激光大气等离子体时间演化特性的光谱研究

采用延时光谱法和谱线演化法 ,对YAG脉冲激光器 1 0 6 μm光束击穿一个大气压的空气所产生的等离子体进行了时间分辨光谱研究。对激光大气等离子体连续光谱的短波带与长波带分别进行了时间分辨测量 ,结果表明两者的衰变速率均在等离子体激发约 0 5微秒以后明显变慢。分析认为这种衰变速率的变慢可能与空气中氧对自由电子的吸附与去吸附有关。对激光大气等离子体线状光谱所作的时间分辨测量则表明 ,大部分线状光谱的演化寿命大于其标称寿命 ,部分线状光谱还呈现“衰变—增涨—衰变”的复杂形式。分析认为线状光谱的这些演化特征可能与等离子体在衰变期间的各种复合过程和能量转移过程有关。     

Slowing down of charged particles in dusty plasmas with power‐law kappa‐distributions

We study the slowing down of a particle beam passing through the dusty plasma with power‐law κ‐distributions. Three plasma components, electrons, ions, and dust particles, can have a different κ‐parameter. By using Fokker‐Planck theory, the deceleration factor and slowing down time are derived and expressed by a hyper‐geometric κ‐function. Numerically, we study the slowing down property of an electron beam in the κ‐distributed dusty plasma. We show that the slowing down in the plasma depends strongly on the κ‐parameters of plasma components, and dust particles play a dominant role in the deceleration effects. We also show dependence of the slowing down on mass and charge of a dust particle in the kappa‐distributed plasma.     

Runaway Electron Beam Instability in Slide-Away Discharges in the HT-7 Tokamak

Slide-away discharges are achieved by decreasing the plasma density or ramping down the plasma current in runaway discharges in the HT-7 tokamak. In the case of plasma current ramp down, the ratio of the electron plasma frequency to the electron cyclotron frequency is higher than in the stationary pulses when the discharge goes into a slide-away regime. The instability regime is characterized by relaxations in the electron cyclotron emission due to relativistic anomalous Doppler effect which transfers energy from parallel to perpendicular motion. The triggering of relativistic anomalous Doppler effect at higher density by ramping down of plasma current may provide a alternative runaway energy control scenario.     

Experimental evidence for the emission of high-energy gamma-rays from the dinuclear system formed at the first stage of the fusion reactionsnatSn+20Ne (164, 196 MeV)

In the^natSn+²⁰Ne (164,196 MeV) reactions gamma-ray spectra were observed in coincidence with fast alpha particles forward peaked and with those evaporated into a backward hemisphere. The observed differences in the form of the gamma-ray spectra and in the corresponding yields of high-energy gamma-rays are preliminary related to the time evolution of the deformation of the nuclear systems formed in the heavy ion induced fusion reaction.     

Internal bremsstrahlung of strongly interacting charged particles

A universal theoretical model intended for calculating internal-bremsstrahlung spectra is proposed. In this model, which can be applied to describing nuclear decays of various type (such as alpha decay, cluster decay, and proton emission), use is made of realistic nucleus–nucleus potentials. Theoretical internal-bremsstrahlung spectra were obtained for the alpha decay of the ²¹⁴Po nucleus, as well as for the decay of the ²²²Ra nucleus via the emission of a ¹⁴C cluster and for the decay of the ¹¹³Cs nucleus via proton emission, and the properties of these spectra were studied. The contributions of various regions (internal, subbarrier, and external) to the internal-bremsstrahlung amplitude were analyzed in detail. It is shown that the contribution of the internal region to the amplitude for internal bremsstrahlung generated in nuclear decay via proton emission is quite large, but that this is not so for alpha decay and decay via cluster emission. Thus, a process in which strong interaction of nuclear particles affects the internal-bremsstrahlung spectrum if found.     

An anomalous emission excited near the absorption edge of pyrene crystals

Emission spectra and decay times of the fluorescence excited at the absorption edge region in pyrene crystals were measured. At liquid nitrogen temperature, the fluorescence under the excitation at 390 nm is considered as the excimer emission and its band peak shifts a little to the short wavelength in comparison with that of the excimer emission under the excitation at 360 nm. The emission decay times under the excitation at the 390 nm and 360 nm are about 155 ns and 180 ns, respectively, at liquid nitrogen temperature. The former decay time changes its value abruptly near 127 K. This abrupt change of the decay time may be due to the phase transition in pyrene crystals.     

Precision Measurements of High-Energy Cosmic Gamma-Ray Emission with the GAMMA-400 Gamma-Ray Telescope

The GAMMA-400 γ-ray telescope installed at the Russian space observatory is intended for precision measurements in the energy range of 20 MeV–1000 GeV of γ-ray emission (with the angular and energy resolutions several times better than that of current γ-ray telescopes) from discrete sources; measurement of the energy spectra of Galactic and extragalactic diffuse γ-ray emission; studies of γ-ray emission from the active Sun; and measurements of fluxes of γ-ray emission and electron–positron cosmicray component, which are probably associated with the annihilation or decay of dark-matter particles.     

Structure in the emission from pyrene evaporated films

Emission spectra and decay times of fluorescence of pyrene thin films prepared by evaporation onto substrates at liquid nitrogen temperature were measured. Structure in the emission from films warmed slowly up to higher temperature is found to the higher energy side of the excimer emission band. The decay time is about 410 ns at temperatures between 110 K and 210 K. But the emission from the film warmed up to a temperature above 210 K shows only the excimer emission. These results are discussed in relation to an amorphous structure in the pyrene evaporated thin film.     

Observation of weak impact of a stochastic magnetic field on fast-ion confinement

Fast ions are observed to be very well confined in the Madison Symmetric Torus reversed field pinch despite the presence of stochastic magnetic field. The fast-ion energy loss is consistent with the classical slowing down rate, and their confinement time is longer than expected by stochastic estimates. Fast-ion confinement is measured from the decay of d-d neutrons following a short pulse of a 20 keV atomic deuterium beam. Ion confinement agrees with computation of particle trajectories in the stochastic magnetic field, and is understood through consideration of ion guiding center islands.     

Alpha-tail production with ion-cyclotron-resonance heating of 4He-beam ions in JET plasmas

Third-harmonic ion-cyclotron-resonance heating of 4He-beam ions has produced for the first time on the JET tokamak high-energy populations of 4He ions to simulate 3.5 MeV fusion-born alpha (alpha) particles. Acceleration of 4He ions to the MeV energy range is confirmed by gamma-ray emission from the nuclear reaction 9Be(alpha,ngamma) 12C and excitation of Alfvén eigenmodes. Concomitant electron heating and sawtooth stabilization are observed. The scheme could be used in next-step tokamaks to gain information on trapped alpha particles and to test alpha diagnostics in the early nonactivated phase of operation.     

Emission Characteristics of the D.C., 100 kHz and 13.5 MHz Hollow Cathode Discharges

Hollow cathode discharges in argon at various pressures and currents have been studied by optical emission spectroscopy. The cathodes were made of copper, bronze and brass. The discharges were supplied by direct, 100 kHz and 13.5 MHz currents. Atomic and ionic spectra of plasma gas and elements of cathode materials and molecular bands of ZnH and PN formed due chemical reactions between plasma components have been excited and measured. Relations between emission intensities, excitation temperatures and discharge conditions have been analysed and discussed.     

Alpha particles from the reaction12C +12C at 28.7 MeV/nucleon

A classical dynamical alpha-cluster model has been developed and applied in order to get inclusive energy spectra of alpha particles produced in the collision of¹²C +¹²C at the beam energy 28.7 MeV/A. Results of the calculations are compared with experimental data. The shapes of the experimental energy spectra and the absolute normalization at forward angles are approximately described without any free parameters. The model makes it possible to distinguish alpha particles originating from the compound system and from direct processes. The spectra at forward angles are dominated by projectile fragmentation processes. The cross section at larger angles is overestimated, which is partially due to emission of particles other than alpha particles in central collisions. The evaporation Hauser-Feshbach model predicts that alpha particles emitted from the compound nucleus constitute less than 26% of all emitted particles.     

Temperature dependence of low field CIDNP and time resolved SNP in cyclic ketones

¹H CIDNP and time resolved Stimulated Nuclear Polarization (SNP) in the photolysis of 2,2,12,12-tetramethylcyclododecanone have been investigated at low magnetic field in the temperature range from ?70 to +90°C. Considerable differences for protons of different reaction products are seen in the CIDNP field dependences and SNP decay times at high temperatures. For disproportion products of acyl-alkyl biradicals the width of the CIDNP field dependence and the position of the emission maximum exhibit a pronounced temperature dependence with the largest shift towards low field around ?30°C. At lower temperatures a significant slowing down of the SNP decay is observed. The results are discussed in terms of a superposition of contributions from acyl-alkyl and bis(alkyl) biradicals to the nuclear spin polarization.     

Alpha particle emission from the 198Pb compound nucleus: comparison between the fusion-evaporation and the pre-scission channels

The α-particle emission from the ²⁸Si+¹⁷⁰Er fusion-evaporation reaction at 165 and 185 MeV has been measured and compared with published data relative to the pre-scission emission in the same reaction. The spectra in the two channels exhibit nearly the same shape in the low energy region, whereas in the high energy region the spectrum for the fusion-evaporation case features a larger apparent temperature. The interpretation of the difference in shape between the two decay channels is based on statistical model calculations which account for the effects due to the different length of the decay chain. Statistical model calculations with standard parameters describe well the gross features of the alpha particle spectra in the fusion-evaporation channel and the proton spectra in the pre-scission channel. On the contrary, the model predictions seem to overestimate by ≃2 MeV the emission barrier for the alpha particles in the pre-fission channel. This effect is ascribed to the larger elongation of the nucleus during the fission process. An average axis ratio b/a∼ 2 for the emitter is suggested. Received 29 April 1997 / Revised version 10 September 1997     

高能带电粒子库仑对数量子力学效应研究

 先进燃料D-3He聚变产生的高能带电粒子在本底等离子体中慢化时间的准确性直接影响到能量平衡和高能离子压强的计算结果。结果表明：高能带电粒子与本底等离子体的离子相互作用的库仑对数量子力学效应明显。应使用高能带电粒子库仑对数力学效应来研究聚变产生的高能端部粒子慢化过程；能量大于等于25Z²_iZ²_iA_i keV的高能粒子与本底等离子体中离子的相互作用库仑对数最好也使用量子截断。     

Emission from evaporated anthracene films

Emission spectra, excitation spectra and decay times of fluorescence of anthracene films prepared by evaporation on to substrate cooled with liquid nitrogen were measured. The fluorescence spectra of such films show a broad structureless band. The fluorescence excitation spectra and decay times of the emission in the shorter wavelength side of the band are different from those in the longer wavelength side. The decay times of the emissions on the shorter and longer wavelength sides are about 6.0 and 190 ns, respectively, at liquid nitrogen temperature. It may be that the former emission is due to a crystalline structure and the latter emission to an amorphous structure. Next, in anthracene evaporated films containing tetracene as a dopant, the energy transfer from the host to the guest could be observed and this was attributed to the exciton diffusion through the crystalline structure.     

Luminescence induced by x-ray in lithium hydride

Luminescence spectra and decay times of a single crystal LiH were measured with X-ray and pulsed electron excitation at low temperature. The emission band at 4.4 eV with a decay time of 220 nsec and the one at 3.3 eV with decay times of 17 and 150 μsec are tentatively ascribed to correspond to the σ- and π-type transitions, respectively, of the (X^?₂ + e) in alkali halides.     

High-energy gamma rays in the RUNJOB experiment

The latest results of studies of the gamma-ray spectra recorded together with charged particles in the Russian-Nippon Joint Balloon (RUNJOB) experiment are presented. A comparison of the experimental spectra with the results of the calculations based on assumptions of different intensities of the gamma-ray spectra demonstrates that the previously published intensities of primary cosmic rays measured in the RUNJOB experiments are underestimated.     

快粒子在聚变等离子体中的慢化及能量增益研究

本文将快电子在介质中慢化的Landau理论应用于快带电粒子在聚变等离子体中慢化过程的研究。研究表明,在一定的条件下本文的结果与Fokker-Planck方程的解有明显的区别。原因是粒子间大能量交换的碰撞事件对慢化过程仍起相当的作用。作为本文理论的一个具体应用,计算了氘氚束在聚变等离子体的能量增益,说明提高粒子约束时间对改善能量增益的意义。 关键词：     

Investigation of the glow and contracted discharge plasmas in nitrogen by coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy,optical interferometry,and numerical simulation

The translational temperature in the plasma of glow and contracted discharges is measured using the methods of coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy and optical interferometry. The current density in the discharge is determined by measuring the electron concentration with optical interferometry and emission spectroscopy. The distribution of nitrogen molecules over vibrational and rotational levels in the ground state, the electron energy distribution, and the time dependence of the gas temperature are numerically found based on a model including the homogeneous Boltzmann equation and balance equations for the concentrations of charged and excited particles and for the gas temperature. The dynamics of transition to the quasi-steady-state distribution of nitrogen molecules over vibrational levels is studied.