Global spinor fields in space-time

This paper is concerned with space-time manifolds that are space- and time-oriented, causal, and possess spinor structures. Five propositions are proven: (1) If a connected, space- and time-oriented manifold is simply con-nected, then it is non-compact; (2) If such a manifold is simply connected, it admits a spinor structure, which, moreover, is unique; (3) If the space-like section of M is compact, then there exists a global system of orthonormal tetrads on M; (4) The necessary and sufficient condition for every space-time M whose space-like section is compact to admit a spinor structure is that M have a global system of orthonormal tetrads; (5) Every space-time M which can be imbedded in R⁶ admits a spinor structure. It is further suggested that in view of the fact that the existence of a spinor structure is related to homotopy properties, space-time manifolds may be classified in terms of their homotopy groups _i (M), i=1,2, 3,4. In a concluding section, some avenues for future research are discussed.Supported by the National Science Foundation.     

Stability of proton and maximally symmetric minimal unification model for basic forces and building blocks of matter

With the hypothesis that all independent degrees of freedom of basic building blocks should be treated equally on the same footing and correlated by a possible maximal symmetry, we arrive at a 4-dimensional space-time unification model. In this model the basic building blocks are Majorana fermions in the spinor repre- sentation of 14-dimensional quantum space-time with a gauge symmetry GM4D = SO(1,3)×SU(32)×U(1)A×SU(3)F. The model leads to new physics including mirror particles of the standard model. It enables us to issue some fundamental questions that include: why our living space-time is 4-dimensional, why parity is not con- served in our world, how the stability of proton is, what the origin of CP violation is and what the dark matter can be.     

A unified approach to conservation laws in general relativity,gauge theories,and elementary particle physics

A unified treatment of conservation laws in general relativity, gauge theories, and elementary particle physics is formulated in the setting of principal fiber bundles. The group AUT(P) is introduced as the general gauge transformation group that covers space-time coordinate transformations. A set of master equations is exhibited for any Lagrangian density generally covariant with respect to AUT(P). The symmetry group for elementary particle theory is shown to be the structure group of the bundle only in the special case when the gauge potential is flat and the space-time is simply connected. In the general case, the symmetry group is reduced to the symmetry group of the gauge potential. This natural mechanism for a reduction of the symmetry group is speculated on as a model for spontaneous symmetry breaking.This essay received an honorable mention from the Gravity Research Foundation for the year 1981-Ed.Partially supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation.     

Anti-Self-Dual Instantons with Lagrangian Boundary Conditions I: Elliptic Theory

We study nonlocal Lagrangian boundary conditions for anti-self-dual instantons on 4-manifolds with a space-time splitting of the boundary. We establish the basic regularity and compactness properties (assuming L^p-bounds on the curvature for p>2) as well as the Fredholm theory in a compact model case. The motivation for studying this boundary value problem lies in the construction of an instanton Floer homology for 3-manifolds with boundary. The present paper is part of a program proposed by Salamon for the proof of the Atiyah-Floer conjecture for homology-3-spheres.Acknowledgement I would like to thank Dietmar Salamon for his constant help and encouragement in pursuing this project. Part of this research was supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation.     

Gravitational energy-momentum: The Einstein pseudotensor reexamined

By using a suitable two-point scalar field, a covariant formulation of the Einstein pseudotensor is given. A unique choice of scalar field is made possible by examining the role of linear and angular momentum in their correct geometric context. It is shown that, contrary to many text-book statements, linear momentum is not generated by infinitesimal coordinate transformations on space-time. Use is made of the nonintersecting lifted geodesies on the tangent bundle,T M, to space-time, to define a globally regular three-dimensional Lagrangian submanifold ofT M, relative to an observer at some pointz in space-time. By integrating over this submanifold rather than a necessarily singular spacelike hypersurface, gravitational linear and angular momentum, relative toz, are defined, and shown to have sensible physical properties.This essay received an honorable mention from the Gravity Research Foundation for the year 1979-Ed.     

Regularities in the 13C-NMR Chemical Shifts of the Methylene Groups in Isoprene Derived Structural Fragments

An assignment correlation is described for the ¹³C-nmr chemical shifts of the methylene carbons flanking transoid (E) were in part provided by Grant No. CA 11055 and Contract No. CM-87209 which were awarded by the National Cancer Institute, DHEW. The support of the National Science Foundation, Grant No. CHE-7506162, which provided funds for the acquisition of the XL-100 spectrometer system utilized in the conduct of this research is also gratefully acknowledged.     

The general relativistic hydrogen atom

The general relativistic Dirac equation is formulated in an arbitrary curved space-time using differential forms. These equations are applied to spherically symmetric systems with arbitrary charge and mass. For the case of a black hole (with event horizon) it is shown that the Dirac Hamiltonian is self-adjoint, has essential spectrum the whole real line and no bound states. Although rigorous results are obtained only for a spherically symmetric system, it is argued that, in the presence of any event horizon there will be no bound states. The case of a naked singularity is investigated with the results that the Dirac Hamiltonian is not self-adjoint. The self-adjoint extensions preserving angular momentum are studied and their spectrum is found to consist of an essential spectrum corresponding to that of a free electron plus eigenvalues in the gap (–mc ², +mc ²). It is shown that, for certain boundary conditions, neutrino bound states exist.Supported in part by the National Science Foundation     

Anomalies of internal friction in CsI single crystal at liquid helium temperatures caused by plastic deformation

Acoustic relaxation in undeformed and plastically deformed CsI single crystal has been studied using the composite oscillator technique at frequencies (1–7) × 10⁵ Hz in the temperature range 2–15 K. Plastic deformation leads to appearance of an internal friction peak localized in the temperature interval 4–5 K. It is shown that the peak shifts towards higher temperatures when increasing the vibration frequency and corresponds to a thermally activated relaxation process with very low values of the activation energyU ≈ 1.9×10⁻³ eV and the attack frequencyν ₀≈6.7 × 10³ s⁻¹. Interaction of sound with dislocation kinks migrating in the second order Peierls relief is considered as a possible mechanism of the peak. Research was made possible in part by Grants U9T000 and U9T200 from the International Science Foundation and supported in part by the Fundamental Research Foundation of Ukraine (Project 2.4/156 “Bion”).     

The relationship between field theory in the simplest space-times with a nontrivial topology and field theory at a finite temperature

It is shown that the main results of papers dealing with quantum field theory in space-time with topology S¹ × R³ and in flat space-time with parallel conducting plates can be obtained from field theory at a finite temperature. The new consequences of this fact are discussed.     

Definitions of black holes without use of the boundary at infinity

Two definitions of a black hole are given without reference to the boundary at infinity of of space-time. One definition does not require any global causality condition and the other is applicable to a closed Friedmann-like space-time. The area theorem is found to hold in both cases.This essay received honorable mention from the Gravity Research Foundation for the year 1979.This work is supported by Interdisciplinary Research Project MR-I-7.     

Dynamics of probability distributions over classical fields

It is shown that the original Hopf formulation for the time evolution of probability distributions over classical fields follows deductively from the space-time version of the theory.This work was supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation.     

Quantum linearization instabilities

We discuss quantizing the perturbations of a symmetrical background space-time and are led to study the quantum analogue of linearization instabilities. We outline the derivation of the second-order quantum constraints that arise whenever perturbations of symmetric space-times with compact Cauchy surfaces are quantized. These second-order constraints require invariance of all the allowed quantum states (not just the vacuum state) under the symmetry group of the background space-time. This result is discussed in light of the conclusion by Gibbons and Hawking that the thermal radiation produced by event horizons in de Sitter space is invariant under the de Sitter group and thus does not admit a semiclassical interpretation.This essay was awarded the second prize for 1978 by the Gravity Research Foundation. (Ed.)Supported in part by National Science Foundation Grant No. PHY76-82353.     

Are quantum processes cosmologically induced?

Why, among ～10 ¹⁶ possibilities, does a wave function of a fast ion, spread over several centimeters, collapse in a crystal within a region measuring a few angstroms across? The most direct answer to this question would be the existence in this region of a cosmic particle, called a dybbuk, which induces the collapse. If dybbuks exist, deviations from conventional theory might be expected to occur for experiments involving ultrasmall space-time intervals less than the characteristic space-time interval of a dybbuk. It is shown that a dybbuk theory having the above characteristics can be constructed and can be tested experimentally by the decay of a0 ^? (J ^P) meson into two vector mesons.     

A background-dependent approach to the theory of gravitation II. Relativistic gravitational equations

On the basis of the results of Paper I and guided by a Machian view of nature, we find new gravitational equations which are background dependent. Such equations describe a purely geometrical theory of gravitation, and their dependence on the background structure is through the total energy-momentum tensor on the past sheet of the light cone of each space-time pointx [θ^μν x, say], i.e., through the integral on the past sheet of the light cone ofx of the parallel transport of the energy-momentum tensor from the space-time point in which it is defined tox along the geodesic connecting the two space-time points. Following Gürsey, we assume that the source of the De Sitter metric is not the cosmological term, but, rather, the energy-momentum tensor of a “uniform distribution of mass scintillations” [T ^μν x, say].T ^μν x, indeed, turns out to be equal to the metric tensor times a constant factor. As a consequence, in any local inhomogeneity A of a space-time whose background structure is determined by the Perfect Cosmological Principle,θ ^μν turns out to be approximately equal to the metric tensor times a constant factor, providedT=g _αβ T ^αβ is sufficiently small and the structure of the past sheet of the light cones of the space-time points belonging to Λ is not too much perturbed by the local gravitational field. As a consequence, in Λ the new equations approximately reduce to Einstein's equations. If one considers a “superuniverse model” in which our universe is considered as a local inhomogeneity in a De Sitter background, then from the above result there follows a fortiori the agreement of the new gravitational equations with the classical tests of gravitation. Furthermore, the dependence on the background structure is such that the new equations (i) incorporate the idea that the frame has to be fixeddirectly in connection with cosmological observations, and (ii) are singular in the absence of matter in the whole space-time. Moreover, (iii) the coupling constant turns out to be dimensionless in natural units (c=1=?), and (iv) a local inertial frame in a De Sitter background is determined by the condition that with respect to it the background structure is homogeneous in space and in time and is Lorentz invariant.     

两个共线Kerr黑洞度规迭加的时空结构

本文利用虚坐标方法研究了两个共线Kerr黑洞迭加的时空结构;首次得到了这种情况下视界以内的时空区域,并给出了2z₀>(M₁²-a₁²)^1/2+(M₂²-a₂²)^1/2时内外无限红移面和奇点随z₀变化的情况。由此我们可以看到,对于角动量平行及反平行的两个共线的全同Kerr解来说,当z₀→(M²-a²)^1/2时,尽管它们视界以外的时空结构分别趋于一个Kerr时空及一个Schwarzschild-NUT时空,但就整个时空结构而言,并非如此。同时,我们还可看到,当2z₀>(M₁²-a₁²)^1/2+(M₂²-a₂²)^1/2时,Einstoin场方程存在无裸奇点(而不是没有奇点)的解。 关键词：     

From unstable Minkowski space to the inflationary universe

It is shown that Minkowski space is unstable in the context of semiclassical gravity. There exists a threshold mass, of the quantized matter field, which marks the dividing line between stable and unstable vacuum fluctuations of matter in flat space-time. The Minkowski vacuum gravitational-matter system undergoes a phase transition above this critical point, the new phase being a self-consistently generated de Sitter Euclidean cosmology. Its total energy is degenerate with respect to that of empty Minkowski space-time. It represents an appropriate candidate for the primeval configuration of an inflationarylike universe.This essay received the fourth award from the Gravity Research Foundation for the year 1983 [Ed.].     

Null Surfaces and Their Singularities in Three-Dimensional Minkowski Space-Time

In this work we integrate the null geodesic equations in three-dimensional Minkowski space-time in order to obtain the light-cone cut function; that is, the function that describes the intersection, C_x ^a, of the light cone from each space-time point, _x ^a, with future null infinity I ⁺. Furthermore, using this result, we locate the singularities of the null surface obtained as the envelope of the past light cones from points on a deformed light-cone cut of I ⁺.     

Measuring the Foaminess of Space-Time with Gravity-Wave Interferometers

By analyzing a gedanken experiment designed to measure the distance l between two spatially separated points, we find that this distance cannot be measured with uncertainty less than (ll ² _P) ^1/3 , considerably larger than the Planck scale l_P (or the string scale in string theories), the conventional-wisdom uncertainty in distance measurements. This limitation to space-time measurements is interpreted as resulting from quantum fluctuations of space-time itself. Thus, at very short distance scales, space-time is foamy. This intrinsic foaminess of space-time provides another source of noise in the interferometers. The LIGO/VIRGO and LISA generations of gravity-wave interferometers, through future refinements, are expected to reach displacement noise levels low enough to test our proposed degree of foaminess in the structure of space-time.     

A vanishing theorem for supersymmetric quantum field theory and finite size effects in multiphase cluster expansions

We apply cluster expansion methods to to theN=2 Wess-Zumino models in finite volume, in two space-time dimensions. We show that in the region of convergence of the cluster expansion, a vanishing theorem holds for the supercharge of the theory; that is, the dimension of the kernel of the Hamiltonian is equal to the index of the supercharge.Supported in part by National Science Foundation Mathematical Sciences Postdoctoral Research Fellowship DMS 90-07206Supported in part by National Science Foundation Mathematical Sciences Postodoctoral Research Fellowship DmS 88-07291