单层5A06铝合金板高速撞击实验研究

采用非火药驱动二级轻气炮发射球形弹丸,对单层5A06铝合金板进行高速撞击实验研究,从而模拟空间碎片对航天器防护结构的高速撞击作用。实验得到了该铝合金板在不同的速度区间的损伤模式。结果表明,弹丸撞击速度一定时,弹坑深度和弹坑直径均与弹丸直径呈线性关系。当撞击速度在4km/s至5km/s时,靶板上的弹坑深度和弹坑直径随撞击速度的增大而减小,在其它速度范围内,弹坑深度和弹坑直径随撞击速度的增大而增大。通过固定弹丸直径,变化撞击速度,寻找临界撞击速度的方法获得了该铝合金板在弹丸撞击速度为1.0km/s至4.2km/s时的撞击极限曲线,并将实验弹坑深度与由Cour-Palais方程得到的预测弹坑深度进行了比较,实验弹坑深度大于预测值。     

冰弹超高速撞击铝合金靶板的损伤形貌分析

针对铝合金靶板受冰弹丸超高速撞击时所产生的类8字形和类椭圆形损伤形貌,采用试验与理论分析相结合的方法,利用弹性力学理论对损伤形貌的生成机理进行分析研究。以靶板撞击点为原点建立力学模型,分析在弹丸撞击靶板瞬间,靶板撞击点处各方向上的应力分布情况。分析结果表明：在靶板撞击点处各方向上的应力分布不均匀,呈类8字形分布;当撞击产生的应力超过材料的屈服极限后材料开始塑性变形,从而导致靶板产生类8字形的鼓包;当撞击产生的应力超过材料的断裂极限后材料开始撕裂,撕裂后的损伤区域总体上呈现类椭圆形。这说明靶板撞击区的类8字形和类椭圆形损伤形貌是由材料的弹性效应导致的。     

利用二级轻气炮实现重弹丸裸体击靶技术研究

介绍了利用３０ｍｍ口径的二级轻气炮作为发射手段，将２０￣４５ｇ重的钢弹丸发射到２￣４ｋｍ／ｓ，使弹丸－弹托顺利分离，实现钢弹丸裸体击靶的技术，为利用二级轻气炮开展重弹丸情况下的高速碰撞终点弹道效应研究提供了可靠的实验技术。     

动载荷下固体材料的剪切断裂判据

本文通过对钢质圆柱体弹丸高速撞击平面铝靶板实验的二维数值模拟计算,提出了以最大工程剪切应变作为剪切断裂判据的建议。     

飞机加强蒙皮在12.7 mm弹丸撞击下的变形与破坏

为了研究飞机蒙皮在12.7 mm标准机枪弹丸射击下的损伤,对3 mm厚LY-12 CZ材料的单蒙皮及其加筋板进行了模拟弹击试验。通过试验研究,建立了一个由高速气炮、弹体与弹托分离机构、连续位移激光测速装置和弹丸回收装置组成的系统并被有效地用于弹丸正撞击试验。通过对四边固支的3 mm厚蒙皮用12.7 mm直径弹丸进行速度约60~300 m/s的正撞击试验,结果表明,靶板从微小损伤到完全击穿;弹击造成的变形区有效直径随弹丸速度的增大呈幂指数趋势下降;弹击引起的变形深度随弹丸撞击速度的增加呈直线下降;靶板上的应变随弹丸速度的增加逐渐降低。弹丸剩余速度随弹丸撞击速度的增加呈直线上升。最后利用DYNA3D程序对单蒙皮及其加筋板进行了弹击数值模拟,模拟结果与弹击试验结果较吻合。     

柱形聚碳酸酯弹丸撞击刚性靶的实验研究

用Ф22×64mm的聚碳酸酯(PC)圆柱形弹丸,以172m/s~234m/s的速度撞击刚性靶板,用幅频为4.05×104幅/秒的高速数字相机记录了PC弹丸撞击时的变形过程,用PVDF测力薄膜测定了弹丸头部与刚性靶表面碰靶过程的应力-时间曲线,获得了可供建立分析模型参考的实验数据。采用Syomds-Cowper过应力模型对PC材料应变率敏感性进行了初步分析,根据经典的Taylor理论计算了PC的名义应变率和相应的动态流动应力,其结果与实验数据基本一致。     

铝合金Whipple防护结构高速撞击实验研究

为了掌握航天器防护结构受空间碎片高速撞击的损伤破坏模式及其防护性能，采用二级轻气炮发射球形弹丸，对铝合金Whipple防护结构进行高速撞击实验研究。根据实验结果分析了铝合金Whipple防护结构的防护屏和舱壁在不同速度区间的损伤模式特征，以及薄铝板防护屏高速撞击穿孔和舱壁弹坑分布随弹丸直径、弹丸撞击速度变化的规律。通过固定弹丸直径，改变弹丸撞击速度，寻找临界撞击速度的方法获得了铝合金Whipple防护结构在0.5~5.5 km/s撞击速度区间内的撞击极限曲线，并与由Christiansen撞击极限方程得到的撞击极限曲线进行了比较，结果表明，实验最小临界弹丸直径略大于预测值。     

超高速撞击厚靶过程的能量分配研究

超高速撞击过程的能量分配研究,对于解决动能撞击、发展导弹拦截技术、判定空间飞行器被撞事件及评估碰撞破坏程度具有重要的理论意义。本文在总结前人关于超高速撞击过程能量分配的基础上,将超高速撞击厚靶过程中弹丸的动能分配归纳为靶板的变形能、弹丸与靶板作用过程应力波传播使靶板内能的增加、撞击产生碎片的崩溅能和产生电磁辐射的辐射能,并结合理论推导、实验和数值模拟对撞击速度为2.61km/s且正碰撞2A12铝靶的能量分配进行了定量计算。研究结果表明：无论在弹坑的形貌、尺寸还是辐射温度等方面,实验测量结果、理论推导结果与数值模拟的结果均基本吻合。该研究成果在解决行驶中的车辆碰撞问题以及航空飞行器遭遇鸟撞等领域亦有重要的参考价值。     

平头弹丸正撞下钢筋混凝土靶板厚度方向的开裂

主要针对钢筋混凝土靶板在受到平头弹丸撞击下发生的厚度方向开裂的问题进行研究,并提出了一个弹丸低速撞击有限厚度板的二阶段模型。模型中第一阶段为侵彻阶段,弹丸受到混凝土介质的侵彻阻力由静阻力和速度效应引起的动阻力组成;模型中第二阶段为开裂阶段,钢筋混凝土靶板发生动态剪切破坏的最大承载力可以通过静态剪切破坏最大承载力乘以一个动态增强因子得到。该模型可以用来预测钢筋混凝土靶板发生厚度方向开裂破坏的临界能量。模型预测与实验结果吻合较好。     

先进钻地弹概念弹的次口径高速深侵彻实验研究

同一般钻地弹相比,先进钻地弹撞击速度更高,侵彻深度更大。为实现高速侵彻,实验室研究常采用火炮次口径发射。本文中给出了高速侵彻的实验方法和火炮次口径发射实验技术,并开展了先进钻地弹概念弹的深侵彻缩比实验研究,取得了撞击速度约1.2 km/s的高侵彻能力的实验结果。同时对弹靶的变形破坏分别进行了分析,进一步验证了先进钻地弹的概念可行性。     

碎片对铝合金薄板抗侵彻性能影响数值仿真研究

利用ABAQUS 有限元软件,采用合适材料参数及准则,建立平头弹及碎片撞击2A12-T4铝合金靶板的数值仿真模型。通过改变弹体与碎片之间的相对位置,研究弹体撞击靶板过程中碎片对其抗侵彻特性的影响规律及机理。通过数值仿真计算,分析弹体对靶体的撞击物理过程及失效机制。基于数值仿真计算结果可以发现,碎片对靶体抗侵彻性能受弹体速度以及弹体与碎片之间的相互位置等因素共同作用。对于靶体的抗撞击性能,弹体与碎片之间接触面积存在一个最佳值,接触面积太大或者太小都会减小靶板的损伤面积,从而减少撞击过程中靶板吸收的能量。     

Penetration force measurement of thin plates by laser doppler anemometry

An experimental method is developed by applying laser-Doppler anemometry (LDA) to measure the velocity history of a projectile impact on a target. The force history was obtained by assuming the projectile to be rigid and by differentiating a polynomial which best fitted the obtained velocity data. This method was then applied to the impact of a hemispherically tipped striker on 1-mm thick aluminum plates. The initial velocity of the projectile ranged from several m/s to 93.5 m/s. When these velocities were low enough not to produce cracks on the plate, double-force peaks were observed in each test, and the value corresponding to the higher peak was proportional to the initial velocity of the projectile. Further, this peak force occurred when the projectile just started to rebound, and spring-back behavior of the plate always occurred. Once the cracks on the target started to form, the peak impact force dropped, and the double-peak phenomenon disappeared. It was also found that the peak force was at approximately the same level for impact speeds above the ballistic limit of the plate. On the other hand, a power law was found to perfectly fit the relationship between the absorbed kinetic energy and the initial velocity of the projectile when it was lower than the ballistic limit.     

修正金属本构模型在超高速撞击模拟中的应用

为更加准确地计算93钨合金弹超高速撞击Q345钢板问题,构建了修正的金属本构模型。引入GRAY三相物态方程描述材料相态变化,采用Johnson-Cook强度模型描述撞击后期材料的力学行为。结合封加波损伤演化模型以及Johnson-Cook失效模型描述不同应力三轴度下材料的拉伸、剪切失效行为;引入曹祥提出的断裂演化模型,描述材料失效后应力归零的过程。通过对比超高速撞击数值模拟结果与实验结果,验证了本构模型的适用性,并进一步分析了典型弹靶撞击条件下破片群的空间分布特征。研究结果表明:基于修正金属本构模型获得的超高速撞击靶板穿孔直径、弹体侵蚀长度、破片群扩展速度结果与实验结果一致;GRAY三相物态方程能够相对准确地给出弹体撞击首层靶板以及剩余弹体、破片群撞击第2层靶板时弹靶材料的熔化情况;封加波损伤演化模型能够准确判断超高速撞击过程中靶板是否产生层裂破坏;综合封加波损伤演化模型、Johnson-Cook失效模型以及曹祥提出的断裂演化模型后,数值模拟获得的破片群撞击后效靶板的穿孔面积与累积数量的统计曲线结果与实验结果一致;获得了典型条件下的柱形93钨弹体超高速撞击Q345靶板破片群空间分布结果,破片群的前端具有较高的质量、轴向动量以及横向动量（绝对值）。     

泡沫铝子弹高速撞击下铝基复合泡沫夹层板的动态响应

应用一级轻气炮驱动泡沫铝弹丸高速撞击加载技术,对实心钢板以及前/后面板为Q235钢板、芯层分别为铝基复合泡沫和普通泡沫铝的夹层板结构,在脉冲载荷作用下的动态力学响应进行实验研究。结果表明:泡沫铝子弹高速撞击靶板可近似模拟爆炸载荷效果;铝基复合泡沫夹层板的变形分为芯层压缩和整体变形两个阶段;与其他靶板相比,铝基复合泡沫夹层板的抗冲击性能最优。基于实验研究,应用LS-DYNA非线性动力有限元软件,对泡沫铝夹层板的动态响应进行数值模拟。结果表明:泡沫铝子弹的长度和初始速度对子弹与夹层板之间的接触作用力影响显著,并且呈线性关系。泡沫芯层强度对等质量及等厚度夹层板的抗冲击性能均有显著影响,夹层板中心挠度对前、后面板的厚度匹配较为敏感,在临界范围内,若背板厚度大于面板厚度,可减小夹层板的最终挠度。夹层板面板宜采用刚度较低、延性好、拉伸破坏应变较大的金属材料。     

An investigation of oblique perforation of metallic plates by projectiles

An experimental and analytical study was performed on the mechanics of oblique perforation of metallic plates by projectiles. The purpose was to determine the dependence of the velocity drop on the angle of impact for prescribed mechanical and physical properties of the projectile and the target plate. The ballistic experiments were carried out with 0.22-in.-caliber lead bullets on target plates of commercially pure aluminum and an aluminum alloy which ranged from 2.0 to 6.0 mm in thickness. Transient measurements were taken which included high-speed photographs of the perforation process. The theoretical model that had been developed previously by the authors for the case of normal perforation was modified to include the effects of the angle of impact. The experimental observations for the present test conditions indicate that the main modification to the analysis is the use of the total projectile path as the effective target-plate thickness. Reasonably good agreement between the experimental and theoretical results was obtained.     

Experiments on the penetration of thin long-rod projectiles into thick long-cylindrical borosilicate targets under pressure-free polycarbonate,aluminum and steel confinements

It is well established that confinement pressure inhibits comminution and fragment-flow during projectile penetration of ceramics. Here, a high-pressure gas gun is used to investigate the role of confinement wave impedance on the failure kinetics of ceramics during penetration. Tool-steel rods of fixed lengths and L/D ratios of 12, 16 and 24 impact and penetrate unconfined borosilicate cylinders and those under pressure-free polycarbonate, aluminum and steel confinements. The cylinders are all of the same size with projectile–target diameter ratios lying between 12 and 24, and projectile–target length ratio equal to 8. A stress wave controlling confinement is introduced to approximate an elastic waveguide set-up. Penetration depths into the comminuted borosilicate and the corresponding fragment jet diameters are measured between 168 and 1038 m/s impact velocities with high-speed photography and a witness plate. Expectedly, target resistive pressure increases with confinement impedance but decreases with projectile diameter. However, cylinders confined by steel are less resistive to penetration than those confined by aluminum. This anomalous behavior suggests that comminution increases with dynamic compression and it may be related to densification and the failure wave which occur in silica glasses above certain critical pressures. On this basis, comminution threshold conditions are determined and found to depend strongly on the propagation of stress waves across the target–confinement interface. These results are useful for material selection of impact/penetration-resistant structures with ceramic cores.     

低密度脆性微流星体撞击航天器防护结构损伤效应研究

采用硅酸盐质弹丸模拟低密度脆性微流星体,开展了航天器典型Whipple 防护结构撞击实验研究,获得了低密度微流星体弹丸损伤模式和损伤规律,实验表明,当弹丸撞击速度在1.1~1.4 km/s,前板损伤模式从花瓣式开裂转变为穿孔,当速度为1.4 km/s 时后板鼓包头上出现裂纹;随着弹丸速度的进一步增加,后板出现剥落现象,并形成花瓣撕裂,当弹丸撞击速度达到1.95 km/s 时后板被击穿,导致防护结构受到破坏.     

Semi-theoretical analyses of the concrete plate perforated by a rigid projectile

Based on the three-stage perforation model, a semi-theoretical analysis is conducted for the ballistic performances of a rigid kinetic projectile impacting on concrete plates. By introducing the projectile resistance coefficients, dimensionless formulae are proposed for depth of penetration (DOP), perforation limit thickness, ballistic limit velocity, residual velocity and perforation ratio, with the projectile nosed geometries and projectile-target interfacial friction taken into account. Based on the proposed formula for DOP and lots of penetration tests data of normal and high strength concrete targets, a new expression is obtained for target strength parameter. By comparisons between the results of the proposed formulae and existing empirical formulae and large amount of projectile penetration or perforation tests data for monolithic and segmented concrete targets, the validations of the proposed formulae are verified. It is found that the projectile-target interfacial friction can be neglected in the predictions of characteristic ballistic parameters. The dimensionless DOP for low-to-mid speed impacts of non-flat nosed projectiles increases almost linearly with the impact factor by a coefficient of 2/(πS). The anti-perforation ability of the multilayered concrete plates is dependent on both the target plate thickness and the projectile impact velocity. The variation range of the perforation ratio is 1–3.5 for concrete targets.     

花岗岩块石浆砌结构抗弹丸斜侵彻/冲击性能实验研究

通过实弹射击试验,研究了花岗岩-钢筋混凝土复合靶板的抗侵彻/冲击性能.结果表明,该靶板具有较好的抗侵彻/冲击能力.与同等厚度的普通钢筋混凝土靶板相比,在射弹特性和撞击条件相同的情况下,该结构抗侵彻/冲击能力明显增强.对薄靶板而言,冲剪破坏为主要的破坏形式,增强抗剪能力,能够提高靶板抗侵彻/冲击能力.当弹体速度不高时,局部作用和结构整体响应之间一般有很强的耦合.该花岗岩-钢筋混凝土靶板局部既有一定的刚度,整体也具有一定的塑性,因此具有较好的抗弹体侵彻/冲击能力.这种结构施工简单,取材方便,造价相对低廉,具有一定的应用前景.     

超高速碰撞产生等离子体的毁伤特性研究

以热力学为基础,结合化学反应速率方程,推导得出描述超高速碰撞产生的等离子体电子密度与系统内能关系的物理方程组. 应用自行编写的二维光滑粒子流体动力学(smoothed particle hydrodynamics, SPH) 程序求解了此方程组,在模拟超高速碰撞过程中计算产生的等离子体,实现对超高速碰撞产生等离子体的数值模拟.进行铝球超高速碰撞双层铝板的数值模拟研究,给出与实验对比的结果. 统计前后两次碰撞产生等离子体的电量,发现碰撞较薄的前板产生了较少的电荷而一次碎片云对较厚后板的碰撞产生了大量的电荷. 交换前后两板的位置. 进行相同速度碰撞的模拟,分析结果发现一次碎片云碰撞后板产生的等离子体电量远小于第一次的模拟结果,而前板碰撞产生的等离子体电量要高于第一次模拟结果,由此可见,超高速碰撞产生等离子体的总电量不仅与弹丸的质量和碰撞速度有关,与薄板的厚度也有很大的关系,通过一次碎片云与第二层板碰撞可以产生远高于弹丸碰撞单层板产生的电量,可以提高等离子体产生效率,增强对航天器的电磁毁伤.