共沉淀法制备YAG纳米粉体影响因素的研究

本文采用Al(NO3)3.9H2O和Y(NO3)3·6H2O为母盐,碳酸氢铵为沉淀剂,利用共沉淀法制备YAG(Y3Al5O12)纳米粉体。利用XRD、SEM对YAG前驱体及煅烧纳米粉体进行了表征,并分析了母盐溶液的浓度、母盐溶液的滴加速度以及有机溶剂的种类对制备YAG纳米粉体的影响。结果表明:母盐溶液的浓度、滴加速度及有机溶剂种类对前驱体和煅烧粉体的分散性、组成及形貌有显著的影响。当母盐溶液浓度比较低时([Y3+]=0.08mol/L,[Al3+]=0.13mol/L),得到YAG纳米粉体的分散性较好,加入少量乙醇(乙醇与母盐溶液体积比为1∶5)更易获得纯相YAG粉体,快速加入母盐溶液比慢速滴入更易获得纯相YAG粉体。实验证实所制备的YAG粉体能够烧结出透明陶瓷,证明通过系统地控制上述3个因素可以得到具有良好烧结性的YAG纳米粉体。     

水热法制备微米级钇铝石榴石(YAG)晶体

本文采用水热法,以Al(OH)3和Y2O3为前驱物,3 mol/L KOH作矿化剂,高温430 ℃,反应24 h,合成了微米级Y3Al5O12晶体.对合成材料的结构和形貌进行了测量分析,用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)和热重分析仪(TGA)测量分析了热性能.实验结果表明,所合成产物的成分、结构与前驱物中Y2O3与Al(OH)3的摩尔比有关.当Y∶ Al的摩尔比为1∶ 3时合成的纯相钇铝石榴石Y3Al5O12(YAG)晶体,呈立方体形,最大尺度超过100 μm.     

共沉淀法制备Gd3（In,Al）5 O12∶Ce石榴石粉体

将Gd2O3、In2O3、NH4Al(SO4)2·12H2O和Ce2(CO3)3试剂溶入稀硝酸制取可溶盐混合溶液,采用NH3·H2O和NH4 HCO3混合溶液沉淀剂,通过共沉淀法获得碱式硫酸碳酸复合盐水合物前驱体,经950℃以上温度烧结处理制备出立方晶系GIAG∶Ce石榴石粉体。应用红外光谱和差热分析研究了前驱体所含特征官能团和热化学行为,应用X射线粉末衍射分析了前驱体经不同温度烧结所出现的物相变化,应用表面电镜和粒度分析表征了GIAG∶Ce粉体的SEM形貌和粒度分布,GIAG∶Ce粉体的荧光光谱呈现365 nm和450 nm两个发光峰,表明Ce3+离子已固溶进入粉体介质晶格。     

Ce:Y_3Al_5O_(12)透明陶瓷的制备和荧光性能的研究

以Ce(NO3)3.5H2O,Y(NO3)3.5H2O和A l(NO3)3.9H2O为原料,NH4HCO3为沉淀剂,采用醇水溶剂共沉淀法在弱还原气氛下1100℃煅烧2 h合成纯相1 at%Ce∶YAG纳米粉体,经1800℃真空烧结10 h后得到了Ce∶YAG透明陶瓷。通过XRD、TEM、SEM和荧光光谱仪对粉体和陶瓷进行了表征。结果表明:所制得的Ce∶YAG纳米粉体散均匀、团聚程度轻、结晶良好,平均晶粒尺寸约35 nm。Ce∶YAG透明陶瓷和纳米粉体的发射峰都在530 nm附近,但透明陶瓷的发射强度明显比纳米粉体强,且发射峰向长波方向移动。     

掺钕钇铝石榴石陶瓷的制备与性能

以Al2O3、Y2O3、Nd2P3为起始原料,用固相合成方法在1500℃、2h条件下合成了掺钕钇铝石榴石(1.1at.;Nd:YAG)粉料.研究表明,在固相反应过程中,首先形成中间相Y4Al2O9(YAM)、YAlO3(YAP)而最终形成单相Y3Al5O12(YAG).将上述粉料经等静压成型并在低真空状态下于1750℃烧结3h,获得呈半透明状态的Nd:YAG陶瓷,其相对密度达到98.68;,显微结构均匀,荧光性能与0.9at; Nd:YAG单晶材料相近.     

共沉淀法制备Al2O3-ZrO2复合纳米粉体

以ZrOCl2·8H2O、Al(NO3)3·9H2O、Y(NO3)3为原料,NH4HCO3 (AHC)为络合剂,采用共沉淀法制备Al2 O3-ZrO2复合纳米粉体.利用X射线衍射分析(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、激光粒度分析仪等对Al2 O3-ZrO2复合粉体进行测试表征,详细研究了pH和AHC/Zr摩尔比对复合粉体的影响.结果表明,当前驱体的煅烧温度低于1200℃时,只形成t-ZrO2相,当煅烧温度达到1300℃时,α-Al2O3相开始形成;沉淀反应的pH和AHC/Zr摩尔比对Al2O3-ZrO2复合粉体的产率有很大的影响.在pH7、AHC/Zr =4.5:1的条件下制备前驱体,经过1300℃煅烧2h得到两相纯度高,分散性能好,粒度分布窄,平均粒径为0.75 μm的Al2O3-ZrO2复合粉体.     

纳米Al2O3/GdAlO3共晶陶瓷复合粉体的醇-水加热法制备与表征

为制备分散均匀的纳米尺度的共晶陶瓷复合粉体,采用Al(NO3)3·9H2O和Gd2O3作为原材料,通过醇-水加热法制备了纳米尺度的Al2O3/GdAlO3共晶成分陶瓷粉体.研究了溶液初始浓度配比和pH值等对复合粉体粒径的影响.通过SEM、TEM、FT-IR和BET N2吸附法等手段表征了前驱体颗粒大小和分散性3确定最佳的前驱体制备工艺,对前驱体进行煅烧制得Al2O3/GdAlO3复合陶瓷粉体.结果表明,前驱体粒径和分散性受制备工艺影响较大;特别是,最佳工艺制备的前驱体平均粒径20 nm,分散性良好,形貌多呈球形;1250℃煅烧后得到的Al2O3/GdAlO3共晶陶瓷粉体的晶化良好、成分均匀,粉体粒径100～200 nm.     

改进的碳铵沉淀法中氧化钇粉体尺寸及形貌的调控研究

以商业氧化钇(Y2 O3)为原材料,采用改进的碳酸盐沉淀工艺合成钇碳酸盐前驱体,经随后的焙烧工艺获得Y2O3产品.X衍射技术(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)表征表明:合成的碳酸盐前驱体Y2(CO3)3·2H2O具有类球形形貌、粒度分布均匀,经950℃焙烧2 h,前驱体受热分解为Y2 O3粉体,粉体完整保留了前驱体的形貌特征.同时,基于对NH4 HCO3/NH4+不同摩尔比条件下NH4 HCO3/NH4 NO3混合溶液中pH值变化的理论计算,在保持其他条件不变化条件下,通过改变NH4 HCO3/NH4 NO3混合溶液的加入量以获得不同的稀土碳酸盐沉淀终点pH值,当碳酸盐沉淀过程中pH值从6.0降低至4.7时,可实现超细至大颗粒不同尺寸氧化钇粉体的制备.同时,公斤级的扩大试验证实该工艺具有良好的可推广性.进一步提出NH4+在碳酸氢铵沉淀制备氧化钇工艺中的作用机理:(1)改变反应体系中阳离子和阴离子的组成;(2)显著影响前驱体的晶型;(3)显著影响产品颗粒尺寸大小.     

包裹型Al(OH)3-Y(OH)3/ZrB2复合粉体的合成工艺优化研究

本文采用共沉淀法优化包裹型Al(OH)3-Y(OH)3/ZrB2复合粉体的合成工艺,通过TEM对合成的复合粉体进行形貌分析,得出适宜的包覆工艺参数分别是pH=9、溶液浓度为Al3+=0.017 moL/L和Y3+ =0.01 mol/L、滴定速度为0.05 ml/s、反应时间为60min.通过优化工艺,可以合成出包裹结构较好的包裹型Al(OH)3-Y(OH)3/ZrB2复合粉体,其包裹层厚度约为150 ～ 300 nm,为改善ZrB2基复合材料难于烧结致密化和高温条件下易氧化奠定原料基础.     

化学共沉淀法制备纯相YAG纳米粉体的研究

通过调整反应溶液中铝离子的浓度,以硝酸铝和硝酸钇为原料,碳酸氢铵为沉淀剂,采用化学共沉淀法制备了纯YAG相纳米粉体.使用X射线衍射仪,扫描电镜,红外光谱仪,热分析仪等测试手段对YAG前驱体及煅烧后的粉体进行表征.结果表明:略微增加反应溶液中铝离子的浓度,即当y3+∶Al3+浓度为9∶16时,沉淀反应形成的前驱体经过1200℃煅烧3h后可形成不含杂相的纯立方相YAG纳米粉体,所得粉体分散性较好,形状为棒状,平均颗粒尺寸约为150 nm.     

Relationship of Morphological Types of Dynamic Forms of Crystals

Crystallography Reports - The relationship of morphological spectra (sets of data on the morphological types of real polyhedral crystals and their probabilities under current physicochemical...     

A review of measurement of thermophysical properties of silicon melt

Measurements of thermophysical properties of Si melt and supplementary study of X-ray scattering/diffraction by the authors' group were reviewed. The values obtained differed variously from those of literature. Density was 2–3% larger, surface tension 20–30% smaller, viscosity up to 40% larger, electrical conductivity 8% smaller, spectral emissivity more or less in good agreement with literature values, and thermal diffusivity a few percent larger. An anomalous density jump was found near the melting point. Surface tension and viscosity also showed anomaly. A strange time-dependent change of density was observed over 3 h after melting. X-ray analyses suggested a slight change in local atom ordering, but showed no sign of cluster formation. An addition of 0.1 at% gallium caused the density jump to disappear, while that of boron caused no change. An EXAFS study of the former melt indicated a strong interaction between Ga and Si atoms as if molecules of GaSi₃ existed. The implications of the measured properties are a possibility of soft-turbulence in an Si melt in a relatively large crucible, a more complicated manner of intake of oxygen depleted molten Si from the free surface region to underneath the growing crystal, and a relaxation of the melt after melting arising from trapped gas species.     

Generation of crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds by the method of discrete modeling of packings

Within the method of discrete modeling of packings, an algorithm of generation of possible crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds containing two or three molecules in the primitive unit cell, one of which has an arbitrary shape and the other (two others) has a shape close to spherical, is proposed. On the basis of this algorithm, a software package for personal computers is developed. This package has been approved for a number of compounds, investigated previously by X-ray diffraction analysis. The results of generation of structures of five compounds—four organic salts (with one or two spherical anions) and one solvate—are represented.     

Development of Pauling's concepts of geometric characteristics of atoms

The evolution of the geometric characteristics introduced by Pauling and their dependence on the specific features of the structure and chemical bonds have been considered. The values of the covalent and van der Waals radii are given as well as their relationships and mutual transitions.     

Investigation of the Mechanism of Influence of Stress Corrosion on the Development of Macroplastic Instabilities of Aluminum–Magnesium Alloy

Crystallography Reports - Macroscopic jumps of plastic deformation (few percent in amplitude) on creep curves of aluminum–magnesium alloy, caused by a local effect of concentrated solution of...     

Dependence of the parameters of equations of viscous flow on chemical composition of silicate melts

The temperature dependence of viscosity of silicate melts is discussed in the framework of the Avramov–Milchev (AM) equation. The composition is described by means of two parameters: the molar fraction, x, and the “lubricant fraction”, l. The molar fraction is the sum of the molar parts x_i of all oxides dissolved in SiO₂, the molar fraction of the latter being 1 ? x. It is shown that, with sufficient precision, two of the parameters of the AM equation can be presented as unique functions of the molar fraction. On the other hand, x is not sufficient to determine properly the reference temperature T_r , at which viscosity is η_r = 10¹³ [dPa.s]. Therefore, additional parameter, “lubricant fraction” l, is introduced. For each of the components, l_i is a product of molar part x_i and a specific dimensionless coefficient 0 ≤ k_i ≤ 1 accounting for the specific contribution of this component to the increased mobility of the system. It is demonstrated that, for l > 0, the reference temperature is related to the “lubricant fraction” l through the reference temperature T_r,SiO2 of pure SiO₂.     

Comparative analysis of two methods of calculation of the orientation of domain walls in ferroelastics

Two types of domain-wall equations are analyzed: the equations derived by the Sapriel method and the equations obtained by interface matching of the thermal-expansion tensor. It is shown that, for W-type domain walls, these methods yield the same equations. For W′-type domain walls, the equations obtained by different methods coincide for proper ferroelastics and differ for improper ferroelastics.     

Mechanism of thermal expansion of structural modifications of zinc pyrovanadate

Crystal chemical characteristics of the α and β modifications of Zn₂V₂O₇ are calculated based on in situ high-temperature X-ray measurements. The expansion of the structure is found to be strongly anisotropic up to the negative volumetric thermal expansion of the α-Zn₂V₂O₇ unit cell in the temperature range of 300–600°С, α _V =–17.94 × 10^–6 1/K. The transformations of the “hard” and “soft” sublattices with an increase temperature and at the phase transition are considered in detail. It is shown that the negative volumetric thermal expansion of α-Zn₂V₂O₇ is due to the degeneracy of the zigzag-like shape of zinc–oxygen columns at constant distances between their vertices.     

A SAXS study of kinetics of aggregation of silica sols

SAXS in situ experiments on the evolution of TMOS solutions during hydrolysis and polycondensation lead to power laws with scaling exponents ≈ 2. It is suggested that this could be the result of the polydispersity of the samples and that only an apparent fractal dimension can be obtained in this way. Kinetic studies tend to indicate that agglomeration in the sol is the result of a diffusion-controlled process.