Modern approaches for the theoretical description of multiparticle scattering and nuclear reactions

A review of novel approaches to solution of multiparticle scattering problems in the area above three-body breakup together with the review of new computational technologies which provide very effective and ultrafast realization of the novel approaches with ordinary PC are given. The novel direction presented here is based on two key points: a new formulation of the quantum scattering theory in a discrete Hilbert space of stationary wave packets and the massive-parallel solution of the resulted matrix equations with usage of ultrafast graphic processors (the so called GPU-computations). For the reader??s convenience, a short review of the modern GPU calculations for the medicine, physics, military applications etc. is presented.     

太阳能热利用技术概况

太阳能是理想的可再生能源.太阳能热利用技术目前还处于发展时期.文章对太阳能热利用成熟技术、先进技术以及当前研究的中心问题进行了简要的概述.成熟技术部分主要包括热水器、太阳灶、太阳房等广为人们使用的太阳能热利用技术;先进技术部分主要阐述了尚处于研究试验阶段的高品位太阳能热利用技术,包括太阳能热发电、太阳能空调制冷、太阳能制氢、太阳能海水淡化及太阳能烟囱发电等;在当前研究的中心问题部分,主要论述了解决太阳能热利用的关键技术问题.     

An overview of micro/nanoscaled thermal radiation and its applications

With the rapid development of micro/nanoscaled technologies, we are confronted with more and more challenges related to small-scale thermal radiation. Thorough understanding and handling of micro/nanoscaled radiative heat transfer is vital for many fields of modern science and technology. For example, proper utilization of near-field thermal radiation phenomenon greatly improves light-electric conversion efficiency. This review introduces theoretical and experimental investigation on near-field thermal radiation, especially progress in application and control of micro/nanoscaled radiative heat transfer, which addresses problems in developing renewable and sustainable energy techniques.     

Magnetic superlattices and multilayers

We briefly review the active areas of current research in magnetic superlattices, emphasizing later years. With recent widening use of advanced technologies, more emphasis has been made on quantitative atomic level chemical and structural characterization. Examples where the multilayer structure has been controlled, characterized and correlated with the physical properties are discussed. The physical properties are categorized according to the complexity of a structure needed to observe a particular effect. We outline a number of general important unsolved problems, which could considerably benefit from theoretical and experimental input. An extensive list of magnetic multilayer materials is provided, with references to recent publications.     

高保真图像与视频处理技术

得益于对图像技术多年的深入研究和持续投入,数字图像在空间、频域和时域的保真度一直稳步提升,现在已经可以赶上甚至超过传统胶卷。但是无论传感技术如何发展,总会有一些令人兴奋的新应用要求更高的图像精度。医药、空间、工程和科学领域的研究人员总是渴望得到更小尺度、更精确的图像细节。由于传感器件自身的保真能力受到物理定律的严格限制,所以用户不能指望仅仅靠传感器本身达到这些成像要求。而通过信号处理技术从算法上提高传感器件的成像精度已经并且将会在图像与视频处理以及机器视觉领域扮演重要的角色。介绍了高保真图像与视频处理领域的一些技术难题,并回顾了已经存在的和正在兴起的解决这些难题的科学方法和技术手段。     

Ultrasound applications in drying of fruits from a sustainable development goals perspective

This review focuses on the many contributions of ultrasound technologies for fruit drying toward the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). Along this review, several aspects attained from the application of ultrasound technologies are correlated with the SDGs. The main ultrasonic technologies applied for fruit drying, such as ultrasonic bath, probe ultrasound, air-borne ultrasound air-drying, and ultrasound-assisted contact air-drying, are presented. An in-depth discussion on ultrasound contributions, its advantages, disadvantages, and limitations are made. The effects of ultrasound on water diffusivity in several fruits are presented by correlating this effect with drying time and cost of energy. Ultrasound-assisted fruit drying, like other food processing technologies, directly impacts Zero Hunger, but ultrasound technologies contribute to much more than delivering long shelf-life food. This technology can be used to produce healthy foods and provide well-being, which will be discussed by correlating the effects of ultrasound-assisted air-drying with the concentration of nutritional compounds. Ultrasound-assisted fruit drying reduces wastewater toxicity and energy consumption and improves productivity, potentially improving workplaces and salaries. A walk through the technology is presented from Zero Hunger to No Poverty.     

我国医学物理工作者的任务

医学中的物理学问题涉及把物理学的概念、理论和方法应用于人类疾病的预防、诊断、治疗和康复的全过程．因此，由物理学和医学结合而形成的医学物理学科必须按照一个一级学科规范要求做出定义，使得这个专业的学生能够在与其他学科大体相当的时间内完成学业，成为这方面的专门人才．世界上50多年来形成并快速发展的医学物理学科已经定义了自己的学科范围和内容，人们可以从中获得启发．现在世界医学物理学的主流仍然是医学影像物理学和肿瘤放疗物理学，但是物理学的各个分支学科都已经和正在形成与医学结合的新的发展方向．很多新技术，例如超声技术、激光技术、纳米材料技术、电磁波技术、磁共振技术、同位素技术、光源和射线探测技术等等，也都是医学物理学科中广泛使用的关键技术．文章从医学的需求角度，把医学中的物理问题归纳为诊断、治疗、医疗装置和医学软件四个方面，并由此分析了医学物理工作的任务．     

Neutron-Transmutation Doping and Radiation Modification of Semiconductors: Current Status and Outlook

This review focuses on the development of neutron-transmutation doping (NTD) and radiation modification (RM) technologies for semiconductor materials (Si and III–V compounds) in Russia. The advantages of NTD and RM materials over growth-doped semiconductors are demonstrated. The main tasks and outlook for the development of radiation technologies based on research and commercial RBMK-reactors operated in Russia are discussed.     

A review of three magnetic NDT technologies

Magnetic techniques are most important NDT technologies to characterize the mechanical features of ferromagnetic materials based on the physical principle of magnetic-stress coupling. A review is presented in this paper about the development of the magnetic NDT technologies. After a brief outline of the theoretical studies of the magnetic-stress coupling effect, the three popular magnetic NDT technologies are reviewed, which are magnetic flux leakage (MFL), magnetic Barkhausen noise (MBN) and recently developed metal magnetic memory (MMM). The first two are ascribed to the active magnetic method, and the last one is the passive method. Based on an extensive literature survey in this field, this paper focuses on the discussion of the physical mechanism and some important experimental results relevant to the three NDT technologies. The challenges for each technique in this field are also summarized.     

Interface models and processing technologies for surface passivation and interface control in III-V semiconductor nanoelectronics

Interface models and processing technologies are reviewed for successful establishment of surface passivation, interface control and MIS gate stack formation in III-V nanoelectronics. First, basic considerations on successful surface passivation and interface control are given, including review of interface models for the band alignment at interfaces, and effects of interface states in nanoscale devices. Then, a brief review is given on currently available surface passivation technologies for III-V materials, including the Si interface control layer (ICL)-based passivation scheme by the authors’ group. The Si-ICL technique has been successfully applied to surface passivation of nanowires and to formation of a HfO₂ high-k dielectric/GaAs interfaces with low values of the interface state density.     

Colour Plasma Displays by UV-Excited Phosphors A Review

Though intense work on the development of a full colour flat TV display panel based on gas discharges has produced considerable progress over the last 10 years no practicable technological solutions have been found [1–2]. Of the different approaches the alternating current (ac) discharge has been proved suitable for the alphanumerical and graphical display technique and the direct current (dc) discharge for colour TV panels. To reach such aims as improved optical efficiency, colour gamut and increased life time as well as simpler manufacturing technology and more effective addressing for reducing costs, long-term basic research in the field of gas discharges and phosphors and the development of special technologies is necessary [3–8]. The present review is an attempt to give a survey of this situation. In Chap. 1 the trends of development, general problems of colour, display types and TV are dealt with, and in Chap. 2 and 3 the literature on dc and ac-display panels is reviewed.     

Engineering and metrology of epitaxial graphene

Here we review the concepts and technologies, in particular photochemical gating, which contributed to the recent progress in quantum Hall resistance metrology based on large scale epitaxial graphene on silicon carbide.     

分子整流器的相关技术

分子整流器的相关技术是研究器件基础理论和未来付诸应用的关键问题之一。由于分子材料的特殊物理化学性质,原本成熟的普通半导体工艺不再适用。本文综述了目前在分子整流器研究领域广泛使用的相关技术,介绍了分子有序排列的各种组装技术,ＳＴＭ技术,电极制备技术等。分子器件的深入研究将会引起信息处理系统和材料科学的发展,对未来科学技术和社会发展产生深远的影响。     

The next generation mass storage devices – Physical principles and current status

The amount of digital data today has been increasing at a phenomenal rate due to the widespread digitalisation service in almost every industry. The need to store such ever-increasing data aggressively triggers the requirement to augment the storage capacity of the conventional storage technologies. Unfortunately, the physical limitations that conventional forms face have severely handicapped their potential to meet the storage need from both consumer and industry point of view. The focus has therefore been switched into the development of the innovative data storage technologies such as scanning probe memory, nanocrystal memory, carbon nanotube memory, DNA memory, and organic memory. In this paper, we review the physical principles of these emerging storage technologies and their superiorities as the next generation data storage device, as well as their respective technical challenges on further enhancing the storage capacity. We also compare these novel technologies with the mainstream data storage means according to the technology roadmap on areal density.     

等离子体排灰气处理技术研究进展

等离子体排灰气处理系统是聚变反应装置氘氚燃料循环系统中极为重要的环节。该系统的主要功能是从反应后的排灰气中回收剩余的氘氚燃料,并处理壁材料净化、系统维护等非正常运行模式以及分析与辅助系统中产生的含氚杂质气体。介绍了国际上聚变堆等离子体排灰气的组成和主要处理工艺,简述了钯膜分离、膜反应及催化反应-膜分离、电解反应、分解反应及氧化-分解等各关键单元技术的基本原理和研究进展,并进行了分析和评价,提出了目前国内在该领域需要开展的研究工作。     

Near-infrared photocatalysis based on upconversion nanomaterials

As the global energy crisis and environmental pollution problems become increasingly severe, it is important to develop new energy capture and pollution management methods. Among these new technologies, photocatalysis has garnered significant interest because of its significant application prospects in harnessing pollution-free solar energy to degrade organic pollutants. From a fundamental scientific and technical perspective, improved optical frequency is a key research topic that provides a useful framework for studying the optical processes impacted by the local photonic environment. This type of study is especially pertinent because plasmonics emphasizes nonlinearity. Thus, near-infrared (NIR) catalysis has received considerable attention. In this review, we aimed to provide an integrated framework for NIR photocatalysis. We briefly introduce photocatalysis based on upconversion (UC) materials, including the efficiency of UC materials and the bination and energy transfer process between the semiconductor and UC particles as well as photoelectric response photocontrolled-delivery and photodynamic therapy based on NIR-responsive materials.     

Progress of coherent optical fibre communication systems

The recent progress of coherent optical fibre communication systems is reviewed. System constituent technologies, such as coherent optical modulation-demodulation, optical direct amplification for repeaters and single polarization fibre transmission are outlined. Several important optical device technologies, such as frequency stabilization of semiconductor lasers, AM and FM quantum noise and their reduction, and integrated opto-electronic devices, are also described. Finally, on the basis of the current state of the art in these technological areas, the expected system performance and future problems are discussed.     

Modern technologies for detection and identification of explosive agents and devices

The physical principles and most effective modern technologies for detecting and identifying explosive agents and devices and the analytical potential of these technologies were considered to solve the problems of antiterrorist security and countermeasures against terrorist attacks using explosive devices based on explosive agents. Particular attention was paid to the possibility of detecting explosive agents and devices, in particular, during automated control at the entrance to airports, railway stations, and various institutions and organizations and security check of suspicious persons, luggage inspection, etc. An analysis of the possibilities for identifying explosive agents and devices can evidently create conditions for expanding the existing technologies or combining them with new technologies for detecting not only various types of explosives, but also narcotic drugs, firearms, cold weapons, radioactive substances, poisonous substances, highly toxic substances, biological agents, etc.