Monomer-Polymer Equilibria of Deuterated α-Methylstyrenes

The equilibria between α-trideuteromethyl-β,β-dideuterostyrene, α-methyl-2,3,4,5,6-pentadeuterostyrene, and perdeutero-α-methylstyrene and their respective polymeric anions in tetrahydrofuran have been investigated between 253 and 308°K. The heat and entropy changes were both increased by deuteration of the alkyl group. Qualitatively the effect observed appears best explained by the premise that a lowering of steric repulsions occurs with deuterium and hence the effective volume for deuterium is less than that for hydrogen.     

Deuterium Isotope Effect on the Phase Separation of Zipper‐Type Hydrogen‐Bonding Inter‐Polymer Complexes in Solution

We have investigated the deuterium isotope effect on phase separation in aqueous zipper‐type hydrogen‐bonding polymer solutions. The phase separation temperature of poly(acrylic acid)‐poly(acrylamide) in heavy water is about 16°C higher than that in water. This large isotope effect in the aqueous zipper‐type macromolecular system arises from the polymer‐polymer interaction due to cooperative hydrogen bonds in the polymer‐polymer complex.     

Hydrogen sensors based on conductivity changes in polyaniline nanofibers

Hydrogen causes a reversible decrease in the resistance of a thin film of camphorsulfonic acid doped polyaniline nanofibers. For a 1% mixture of hydrogen in nitrogen, a 3% decrease in resistance is observed (DeltaR/R = -3%). The hydrogen response is completely suppressed in the presence of humidity. In contrast, oxygen does not inhibit the hydrogen response. A deuterium isotope effect on the sensor response is observed in which hydrogen gives a larger response than deuterium: (DeltaR/R)H/(DeltaR/R)D = 4.1 +/- 0.4. Mass sensors using nanofiber films on a quartz crystal microbalance also showed a comparable deuterium isotope effect: DeltamH/DeltamD = 2.3 +/- 0.2 or DeltanH/DeltanD = 4.6 +/- 0.4 on a molar basis. The resistance change of polyaniline nanofibers is about an order of magnitude greater than conventional polyaniline, consistent with a porous, high-surface-area nanofibrillar film structure that allows for better gas diffusion into the film. A plausible mechanism involves hydrogen bonding to the amine nitrogens along the polyaniline backbone and subsequent dissociation. The inhibitory effect of humidity is consistent with a stronger interaction of water with the polyaniline active sites that bind to hydrogen. These data clearly demonstrate a significant interaction of hydrogen with doped polyaniline and may be relevant to recent claims of hydrogen storage by polyaniline.     

Intramolecular hydrogen bonding of novel o-hydroxythioacetophenones and related compounds evaluated by deuterium isotope effects on 13C chemical shifts

A new class of compounds, the 2-hydroxythioacetophenones, and related compounds have recently been synthesized. The hydrogen-bond system has been characterized by NMR chemical shifts and deuterium isotope effects on these as well as by DFT calculations. Use of solid-state (13)C NMR has enabled measurements of the intrinsic deuterium isotope effects of the most abundant tautomer of beta-thioxoketones. The compounds show very interesting long-range deuterium isotope effects on the thiocarbonyl carbon. The intramolecular hydrogen bonds of o-hydroxythioacetophenones are found to be slightly stronger than those of the corresponding acetophenones. The reactivity and stability of the compounds can be related to hydrogen bonding and to the presence of electron donating substituents.     

氘和氢在钯中行为的研究

自从1989年Fleischman及Pons发表了用钯阴极电解重水诱导室温核聚变(又叫“冷核聚变”)以来,多数学者对其实验结果持怀疑态度,但研究电解重水过程中氘在钯电极中的行为以及氘和氢性质之间的差异,对了解电化学诱导室温核聚变和氘及氢的贮存与利用都有重要的意义.本文用电化学渗氢技术比较了氘及氢在钯中的吸收和扩散等行为,用正电子湮没技术研究了电解前后钯中电子结构及其缺陷电子结构的变化.     

Investigations of intramolecular hydrogen bonding in three types of Schiff bases by 2H and 3H NMR isotope effects

Hydrogen bonding within the structures of three Schiff bases (1-3), obtained by condensation of 4-methoxy-, 5-methoxy- and 4,6-dimethoxysalicylaldehyde with methylamine, was investigated by measuring deuterium and tritium NMR isotope effects. The primary deuterium and tritium isotope effects (delta(XH)-delta(XD/T)) and secondary one-bond nitrogen deuterium effect appear to be very useful parameters for defining the character of intramolecular hydrogen bonds. The tritium isotope effects were also determined for nitrogen-hydrogen one-bond coupling constants for both 4-methoxy and 4,6-dimethoxy derivatives. These parameters are seen to be highly sensitive to hydrogen bond characteristics and can be used to distinguish localized and tautomeric hydrogen bonds.     

Unusual deuterium isotope effects in 13C NMR spectra of trans-stilbene

A detailed analysis of the ¹³C NMR spectra of trans-stilbene and ten deuteriated trans-stilbenes has been undertaken. Some unusual deuterium isotope effects on carbon–hydrogen spin–spin coupling constants could not be explained by the ordinary primary and secondary isotope effects. The positive and negative changes of ⁿJ(CH) were interpreted in terms of a steric effect, the vibrational influence of the C? D bond and the para-effect induced by deuterium. In this respect, deuterium behaves as a real substituent with electronic properties different from those of hydrogen. The deuterium isotope effects on ¹³C NMR chemical shifts and carbon–deuterium coupling constants have also been determined.     

Analysis of surface structure and hydrogen/deuterium exchange of colloidal silica suspension by contrast-variation small-angle neutron scattering

The microscopic surface structure and hydrogen/deuterium exchange effect were investigated by contrast-variation small-angle neutron scattering (CV-SANS) for three different-sized amorphous colloidal silica aqueous suspensions. The results show that the fraction of hydrogen/deuterium exchange per nanoparticle, phiH/D, strongly depends on the size of silica nanoparticles. This finding supports that the hydrogen/deuterium exchange occurs exclusively within a finite surface layer of silica nanoparticles, while the inner component remained unchanged. Detailed analyses of the scattering intensity functions led to the estimation of (1) phiH/D and (2) the thickness of the surface layer as functions of the particle radius. The surface layer thickness was found to increase from 18 to 35 A with decreasing the particle radius from 165 to 71.2 A. The surface area per unit weight of silica estimated with the CV-SANS results are comparable to those reported in the literature.     

Hydrogen/deuterium exchange on yeast ATPase supramolecular protein complex analyzed at high sensitivity by MALDI mass spectrometry

To evaluate the ability of hydrogen/deuterium exchange of amide protons followed by mass spectrometry (HXMS) to yield topological information about supramolecular protein complexes, this approach has been tested with the 370 kDa hetero-oligomeric complex of yeast F1-ATPase. The study was focused on the epsilon subunit (6612 Da) of the complex. Deuterium back exchange due to the chromatographic isolation step of this subunit was strongly reduced by means of fast micro-chromatography, and MALDI-MS was used to analyze either the intact subunit or peptide mixtures resulting from its proteolytic cleavage. A deuterium labeling kinetic study was conducted with epsilon subunit being a part of the F1 native complex. The effect of a secondary structure was also investigated by means of HXMS on the isolated epsilon subunit. Finally, to determine which regions of epsilon subunit are accessible to solvent in F1-ATPase during exchange, the complex was submitted to hydrogen/deuterium exchange, the epsilon subunit was purified by micro-chromatography, digested by pepsin, and resulting peptide fragments were analyzed by MALDI-MS. The combination of hydrogen/deuterium exchange, fast micro-chromatography and MALDI-MS was shown to be a fast and efficient way to obtain detailed topological information for the epsilon subunit when it is engaged in the ATPase complex.     

Deuterium isotope effects on 13C NMR chemical shifts of some α-(2-hydroxyaryl)-N-phenylnitrones (Schiff base N-oxides)

The deuterium isotope effect on the ¹³C NMR chemical shifts of some α-2-hydroxyaryl-N-phenylnitrones (Schiff base N-oxides) was studied. The existence of an intramolecular hydrogen bond with the proton localized on the phenolic oxygen atom was evidenced. Exceptionally large isotope effects ΔC-2(D) and ΔC-α(D) suggest that the substitution of the proton of the OH group by deuterium leads to a weakening of the hydrogen bond and some conformational changes in the molecule. This conclusion was drawn on the basis of a comparison of the deuterium isotope effects of Schiff base N-oxides and parent Schiff bases. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An unusual isotope effect on substrate inhibition in the oxidation of arachidonic acid by lipoxygenase

Soybean lipoxygenase catalyzes the oxidation of arachidonic acid to 15S-HPETE. The reaction displays strong substrate inhibition with unlabeled substrate but no discernible substrate inhibition with arachidonic acid labeled with deuterium at C13, the site of hydrogen/deuterium atom abstraction. The unusual behavior is due primarily to a large kinetic isotope effect on Km,O2 as a result of the strong selection against deuterium in the abstraction step.     

Ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) further improves hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry

Ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) employs particles smaller than 2 microm in diameter to achieve superior resolution, speed, and sensitivity compared with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). We have tested the suitability of UPLC for the analysis of deuterated peptides in hydrogen exchange mass spectrometry experiments. Superior resolution and sample throughput were obtained with UPLC versus HPLC. For highly deuterated model peptides, deuterium loss using UPLC was greater than the deuterium loss observed using a conventional HPLC system, primarily as a result of the injection requirements of the UPLC system. Partially deuterated cytochrome c peptides also lost more deuterium in UPLC versus HPLC, although the effect was not as pronounced as it was for the highly deuterated model peptides. The exceptional chromatographic aspects of UPLC make it a very attractive alternative to HPLC for hydrogen exchange mass spectrometry experiments.     

An efficient and inexpensive refrigerated LC system for H/D exchange mass spectrometry

Loss of deuterium label during the LC step in amide hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (H/D-MS) is minimized by maintaining an acidic mobile phase pH and low temperature (pH 2.5, 0 °C). Here we detail the construction and performance of a low-cost, thermoelectrically refrigerated enclosure to house high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) components and cool mobile phases. Small volume heat exchangers rapidly decrease mobile phase temperature and keep the temperature stable to ±0.2 °C. Using a superficially porous reversed-phase column, we obtained excellent chromatographic performance in the separation of peptides with a median peak width of 4.4 s. Average deuterium recovery was 80.2% with an average relative precision of 0.91%.     

Hydrogen-deuterium exchange in bulk LiBH4

Because of its apparent simplicity, diffusion of hydrogen in solids can be regarded as a general model system for diffusion. However, only rudimentary knowledge exists for the dynamics of hydrogen in complex hydrides. Insight into the specific diffusion process is given by hydrogen-deuterium exchange experiments. Thermogravimetry and Raman spectroscopy are used to measure the hydrogen-deuterium exchange during the decomposition of LiBH4. At a temperature of 523 K the self-diffusion constant of deuterium in LiBH4 is estimated to be D approximately 7 x 10(-14) m(2) s(-1). A careful analysis of the Raman spectra shows that hydrogen is statistically exchanged by deuterium in LiBH4; i.e., the diffusing species is assumed to be the single hydrogen atom.     

Plume segregation observed in hydrogen and deuterium containing plasmas produced by laser ablation of carbon fiber tiles from a fusion reactor

The plasma produced by the irradiation of a hydrogen and deuterium containing carbon fiber composite with infrared laser pulses of 4-ns pulse duration has been investigated. The experiments were carried out under argon at reduced pressure. Microscopic analyses of the irradiated sample surface were performed to measure the ablation depth. Time- and space-resolved optical emission spectroscopy was applied to characterize the evolution of spectral line emission as a function of time and distance from the surface. Particular attention was paid to the time-of-flight characteristics of the hydrogen and deuterium Balmer α spectral lines. According to the different atomic masses of both isotopes, the expansion of hydrogen into the low pressure argon atmosphere was found to be slightly faster than that of deuterium. The effect of plume segregation is pressure dependent and tends to increase the analytical signal of heavy atoms with respect to lighter ones during laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy.     

Coulometric titrations of bases in propylene carbonate using hydrogenpalladium and deuteriumpalladium generator electrodes

The application of hydrogen and deuterium ions obtained by anodic oxidation of hydrogen and deuterium dissolved in palladium, for the coulometric determination of bases (both individual and in mixtures) in propylene carbonate, is described. The current-potential curves at a palladium anode for supporting electrolyte indicator, titrated bases, hydrogen dissolved in palladium and deuterium dissolved in palladium showed that hydrogen and deuterium are oxidized at much less positive potentials than the oxidation potentials of other substances present in the solution. The generated H⁺ and D⁺ ions were used for the titration of bases (pyridine, quinoline, triethylamine, n-butylaniline, 2,2′-dipiridyl and aminopyrine) with visual and potentiometric detection. The oxidation of hydrogen and deuterium proceeded with 100% current efficiency. Two-component mixtures of bases (aliphatic + aromatic amine) were titrated successfully by using two indicators, Eosin and Crystal Violet. The relative error of the determination with respect to each individual base determination, was less than 2.5% for quantities of bases ranging from 1 to 3 mg.     

Analysis of Hydrogen Tunneling in an Enzyme Active Site using von Neumann Measurements

We build on our earlier quantum wavepacket study of hydrogen transfer in the biological enzyme, soybean lipoxygenase-1, by using von Neumann quantum measurement theory to gain qualitative insights into the transfer event. We treat the enzyme active site as a measurement device which acts on the tunneling hydrogen nucleus via the potential it exerts at each configuration. A series of changing active site geometries during the tunneling process effects a sequential projection of the initial, reactant state onto the final, product state. We study this process using several different kinds of von Neumann measurements and show how a discrete sequence of such measurements not only progressively increases the projection of the hydrogen nuclear wavepacket onto the product side but also favors proton over deuteron transfer. Several qualitative features of the hydrogen tunneling problem found in wavepacket dynamics studies are also recovered here. These include the shift in the "transition state" towards the reactant as a result of nuclear quantization, greater participation of excited states in the case of deuterium, and presence of critical points along the reaction coordinate that facilitate hydrogen and deuterium transfer and coincide with surface crossings. To further "tailor" the dynamics, we construct a perturbation to the sequence of measurements, that is a perturbation to the dynamical sequence of active site geometry evolution, which leads us to insight on the existence of sensitive regions of the reaction profile where subtle changes to the dynamics of the active site can have an effect on the hydrogen and deuterium transfer process.     

Diffuse-Reflectance IR Spectra of ortho-Hydrogen and para-Hydrogen Adsorbed on Zeolite BaX at 77 K and Their Interpretation in Terms of the Stark Effect

The vibrational and vibrational–rotational spectra of hydrogen adsorbed on zeolite BaX at 77 K were examined by diffuse-reflectance IR spectroscopy over a wide range of wavenumbers. The use of hydrogen enriched in the para isomer and of molecular deuterium allowed us to reliably assign the absorption bands to orthohydrogen and para-hydrogen and compare the experimentally observed band splitting with the theoretically calculated shifts of the corresponding levels resulted from the Stark effect. In the calculations, an adsorption site was simulated as a positive point charge. Although this approximation is rough, the IR spectra of adsorbed hydrogen and deuterium are adequately described in terms of the Stark effect. A decrease in the frequency of stretching vibrations of H–H (D–D) bonds in the molecules coordinated to Ba²⁺ cations, a decrease in the intensity of vibrational–rotational absorption bands, and the band splitting in the spectra of adsorbed para-hydrogen and orthohydrogen were explained.     

气相色谱-常压微波等离子体发射光谱系统操作参数的考察及最优化

本文对影响GC-MIP检测性能的操作参数(包括等离子体观测位置,微波功率和He支持气流速)进行了最优化研究。结果表明,对C、H、D、O、S、P、F、Cl、Br和I元素来说,每个元素都有各自的一套最佳操作参数。此外,还对记忆效应进行了讨论。     

Theoretical study on the excited-state intramolecular proton transfer in the aromatic schiff base salicylidene methylamine: an electronic structure and quantum dynamical approach

The proton-transfer dynamics in the aromatic Schiff base salicylidene methylamine has been theoretically analyzed in the ground and first singlet (pi,pi) excited electronic states by density functional theory calculations and quantum wave-packet dynamics. The potential energies obtained through electronic calculations that use the time-dependent density functional theory formalism, which predict a barrierless excited-state intramolecular proton transfer, are fitted to a reduced three-dimensional potential energy surface. The time evolution in this surface is solved by means of the multiconfiguration time-dependent Hartree algorithm applied to solve the time-dependent Schr?dinger equation. It is shown that the excited-state proton transfer occurs within 11 fs for hydrogen and 25 fs for deuterium, so that a large kinetic isotope effect is predicted. These results are compared to those of the only previous theoretical work published on this system [Zgierski, M. Z.; Grabowska, A. J. Chem. Phys. 2000, 113, 7845], reporting a configuration interaction singles barrier of 1.6 kcal mol(-1) and time reactions of 30 and 115 fs for the hydrogen and deuterium transfers, respectively, evaluated with the semiclassical instanton approach.