloids are found to diffuse faster than no-slip particles. We also characterize the shape dependent anisotropy of the diffusion coefficients of nanoclusters through the Green-Kubo relation. Finally, we study the size dependence of the diffusion of nanoaggregates comprising N?≤?108 monomers and demonstrate that the diffusion coefficient approaches the continuum scaling limit of N^?1/3.     

跨膜浓度梯度对渗透压囊泡循环活性的调控

本文通过分析囊泡在膨胀状态与孔隙状态的动力学行为,揭示调控膨胀拉伸能与孔隙势能的内在物理参量.建立递推微分方程的分析模型,该模型提供了膨胀-破裂循环特征量膨胀系数在各个循环中初始跨膜浓度梯度依赖性的定量信息.研究得出,通过增加初始跨膜浓度梯度,可加快膨胀系数增长速率(循环数为1时,初始跨膜浓度梯度增加3倍,膨胀系数增长速率增加2.65倍);随着循环数的增多,膨胀系数的增长由线性转变为非线性.此外,初始跨膜浓度梯度与循环次数密切相关,我们的模型计算预测增加初始跨膜浓度梯度可实现循环次数的增多.研究结果为靶组织以可编程方式释放活性生物治疗剂的发展提供了具有实际意义的理论依据.     

Monte Carlo ray-tracing simulation for radiative heat transfer in turbulent fluctuating media under the optically thin fluctuation approximation

The Monte Carlo ray-tracing method (MCRT) based on the concept of radiation distribution factor is extended to solve radiative heat transfer problem in turbulent fluctuating media under the optically thin fluctuation approximation. A one-dimensional non-scattering turbulent fluctuating media is considered, in which the mean temperature and absorption coefficient distribution are assumed and the shape of probability density function is given. The distribution of the time-averaged volume radiation heat source is solved by MCRT and direct integration method. It is shown that the results of MCRT based on the concept of radiation distribution factor agree with these of integration solution very well, but results of MCRT based on the concept of radiative transfer coefficient do not agree with these of integration solution. The solution of time-averaged radiative transfer equation by the concept of radiative transfer coefficient should be treated with caution.     

Mesoscopic systems with fixed number of electrons

In this paper, we study the physics of mesoscopic systems with noninteracting electrons of fixed number. From a technical point of view, this means a discussion of the differences between the canonical and the grand canonical ensemble (fixed versus fluctuating number of particles). Such a discussion is not trivial since the grand canonical ensemble is the most convenient basis for the statistics of identical particles and one has to spend labour in order to retrieve the canonical ensemble. Specifically, we are considering ensembles of mesoscopic systems with disorder, either by atomic defects or by fluctuations in their geometric definitions and we discuss various forms of disorder averages.     

Multispeckle diffusing wave spectroscopy of colloidal particles suspended in a random packing of glass spheres

We use a multispeckle diffusing wave spectroscopy (MSDWS) method to study the ensemble-averaged dynamics of the fluctuating speckle pattern when illuminating colloidal particles suspended in a static and opaque porous medium with a coherent light source. Experiments were performed with Brownian latex particles in a random packing of glass spheres. The mixing of the light scattered by the moving colloidal particles and the porous matrix gives rise to a plateau value of the intensity autocorrelation function in the long-waiting-time limit. From the plateau in the correlation function, we can determine the fraction of light scattered from moving particles and estimate the photon mean free path in the colloidal solution. The method opens up promising possibilities to probe the static fraction in semisolid materials.     

Multi-Resonant-Activation for a System Only Driven by Multi-State Noise

We consider the escape of the particles multi-state noise. It is shown that, the noise can make over fluctuating potential barrier for a system only driven by a the particles escape over the fluctuating potential barrier in some circumstances; but in other circumstances, it can not. If the noise can make the particle escape over the fluctuating potential barrier, the mean first passage time （MFPT） can display the phenomenon of multi-resonant-activation. For this phenomenon, there are two kinds of resonant activation to appear. One is resonant activation for the MFPTs as the function of the flipping rates of the fluctuating potential barrier; the other is that for the MFPTs as the functions of the transition rates of the multi-state noise.     

研究两相流中固粒对流体湍动特性影响的新方法

本文提出了计算两相流中固粒对流体湍动特性影响的一种新方法，得到不同情况下固粒对流体端动特性的影响。将该方法用于槽流湍流场的求解，说明该方法是可行的。     

The interaction of dislocation loop and γ' precipitate in nickel based alloys

The nucleation and growth of interstitial loops during irradiation has a : ontrolling effect on the subsequent swelling behaviour of metals. In nickel based alloys containing ordered γ' precipitate (Ni₃Al, Ti), interactions occur between the nucleated loops and γ' particles. This effect has been studied in two nickel based alloys using a High Voltage Electron Microscope.

For the case of Nimonic 80A alloy containing 18% volume fraction : gamma;' precipitate, dislocation loop-particle interactions obeyed the developed isotropic elasticity theory.²'³'¹² Consequently, rather low dislocation densities were developed and the swelling resistance was high during electron irradiation. In Nimonic 115A alloy, loop nucleation and growth was dependent on the availability of interfacial dislocation surrounding the γ' particles.

With regard to the swelling behaviour of γ' hardened alloys, it : s concluded that several mechanisms contribute to make these materials resistant.

Coherency strains at the γ' particles reduce the density of : limbing dislocations.

The γ' precipitate affects the climb efficiency of the : ucleated dislocations by:

pinning the dislocation line, thus introducing a line tension force : hich opposes dislocation climb and reduces swelling;

reducing the available volume of material in which dislocation loops : an nucleate and grow.     

Hydrodynamic Fluctuations in Laminar Fluid Flow. I. Fluctuating Orr-Sommerfeld Equation

In recent years it has become evident that fluctuating hydrodynamics predicts that fluctuations in nonequilibrium states are always spatially long ranged. In this paper we consider the application of fluctuating hydrodynamics to laminar fluid flow, using plane Couette flow as a representative example. Specifically, fluctuating hydrodynamics yields a stochastic Orr-Sommerfeld equation for the wall-normal velocity fluctuations, where spontaneous thermal noise acts as a random source.This stochastic equation needs to be solved subject to appropriate boundary conditions. We show how an exact solution can be obtained from an expansion in terms of the eigenfunctions of the Orr-Sommerfeld hydrodynamic operator. We demonstrate the presence of a flow-induced enhancement of the wall-normal velocity fluctuations and a resulting flow-induced energy amplification and provide a quantitative analysis how these quantities depend on wave number and Reynolds number.     

Nematic ordering problem as the polymer problem of the excluded volume

Based on a solution of the polymer excluded volume problem, a technique is proposed to estimate some parameters at the isotropic-nematic liquid crystal phase transition (the product of the volume fraction of hard sticks and the ratio of the stick length, L, to its diameter, D; the maximum value of this ratio at which one cannot regard the stick as hard). The critical exponents are estimated. The transition of a swelling polymer coil to ideal is revealed as the polymerization degree of a macromolecule increases. The entanglement concentration obtained agrees with experimental data for polymers with flexible chains. The number of monomers between neighbor entanglements is assumed to be the ratio L/D. A comparison of the theory with other ones and recent experimental data is made.     

Numerical Analysis of Unsteady Magneto-Biphase Williamson Fluid Flow with Time Dependent Magnetic Field

Numerical investigation of the dusty Williamson fluid with the dependency of time has been done in current disquisition. The flow of multiphase liquid/particle suspension saturating the medium is caused by stretching of porous surface. The influence of magnetic field and heat generation/absorption is observed. It is assumed that particle has a spherical shape and distributed uniformly in fluid matrix. The unsteady two-dimensional problems are modeled for both fluid and particle phase using conservation of mass, momentum and heat transfer. The finalized model generates the non-dimensioned parameters, namely Weissenberg number, unsteadiness parameter, magnetic parameter,heat generation/absorption parameter, Prandtl number, fluid particle interaction parameter, and mass concentration parameters. The numerical solution is obtained. Locality of skin friction and Nusselt number is deliberately focused to help of tables and graphs. While inferencing the current article it is clearly observed that increment of Williamson parameter, unsteadiness parameter, magnetic parameter, volume fraction parameter, and mass concentration parameter reduces the velocity profile of fluid and solid particles as well. And increment of Prandtl number, unsteadiness parameter,volume fraction parameter, and mass concentration parameter reduces the temperature profile of fluid and solid particles as well.     

Escape from a fluctuating system: a master equation and trapping approach

We present a general solution for the mean exit time in a system with on-site fluctuations between two configurations described by a master equation. The coupled configurations represent a spatially discretized version of an escape over a fluctuating barrier [C. R. Doering and J. C. Gadoua, Phys. Rev. Lett. 69, 2318 (1992)], and passage through modulating channels. Based on the general properties of the mean exit time, we obtain a simple solution for a coupled "birth" and "death" case that exhibits resonant activation. Within this exactly solvable model we derive analytically the optimal fluctuating rate, which is sensitive to the initial condition and scales as 1/n, where n is the system size. Our approach unifies a number of escape problems and points towards the generality of resonant activation.     

Dynamic heterogeneity of a colloidal solution near the sol-gel transition

The results of the simulation of the dynamics of particles in a colloidal solution in the vicinity of the sol-gel transition are presented. The Van Hove correlation function, incoherent scattering function, and mean-square displacement of particles at different temperatures and volume densities have been calculated from the simulation data. The effects of dynamic heterogeneity have been evaluated numerically and the gelation temperature at different volume densities has been determined using the non-Gaussian parameter. It has been shown that the specific features observed in the dynamics of particles in the colloidal solution near the sol-gel transition are explained by the conventional separation of the particles in the system into fast particles, which contribute to translational diffusion, and slow particles, which participate predominantly in vibrational processes.     

Pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance of gamma-irradiated lithium hydride

Some of the effects of ⁶⁰Co gamma irradiation on lithium hydride are described. Volume increase and nuclear magnetic resonance data are given for samples irradiated from 40 to 395°C. Maximum swelling occurs between 160 and 200°C; negligible swelling occurs above 300°C. Motionally narrowed proton and ⁷Li nuclear magnetic resonance signals appear on irradiation and increase with increasing swelling. These decomposition products, which are trapped inside the LiH, can amount to more than one-tenth the total sample at doses of 50 Grad. At this point, 25 volume per cent swelling has occurred and the growth rate has subsided. The hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance signal has been shown to come from H₂ molecules by observation of the ortho-para conversion on cooling. Hydrogen densities derived independently from the longitudinal relaxation time and the swelling data are in reasonable agreement. The corresponding gas pressures range from 750 to 5000 atm. The H₂ is thought to be in bubbles which cause the volume growth, and recent electron microscopy results support this view. The ⁷Li signal has a Knight shift, and the lithium is present as metal particles. Above 200°C, the H₂ and Li back-react rapidly. Above 300°C this reaction takes place as fast as the decomposition, which was caused by the irradiation.