基于自发瑞利-布里渊散射测量空气的温度

瑞利-布里渊散射的散射截面比拉曼散射大,因而其在大气散射中实现对大气对流层温度廓线的准确测量方面具有一定的优势,同时利用瑞利-布里渊散射实现高压环境下温度的准确测量对于航天飞机主引擎状态的监测和超燃发动机燃烧室参数测量方面具有重要意义。基于自发瑞利-布里渊散射分别采用反卷积方法和卷积方法来实现空气在不同压力条件下的温度反演,研究引起温度反演误差的原因,并对利用两种方法获得的温度测量结果进行了比较。在利用基于维纳滤波器的反卷积方法对测量光谱直接处理实现温度反演之前,首先利用反卷积方法对由自发瑞利-布里渊散射模型与仪器函数卷积得到的卷积光谱进行处理获得反卷积光谱,将反卷积光谱与未经卷积的理论计算光谱进行比较实现温度反演, 并基于温度反演误差小于1.0 K,光谱拟合误差相对较小,光谱处理时间短的参数优化原则对反卷积方法中的关键参数奇异值叠加数进行了优化处理,得到优化后的奇异值叠加数为150。随后实验测量了由532 nm波长的连续激光激发的纯净空气在温度为294.0 K,压强为1～7 bar条件下的自发瑞利-布里渊散射光谱,并结合理论计算光谱和最小χ2值原理对光谱信号散射角进行优化,优化值为90.7°,同时利用反卷积和卷积方法分别对实验测量光谱进行处理实现空气在不同压强下的温度反演。实验结果表明反卷积方法在一定程度上可以提高信号光谱分辨率,而且利用反卷积和卷积方法均可以实现空气在不同压力（1～7 bar）条件下温度的准确测量,温度测量的最大误差均小于2.0 K;利用反卷积方法的温度反演结果随着气体压强的增大随之得到改善,实现温度反演测量所需要的光谱处理时间减少;在空气压强较低（≤2 bar）时,由卷积方法获得的温度反演结果要优于反卷积方法,压强较高（>2 bar）时,两种方法的温度反演结果相近, 其绝对误差均小于1.0 K。通过分析得到引起两种方法温度反演误差的原因主要包括环境温度的波动（±0.2 K）,散射角存在一定的不确定度以及气体的各已知参数的微量偏差对温度测量结果的影响以及反卷积对光谱噪声的非线性放大引起的光谱扰动对温度测量结果的影响。在实验中可以通过提高测量光谱的信噪比、提高散射角的优化精度及改善反卷积方法来获得更加准确的参数测量结果。     

Fiber-delivered picosecond source for coherent Raman scattering imaging

We demonstrate a two-color, fiber-delivered picosecond source for coherent Raman scattering (CRS) imaging. The wavelength-tunable picosecond pump is generated by nonlinear spectral compression of a prechirped femtosecond pulse from a mode-locked titanium:sapphire (Ti:S) laser. The 1064?nm picosecond Stokes pulse is generated by an all-fiber time-lens source that is synchronized to the Ti:S laser. The pump and Stokes beams are combined in an optical fiber coupler, which serves not only as the delivery fiber but also as the nonlinear medium for spectral compression of the femtosecond pulse. CRS imaging of mouse skin is performed to demonstrate the practicality of this source.     

光纤中基于双宽带抽运的受激布里渊散射增益谱展宽及慢光传输中脉冲失真减小的理论研究

分析了单模光纤中双宽带抽运的受激布里渊散射 （stimulated Brillouin scattering,SBS） 光速减慢效应.模拟了两高斯型宽带抽运光同时作用下的SBS增益谱和损耗谱,提出了一种获得均匀增益谱的方法.由于较强抽运光增益谱的中心频率与较弱抽运光损耗谱的中心频率相重合,通过调节较弱抽运光的功率和谱宽,能够部分地抵消掉较强增益谱的顶部从而构建出平坦的增益谱.研究了该平顶增益情形下信号脉冲畸变的性质.与单宽带抽运下脉冲畸变的对比表明,这种产生平顶增益谱的方法能有效地减小脉冲畸变. 关键词： 慢光 受激布里渊散射（SBS） 单模光纤 脉冲失真     

光纤中双宽带抽运SBS慢光及其脉冲展宽减小的理论研究

提出了一种单模光纤中采用双宽带抽运实现宽带受激布罩渊散射(SBS)慢光的方法.给出了双宽带抽运的SBS慢光及其脉冲展宽的理论模型.色散分析发现,两抽运光间存在一个最佳的频率间隔,可有效地减少由于群速度色散所引起的脉冲展宽.理论计算表明,该方案所获得的SBS增益带宽和信号脉冲群延迟分别提高到了相同条件下单宽带抽运的1.7倍和2倍.     

Coherent light scattering spectroscopy for supersonic flow measurements

A unified discussion on coherent light scattering spectroscopy and its spectral dependence on molecular gas velocity, temperature and density is presented. The feasibility of using coherent Raman spectroscopy techniques for nonintrusive measurements of supersonic flow parameters is demonstrated and recent laboratory as well as wind tunnel experiments are reviewed. In addition, the advantages of using coherent Rayleigh-Brillouin spectroscopy for measuring high pressure flows are discussed.     

Inherent spectral distortions in pump-probe Brillouin scattering spectroscopy

It is shown that the pump-probe technique in Brillouin scattering spectroscopy is accompanied by two specific distortions to a registered spectrum. The first appears due to an acoustic wave that unavoidably accompanies in a continuous medium the density wave driven by the pump and probe signals. The registered spectrum then splits to two spectral components, one corresponding to the propagation velocity of the driven density wave, and the other to the acoustic velocity. The other distortion is asymmetry of the spectrum which is shown to occur when the velocity of the driven density wave is greater than the acoustic velocity in the medium.     

基于Fizeau干涉仪的激光雷达测温方法研究

气温是描述大气状态的基本参数之一,温度的准确测量对天气预报、气候预测及其他气象参数的反演都至关重要。激光雷达作为一种遥感仪器,已经用于气象要素的探测中（风、温度、气溶胶的光学厚度等）。目前,测温激光雷达主要有拉曼激光雷达（振动和转动）、共振荧光激光雷达和Rayleigh散射激光雷达等,拉曼激光雷达需要大功率的激光器和复杂的背景滤波器;共振荧光激光雷达无法探测平流层内的温度;基于Rayleigh散射的测温激光雷达多应用于温度的相对测量,反演温度时需要建立响应函数和校准程序;基于固体腔扫描F-P干涉仪测量大气Rayleigh散射光谱来反演温度的方法,时间分辨率较低,并且该方法在测量过程中需要运动部件,所以不利于星载。在大气低层,分子的Rayleigh散射光谱会受到Brillouin散射的影响,两种散射信号叠加形成的Rayleigh-Brillouin散射光谱不再服从Gaussian分布,直接通过测量散射光谱的半高全宽来反演温度,会产生误差。基于回波能量的方法会受到气溶胶Mie散射信号的影响,所以在对流层中该方法并不适用。为了实现对流层内温度的高精度和高时间分辨率的测量,提出利用Fizeau干涉仪和PMT阵列对对流层内分子的Rayleigh-Brillouin散射光谱进行测量,并通过插值的方法来对回波信号中气溶胶Mie散射信号进行抑制,从而使Mie散射信号对温度反演的影响较小,最后将测量光谱和理论光谱进行全光谱匹配来实现温度的反演。除此之外,还对Fizeau干涉仪的自由光谱区、固体腔几何长度、腔体反射率、扫描间隔等参数进行了优化设计。为了验证本文提出方法的可行性,利用Matlab软件建立了一套仿真模型,通过模拟表明,在不考虑云、风和水汽含量的影响时,利用该方法测量对流层内的大气温度时,测量误差小于1 K。该测温方法可以对对流层内的大气温度廓线实现高精度、高时间分辨率的测量, 在测量过程中不需要使用运动部件,有较高的使用价值,并对同类高光谱激光雷达分光系统的研究具有借鉴意义, 为我国高光谱激光雷达陆基及星载应用提供了一套可行的技术方案和温度反演方法。     

Light scattering from a nonequilibrium fluid undergoing a planar Poiseuille-Couette flow

We calculate the Rayleigh-Brillouin spectrum of a Newtonian fluid undergoing a planar Poiseuille-Couette flow using the fluctuating hydrodynamic approach of Landau and Lifshitz. Our results reduce to the corresponding results for pure Couette flow when the pressure gradient is made to vanish. The Brillouin spectrum is obtainable from that appropriate to Couette flow by a simple rescaling. There are very minute corrections which impart asymmetry to the Brillouin lines as well as the Rayleigh line, and these can be selectively picked up by suitable choice of the scattering geometry.     

Light scattering from a fluid in a nonequilibrium steady state: Plane Couette flow

We calculate the Rayleigh-Brillouin light scattering spectrum from a newtonian fluid undergoing a plane Coutte flow using the Landau-Lifshitz method of fluctuating hydrodynamics. Our results for both the Rayleigh and the Brillouin lines differ significantly from all the previous results.     

High-spectral-resolution stimulated Rayleigh-Brillouin scattering at 1 microm

We have demonstrated stimulated Rayleigh-Brillouin scattering at a wavelength of 1.064 microm , using an injection-seeded Nd:YAG laser as a pump laser and a tunable diode laser as a probe laser. Spectra with a good signal-to-noise ratio are obtained despite the low probe-beam power and small gain coefficient in the infrared. Stimulated Rayleigh scattering is readily observable in organic and many other liquids because of absorption by the OH and CH overtone or combination bands. The absorption also causes an asymmetry in the stimulated Brillouin peak. A Rayleigh linewidth of 8 MHz is measured with this approach.     

Broadband coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering spectroscopy of nitrogen using a picosecond modeless dye laser

Broadband picosecond coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) spectroscopy of nitrogen is demonstrated using 145-ps pump and probe beams and a 115-ps Stokes beam with a spectral bandwidth of 5 nm. This is, to our knowledge, the first demonstration of broadband CARS using subnanosecond lasers. The short temporal envelope of the laser pulses and the broadband spectral nature of the Stokes beam will enable nonresonant-background-free, single-shot, or time-dependent spectroscopy in high-pressure or hydrocarbon-rich environments. Successful correlation of room-temperature broadband picosecond N2 CARS with a theoretical spectrum is presented.     

Interference of coherent polariton beams in microcavities: polarization-controlled optical gates

We demonstrate, theoretically and experimentally, a polarization-controlled optical gate based on a degenerate polariton-polariton scattering process occurring in semiconductor microcavities. Because of the interference between coherent polaritons, this process is observed in the case of polaritons generated from two collinearly polarized coherent pump beams. On the contrary, if the beams are cross polarized, the scattering is suppressed.     

液芯光纤中基于多线抽运调制的带宽可控平顶布里渊增益谱

提出在CS₂/CCl₄混合介质液芯光纤中利用多线抽运调制 技术实现带宽可控平顶布里渊增益谱的方法, 理论研究了抽运光谱线间距、谱线强度和芯液介质混合比对布里渊增益谱的影响, 得到了带宽可控平顶增益谱的条件. 结果表明, 采用一个强度或相位调制器, 基于单频和多频调制技术产生2–9条抽运光谱线, 通过控制谱线间距和各谱线强度比, 并改变CS₂体积分数, 获得了增益带宽在50 MHz–2 GHz 范围内可控的平顶增益谱. 该方法操作简便、带宽调控范围大, 可用于高增益低畸变布里渊放大, 满足微弱光信号探测和慢光系统的应用需求. 关键词： 受激布里渊散射 布里渊增益谱 多线抽运调制 液芯光纤     

Condition for far-zone spectral isotropy of an electromagnetic light wave on weak scattering

The far-zone spectral isotropy of an electromagnetic light wave on scattering has been discussed. It is shown that a sufficient condition for the far-zone spectral isotropy of an electromagnetic light wave on scattering can be expressed by the following two requirements: the two-point correlation function of the dielectric susceptibility of the scattering medium obeys the so-called scaling law, and the normalized spectrum of the incident light wave has the same distribution along the two perpendicular directions.     

基于超连续光谱激发的时间分辨相干反斯托克斯拉曼散射方法与实验研究

采用钛宝石飞秒激光器输出的一部分光抽运光子晶体光纤以产生超连续光谱,作为抽运光和斯托克斯光,另一部分飞秒激光作为探测光,并结合时间延迟方法,建立超连续光谱激发时间分辨相干反斯托克斯拉曼散射(CARS)实验系统,测试了具有较宽拉曼光谱的二甲基亚砜样品.实验结果表明,所建立的实验系统能有效抑制非共振背景噪声,并且通过一次测量,即可获得二甲基亚砜在690—3200cm-1范围内的CARS光谱信息,获得的二甲基亚砜CARS光谱范围达到2500cm-1.同时给出了所采用的光子晶体光纤光谱展宽的实验结果.     

Hydrodynamical field fluctuations in a non-equilibrium quasi-stationary state due to a temperature gradient : II. Application to light scattering

Within the general theory of hydrodynamical field fluctuations in a system at non-equilibrium due to a temperature gradient, the problem of light scattering on fluctuations in number density is discussed. The effect of the gradient as well as fluctuations in sound velocity and heat conductivity on the Rayleigh-Brillouin spectrum is analyzed. The presence of the temperature gradient and fluctuations modifies the scattered-light spectrum leading to asymmetry in the heights of the Brillouin lines.     

Influence of Spot Size and Spectral Width of the Pump Radiation on the Efficiency of Laser-Diode-Pumped Solid-State Lasers

When mini-solid-state lasers are end-pumped by diode lasers, it is important to have a good overlap between the pump beam and the oscillating mode and to have a pump spectrum that is narrow compared to the width of the absorption peak in the gain medium. We have theoretically studied the influence of the beam radius and the spectral width of the pump on the performance of diode-pumped devices. From the rate equations, the lasing threshold and the circulating intensity is evaluated numerically and the results can be used as a guideline in the design of intracavity doubling lasers. It is also shown that single-mode operation is more difficult when the pump spectrum becomes to wide.     

Characterization of measurement system effects in ultrasonic scattering experiments

A general model is developed to characterize the effect of an ultrasonic measurement system on the experimental determination of ultrasonic scattering as a function of angle and frequency. The model includes arbitrary emitter beams and detector apertures as angular spectra of plane waves. Arbitrary emitted pulses and detector time gates are incorporated through frequency spectra of temporal harmonics. A transformation of variables is employed to express the spectrum of the measured pressure as a product in wave space of a system function and the Fourier transform of the medium variations. The mean-square value of the measured pressure spectrum is similarly expressed as a product of the squared magnitude of the system function and the power spectrum of the medium variations. The measured quantities are shown to become scaled values of intrinsic scattering characteristics when the system function weight is concentrated relative to the medium characteristics in wave space. The assumption of an indefinitely long detector gate is used to represent the system function as a product in which one factor is a beam function dependent on spatial frequency and the other factors are dependent on temporal frequency. Beam-function calculations as well as calculations of second moments and overall beam weight are made for identical Gaussian-shaped emitter and detector apertures to illustrate the blurring and weighting effects of measurement system beam patterns as a function of scattering angle. The moment calculations are shown to identify circumstances when the medium variation function can be factored out from under the integral and the measurement represented as a simple product of the medium properties and a measurement system weight. The results may be used to design scattering experiments in which degradations due to system effects are within acceptable limits.     

Coherent rayleigh scattering

The spectrum of coherent scattering induced by electrostriction in gases has been analyzed in the previously unexplored, free-molecule limit by solving Boltzmann's equation with a periodic force due to the optical fields. Calculated and measured spectra of several gases at rarefied conditions are nearly Gaussian with widths approximately 10% wider than the spontaneous Rayleigh widths. Our results are the first spectrally resolved measurements of coherent Rayleigh scattering in the free-molecule limit, where the hydrodynamic analysis of stimulated Rayleigh-Brillouin scattering does not apply.     

Wavelength-tunable multicolored femtosecond laser pulse generation in a fused silica glass plate

We obtained an array of multicolored femtosecond laser pulses with as many as 17 different colors that are spatially isolated. The mechanism of generation was proved to be cascaded four-wave mixing and with the following procedure. The output beam from a femtosecond laser was split into two. One of the two beams was pulse-compressed with a hollow core fiber and the intensity of the other was reduced. The two beams were synchronized and combined with a small crossing angle in a plate of fused silica glass plate. The wavelengths of the sidebands are continuously tunable from near-ultraviolet to near-infrared. The pulse duration, spatial mode, spectrum, and energy stability of the sidebands were studied. As many as fifteen spectral up-shifted pulses and two spectral downshifted pulses were obtained with spectral bandwidths broader than 1.8 octaves. Properties such as pulse energy as high as 1 μmJ, 45 fs pulse duration, smaller than 1.1 times of the diffraction limit Gaussian spatial profile, and better than 2% RMS power stability of the generated sidebands make it can be used in various experiments. The characterization showed that the sidebands have sufficiently good qualities to enable application to for various multicolor femtosecond laser experiments, for example, a multicolor pump-probe experiment.