Restrictions on nonlinear constitutive equations for elastic shells

Constitutive equations for the resultant forces and moments applied to a shell-like body necessarily couple the influences of the shell geometry and the constitutive nature of the three-dimensional material from which the shell is constructed. Consequently, even when the nonlinear constitutive equation of the three-dimensional material is known, the complicated influence of the shell geometry on the constitutive response of the shell is not known. The main objective of this paper is to develop restrictions on the constitutive equations of nonlinear elastic shells which ensure that exact solutions of the shell equations are consistent with exact nonlinear solutions of the three-dimensional equations for homogeneous deformations. Since these restrictions are nonlinear in nature they provide valuable general theoretical guidance for specific constitutive assumptions about the coupling of material and geometric properties of shells. Examples of the linear theories of a plate and a spherical shell are considered.     

A theory of shells with small strain accompanied by moderate rotation

This paper is concerned with a constrained theory of shells in the presence of small strain accompanied by moderate rotation. The constrained theory accounts for the effect of transverse normal strain and includes, of course, the special case (corresponding to the Kirchhoff-Love theory of shells) in which the effect of transverse normal strain is absent. After precise estimates for (local) moderate rotation and relative displacement gradients in terms of infinitesimal strain have been effected, a complete theory is formulated with the use of linear constitutive equations. The nature of the complete theory is further examined when initially the shell-like body is a plate; and it is shown that our kinematical formulae (strain-displacement relations), as well as the relevant differential equations of the theory in the absence of the effect of transverse normal strain, systematically reduce to those used in the von Kármán plate equations. Also, in the light of the present results, an assessment of kinematical aspects of previously developed theories of shells undergoing small strain and moderate rotation is indicated.     

A general nonlinear theory of elastic shells

This paper presents a general nonlinear theory of elastic shells for large deflections and finite strains in reference to a certain natural state. By expanding the displacement components into power series in the coordinate θ³ normal to the undeformed middle surface of shells, the expansions of the Cauchy-Green strain tensors are expressed in terms of these expanded displacement components. Through the modified Hellinger-Reissner variational principle for a three-dimensional elastic continuum, a set of the fundamental shell equations is derived in terms of the expanded Cauchy-Green strain tensors and Kirchhoff stress resultants. The Love-Kirchhoff hypothesis is not assumed and higher order stretching and bending are taken into consideration. For elastic shells of isotropic materials, assuming the strain-energy to be an analytic function of the strain measures, general nonlinear constitutive equations are then derived. Thus, a complete and consistent two-dimensional shell theory incorporating the geometrical and physical nonlinearities is established. The classical theories of shells are directly derivable from the present results by proper truncations of the series.     

A sampling surfaces method and its application to three-dimensional exact solutions for piezoelectric laminated shells

The application of the sampling surfaces (SaS) method to piezoelectric laminated composite plates is presented in a companion paper (Kulikov, G.M., Plotnikova, S.V., Three-dimensional exact analysis of piezoelectric laminated plates via sampling surfaces method. International Journal of Solids and Structures 50, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2013.02.015). In this paper, we extend the SaS method to shells to solve the static problems of three-dimensional (3D) electroelasticity for cylindrical and spherical piezoelectric laminated shells. For this purpose, we introduce inside the nth layer I_n not equally spaced SaS parallel to the middle surface of the shell and choose displacements of these surfaces as basic kinematic variables. Such choice of displacements permits, first, the presentation of governing equations of the proposed piezoelectric shell formulation in a very compact form and, second, gives an opportunity to utilize the strain–displacement equations, which precisely represent all rigid-body shell motions in any convected curvilinear coordinate system. It is shown that the developed piezoelectric shell formulation can be applied efficiently to finding of 3D exact solutions for piezoelectric cross-ply and angle-ply shells with a specified accuracy using a sufficient number of SaS, which are located at Chebyshev polynomial nodes and layer interfaces as well.     

Thermomechanics of shells undergoing phase transition

The resultant, two-dimensional thermomechanics of shells undergoing diffusionless, displacive phase transitions of martensitic type of the shell material is developed. In particular, we extend the resultant surface entropy inequality by introducing two temperature fields on the shell base surface: the referential mean temperature and its deviation, with corresponding dual fields: the referential entropy and its deviation. Additionally, several extra surface fields related to the deviation fields are introduced to assure that the resultant surface entropy inequality be direct implication of the entropy inequality of continuum thermomechanics. The corresponding constitutive equations for thermoelastic and thermoviscoelastic shells of differential type are worked out. Within this formulation of shell thermomechanics, we also derive the thermodynamic continuity condition along the curvilinear phase interface and propose the kinetic equation allowing one to determine position and quasistatic motion of the interface relative to the base surface. The theoretical model is illustrated by two axisymmetric numerical examples of stretching and bending of the circular plate undergoing phase transition within the range of small deformations.     

Exact electroelastic analysis of functionally graded piezoelectric shells

A paper focuses on implementation of the sampling surfaces (SaS) method for the three-dimensional (3D) exact solutions for functionally graded (FG) piezoelectric laminated shells. According to this method, we introduce inside the nth layer I_n not equally spaced SaS parallel to the middle surface of the shell and choose displacements and electric potentials of these surfaces as basic shell variables. Such choice of unknowns yields, first, a very compact form of governing equations of the FG piezoelectric shell formulation and, second, allows the use of strain–displacement equations, which exactly represent rigid-body motions of the shell in any convected curvilinear coordinate system. It is worth noting that the SaS are located inside each layer at Chebyshev polynomial nodes that leads to a uniform convergence of the SaS method. As a result, the SaS method can be applied efficiently to 3D exact solutions of electroelasticity for FG piezoelectric cross-ply and angle-ply shells with a specified accuracy by using a sufficient number of SaS.     

Efficient meshless SPH method for the numerical modeling of thick shell structures undergoing large deformations

The objective of this paper is to present an extension of the Lagrangian Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) method to solve three-dimensional shell-like structures undergoing large deformations. The present method is an enhancement of the classical stabilized SPH commonly used for 3D continua, by introducing a Reissner–Mindlin shell formulation, allowing the modeling of moderately thin structure using only one layer of particles in the shell mid-surface. The proposed Shell-based SPH method is efficient and very fast compared to the classical continuum SPH method. The Total Lagrangian Formulation valid for large deformations is adopted using a strong formulation of the differential equilibrium equations based on the principle of collocation. The resulting non-linear dynamic problem is solved incrementally using the explicit time integration scheme, suited to highly dynamic applications. To validate the reliability and accuracy of the proposed Shell-based SPH method in solving shell-like structure problems, several numerical applications including geometrically non-linear behavior are performed and the results are compared with analytical solutions when available and also with numerical reference solutions available in the literature or obtained using the Finite Element method by means of ABAQUS^© commercial software.     

Subspace variational principle of rods and shells

This paper builds the general forms of subspace variational principles of rods andshells which are taken as the controlled equations of the constitutive theories developedfrom the three-dimensional (non-polar) continuum mechanics. And the constitutiveequations of rods and shells using the principles are satisfactory.     

THIRD ORDER SHEAR DEFORMATION MODEL FOR LAMINATED SHELLS WITH FINITE ROTATIONS： FORMULATION AND CONSISTENT LINEARIZATION

The paper presents an approach for the formulation of general laminated shells based on a third order shear deformation theory. These shells undergo finite (unlimited in size) rotations and large overall motions but with small strains. A singularity-free parametrization of the rotation field is adopted. The constitutive equations, derived with respect to laminate curvilinear coordinates, are applicable to shell elements with an arbitrary number of orthotropic layers and where the material principal axes can vary from layer to layer. A careful consideration of the consistent linearization procedure pertinent to the proposed parametrization of finite rotations leads to symmetric tangent stiffness matrices. The matrix formulation adopted here makes it possible to implement the present formulation within the framework of the finite element method as a straightforward task.     

On the theory of elastic shells made from a material with voids

In this paper we present a theory for porous elastic shells using the model of Cosserat surfaces. We employ the Nunziato–Cowin theory of elastic materials with voids and introduce two scalar fields to describe the porosity of the shell: one field characterizes the volume fraction variations along the middle surface, while the other accounts for the changes in volume fraction along the shell thickness. Starting from the basic principles, we first deduce the equations of the nonlinear theory of Cosserat shells with voids. Then, in the context of the linear theory, we prove the uniqueness of solution for the boundary initial value problem. In the case of an isotropic and homogeneous material, we determine the constitutive coefficients for Cosserat shells, by comparison with the results derived from the three-dimensional theory of elastic media with voids. To this aim, we solve two elastostatic problems concerning rectangular plates with voids: the pure bending problem and the extensional deformation under hydrostatic pressure.     

On modified displacement version of the non-linear theory of thin shells

We discuss the non-linear theory of thin shells expressed in terms of displacements of the shell reference surface as the only independent field variables. The formulation is based on the principle of virtual work postulated for the reference surface. In our approach: (1) the vector equilibrium equations are represented through components in the deformed contravariant surface base, and using the compatibility conditions the resulting tangential equilibrium equations are additionally simplified, (2) at the shell boundary the new scalar function of displacement derivatives is defined and new sets of four work-conjugate static and geometric boundary conditions are derived, as well as (3) for prescribed shell geometry all non-linear shell relations are generated automatically by two packages set up in Mathematica. The displacement boundary value problem and the associated homogeneous shell buckling problem are generated exactly without using any additional approximations following from errors of the constitutive equations. Both problems are extremely complex and available only in the computer memory. Such an approach allows us to account also for those a few supposedly small terms which may be critical for finding the correct buckling load of shells sensitive to imperfections. This approach is used in the accompanying paper by Opoka and Pietraszkiewicz [Opoka, S., Pietraszkiewicz, W., 2009. On refined analysis of bifurcation buckling for the axially compressed circular cylinder. International Journal of Solids and Structures, 46, 3111–3123.] to perform the refined numerical analysis of bifurcation buckling for the axially compressed circular cylinder.     

Reducing three-dimensional elasticity problems to two-dimensional problems by approximating stresses and displacements by legendre polynomials

Shell equations are constructed in orthogonal curvilinear coordinates using approximations of stresses and displacements by Legendre polynomials. The order of the constructed system of differential equations is independent of whether stresses and displacements or their combination are specified on the shell surfaces, which provides the correct formulation of the surface conditions in terms of both displacements and stresses. This allows the system of differential equations of laminated shells to be constructed using matching conditions for displacements and stresses on the contact surfaces. __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 48, No. 3, pp. 179–190, May–June, 2007.     

On buckling of axisymmetric thin elastic-plastic shells

A buckling criterion for shells with an axisymmetric middle surface and subjected to edge loads and hydrostatic surface pressure loading is formulated starting from Hill's three-dimensional continuum theory for uniqueness of deformation of inelastic solids. It turns out that a physically consistent two-dimensional set of equations may be derived for a quite general class of strain-hardening elastic-plastic solids, the only essential restriction being that of a smooth yield function. The intrinsic errors inherent in the derived rate equations, being an integral part of an eigenvalue problem, are discussed in relation to a circular cylinder under axial compression. Analytical results are given which illustrate the influence of the constitutive properties and the boundary contraints on the magnitude of the critical load.     

A derived theory of elastic-plastic shells

The key to a theory for elastic-plastic shells is the formulation of constitutive equations. Here, incremental equations are derived from the Hooke, Prandtl-Reuss equations of elastic, plastic deformations. The theory does not embody an initial yield condition, but admits immediate, though gradual, evolution of inelastic strain. Consequently, the abrupt transitions and interfaces between elastic and plastic regions are nonexistant.Legendre polynomials are employed to approximate the distribution of stresses; the polynomials of first and second degree are identified with the active forces and couples. Higher polynomials represent residual stresses.The balance of work and rate of dissipation serve to establish the constitutive equations and conditions of loading.     

Free vibrations of multilayered doubly curved shells based on a mixed variational approach and global piecewise-smooth functions

This paper presents the extension of a two-dimensional model that, recently appeared in literature, deals with freely vibrating laminated plates. The extension takes into account the corresponding theory describing the dynamic of freely vibrating multilayered doubly curved shells. The relevant governing differential equations, associated boundary conditions and constitutive equations are derived from one of Reissner’s mixed variational theorems. Both the governing differential equations and the related boundary conditions are presented in terms of resultant stresses and displacements. In spite of the multi-layer nature of the shell, the theory is developed as if the shell were virtually made of a single layer. This choice does not limit the performances of the model, which are comparable to the corresponding three-dimensional theory. This ability is accomplished by an appropriate global expansion of the relevant kinetic and stress quantities, through the thickness of the multilayered shell. The mentioned expansion is realized by a novel selection of global piecewise-smooth functions. Numerical tests illustrate the performance of the model with respect to several elements subjected to a class of simply supported boundary conditions: plates, circular cylindrical shells, spherical and saddle-shape laminates. The model is first tested by comparing its resulting eigen-parameters, with those few existing of exact or approximate three-dimensional models and, finally, new results are provided for several geometrical and material characteristics for plates and shells.     

Derivation of a dual-mixed <Emphasis Type="Italic">hp</Emphasis>-finite element model for axisymmetrically loaded cylindrical shells

The two-field dual-mixed Fraeijs de Veubeke variational formulation of three-dimensional elasticity serves as the starting point of the derivation of a dimensionally reduced shell model presented in this paper. The fundamental variables of this complementary energy-based variational principle are the not a priori symmetric stress tensor and the skew-symmetric rotation tensor. The tensor of first-order stress functions is applied to satisfy translational equilibrium, while the rotation tensor plays the role of a Lagrange multiplier to ensure rotational equilibrium. The volumetric locking-free shell model uses unmodified three-dimensional constitutive equations, and no classical kinematical hypotheses are employed during the derivation. The numerical performance of the related low-order h-, and higher-order p-version finite elements developed for axisymmetrically loaded cylindrical shells is investigated by two representative model problems. It is numerically proven that no negative effect can be experienced when the thickness is small and tends to zero.     

Finite Element Formulation of Viscoelastic Constitutive Equations Using Fractional Time Derivatives

Fractional time derivatives are used to deduce a generalization ofviscoelastic constitutive equations of differential operator type. Theseso-called fractional constitutive equations result in improvedcurve-fitting properties, especially when experimental data from longtime intervals or spanning several frequency decades need to be fitted.Compared to integer-order time derivative concepts less parameters arerequired. In addition, fractional constitutive equations lead to causalbehavior and the concept of fractional derivatives can be physicallyjustified providing a foundation of fractional constitutive equations.First, three-dimensional fractional constitutive equations based onthe Grünwaldian formulation are derived and their implementationinto an elastic FE code is demonstrated. Then, parameter identificationsfor the fractional 3-parameter model in the time domain as well as inthe frequency domain are carried out and compared to integer-orderderivative constitutive equations. As a result the improved performanceof fractional constitutive equations becomes obvious. Finally, theidentified material model is used to perform an FE time steppinganalysis of a viscoelastic structure.     

On equations of the linear theory of shells with surface stresses taken into account

We construct equations of equilibrium and constitutive relations of linear theory of plates and shells with transverse shear strain taken into account, which are based on reducing the spatial elasticity relations with surface stresses taken into account to two-dimensional equations given on the shell median surface. We analyze the influence of surface elasticity moduli on the effective stiffness of plates and shells.     

A Newton method for three-dimensional fretting problems

The present paper concerns the numerical treatment of fretting problems using a finite element analysis. The governing equations resulting from a formal finite element discretization of an elastic body with a potential contact surface are considered in a quasi-static setting. The constitutive equations of the potential contact surface are Signorinis contact conditions, Coulombs law of friction and Archards law of wear. Using a backward Euler time discretization and an approach based on projections, the governing equations are written as an augmented Lagrangian formulation which is implemented and solved using a Newton algorithm for three-dimensional fretting problems of didactic nature. Details concerning the implementation are provided.     

On consistent first approximations in the general linear theory of thin elastic shells

Summary This paper, as a number of earlier ones, is concerned with the rational establishment of twodimensional differential equations for the approximate analysis of stress and strain in elastic layers with spacecurved middle surface. It has been known for some time that the principal difficulty of this problem is to establish rational two-dimensional constitutive equations which correspond to a given system of constitutive equations for the layer treated as a three-dimensional continuum. — In an earlier publication [18] the point had been made that since two-dimensional shell theory was concerned with stress resultants and stress couples, it ought to be advantageous to derive such a theory from a three-dimensional theory in which force stresses as well as moment stresses were incorporated, even for media which, actually, were incapable of supporting moment stresses. — The earlier work [18] had indicated that, mathematically, the advantages of approaching the derivation of two-dimensional shell theory from three-dimensional moment stress elastically theory had to do with the form of the compatibility equations for strain in such a three-dimensional theory. Briefly, with these three-dimensional compatibility equations it becomes possible to concentrate all three-dimensional aspects of the shell problem in a three-dimensional system of integro-differential constitutive equations, and the task of deriving rational two-dimensional constitutive equations becomes nothing but the task of establishing suitable asymptotic expansions for the solutions of these three-dimensional integro-differential equations. In the work in [18] this task had not actually been carried out. The present paper establishes a significant rearrangement of the system of integro-differential equations, in such a way that the nature of the necessary asymptotic expansions is made evident. — With this, explicit results are obtained which include the system of two-dimensional constitutive equations of Koiter and Sanders for an iotropic homogeneous medium, as well as a system of constitutive equations for a class of shells for which the normals to the middle surface are not directions of elastic symmetry, as well as a system of constitutive equations for shells which are sufficiently soft in transverse shear to make transverse shear deformation a first-order effect.

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Übersicht In dieser Veröffentlichung wird die rationelle Aufstellung der zweidimensionalen Differentialgleichungen für die näherungsweise Bestimmung von Spannungen und Verformungen in elastischen Schichten mit räumlich gekrümmter Mittelfläche behandelt. Es ist bekannt, daß die Hauptschwierigkeit dabei im Aufstellen von zweidimensionalen Stoffgleichungen besteht, die einem gegebenen System von Stoffgleichungen für eine als dreidimensionales Kontinuum behandelten Schicht entsprechen. In einer früheren Veröffentlichung [18] wurde darauf hingewiesen, daß es vorteilhaft sein könnte, eine solche Theorie aus einer dreidimensionalen Theorie abzuleiten, in der sowohl Momentspannungen als auch Kraftspannungen berücksichtigt werden. Das gilt auch für solche Stoffe, die in Wirklichkeit nicht in der Lage sind, Momentenspannungen aufzunehmen. — Es wurde seinerzeit gezeigt, daß die Vorteile einer Ableitung der genäherten zweidimensionalen Schalentheorie aus der dreidimensionalen Elastizitätstheorie mit der Form der Verträglichkeitsbedingungen für die Verformungen in dieser dreidimensionalen Theorie zusammenhängen. Mit Hilfe dieser dreidimensionalen Verträglichkeitsbedingungen wird es möglich, alle dreidimensionalen Aspekte des Schalenproblems in einem dreidimensionalen System von Integro-Differentialgleichungen für das Stoffverhalten zu konzentrieren, so daß die Ableitung zweidimensionaler Stoffgleichungen nichts anderes ist, als das Aufstellen geeigneter asymptotischer Reihenentwicklungen für die Lösungen dieser dreidimensionalen Integro-Differentialgleichungen. Das wurde jedoch in [18] noch nicht ausgeführt. In der vorliegenden Veröffentlichung wird das System der Integro-Diffe-rentialgleichungen so umgeformt, daß die Art der notwendigen asymptotischen Entwicklungen deutlich wird. Auf diese Weise werden explizite Ergebnisse erhalten, die das System der zweidimensionalen Stoffgleichungen von Koiter und Sanders für ein isotropes homogenes Medium einschließen. Desgleichen sind darin enthalten die Stoffgleichungen für eine Klasse von Schalen, für die die Normalen zur Mittelfläche nicht mit den Richtungen der elastischen Symmetrie übereinstimmen, sowie auch die Stoffgleichungen für Schalen, die hinreichend weich gegenüber Querschub sind, so daß Querschubdeformationen als Effekte erster Ordnung auftreten.

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A report on work supported by the Office of Naval Research, Washington, D.C.