基于不稳定核基本性质测量的原子核结构研究

精密激光谱学是通过测量核素原子光谱的超精细结构和同位素移位来研究原子核的基本性质,为原子核自旋、磁矩、电四极矩及电荷均方根半径的确定提供了一种模型独立的测量方式。这些原子核基本性质的测量,能够比较精确地描述原子核微观结构的演化。近年来,随着放射性束流装置的发展,产生远离β-稳定线的丰中子/丰质子核素成为可能,也进一步促进了高分辨和高灵敏度的激光谱技术更加广泛的应用。简单介绍了基于放射性核素超精细结构的激光谱学测量原理,并通过几个经典实例来回顾近年来激光谱学在原子核奇特结构研究领域的独特贡献。主要通过分析几个重要核区原子核的基本性质,结合大尺度壳模型、ab initio理论、密度泛函理论等,来探索丰中子核中展现出来的一些新的奇特现象,如晕结构、幻数演化、形状共存等。High-precision laser spectroscopy technique is used to determine the ground state properties of exotic nuclei by probing its electronic hyperfine structure and isotope shift. It provides a model-independent measurement of nuclear spin, magnetic moment, electric quadrupole moment and charge radii. These nuclear parameters can be used to investigate the nuclear structure evolution and the nuclear shapes. With the development of accelerators and isotope separators, exotic isotopes far from β stability became accessible experimentally, which enhanced the capability of the laser spectroscopy technique being applied in the field of nuclear physics. A brief introduction to experimental principle is given, followed by a review of several typical examples for the experimental investigations in the different regions of nuclear chart. This aims to demonstrate the contributions of ground state properties measurement by using laser spectroscopy technique to the nuclear structure study of exotic isotopes. This discussion involves several different nuclear theory models in order to interpret the exotic phenomena observed in the neutron-rich isotopes, such as halo structure, shell evolution, shape coexistence and so on.     

丰中子Zn核素奇特核结构讨论和展望

不稳定核结构是当前核物理研究的前沿热点问题之一，尤其是针对丰中子幻数核附近的区域。中子数N=40, 50附近镍区域核素展现出丰富的结构特征，激励了众多理论和实验研究。原子核的基本性质与核的结构密切相关，这里我们选择分析丰中子Zn(Z=30)同位素的基本性质来进一步了解这一核区的核结构特征。本文回顾了在欧洲核子中心(CERN)的ISOLDE测量Zn 同位素的实验，基于62–80Zn 核素基态和长寿命同核异能态的自旋、磁矩、电四极矩以及电荷均方根半径等基本性质，并结合各种大规模壳模型计算结果，系统地讨论了这一核区的壳结构演化、幻数特征、奇特形变和形状共存，以及核子间关联激发等物理现象。最后，基于已有的实验数据和物理现象，以及理论预言的 N=50以上镍核区的能级演化特征，我们提出在ISOLDE的共线共振电离谱装置上测量更加丰中子的81,82Zn 核素基本性质的实验设想。     

共线快离子束激光光谱

共线快离子束激光光谱是一种研究稳定的和不稳定的原子核及其同位素的较好的方法．它原理简单，消除了一级多卜勒频移，具有很高的分辨率和灵敏度．运用该方法可以获得不少有关原子核结构方面的知识．例如核自旋、核电荷半径等等．本文介绍了该方法的基本原理、实验装置和实验方法，介绍了用参考束来定标和提高测量精度，最后给出了对氙和钡的一些同位素运用该方法所得到的一些激光谱．     

关于原子核的电四极矩

 一、原子核的电四极矩原子核的内禀电四极矩,来源于核电荷的非球形分布,一般可用并矢或(3×3)二秩不可约张量表示。如果选择核自旋轴I(沿z轴)为核电四极矩主轴,由于核对自旋轴的旋转对称性,电四极矩仅有一个独立分量,称为标量电四极矩.     

NO＿2ν＿2振动带的CO＿2激光磁共振垂直谱的观测

采用高灵敏度、高分辨率激光磁共振光谱（ＬＭＲ）方法，使用ＣＯ＿２激光器测量了分子ＮＯ＿２ｖ＿２振动带的垂直谱（ΔＭ＿Ｊ＝±１）．观测到了前人没有测过的新谱，在２２支激光谱线下新获得１００支塞曼（Ｚｅｅｍａｎ）跃迁谱线。     

原子核电荷半径的研究

结合已有的原子核半径的实验数据,对先前的核电荷半径公式进行验证和探讨.比较单参数核电荷半径公式,验证了Z~(1/3)律公式要优于A~(1/3)律公式.对两参数公式和三参数公式进行验证,得到两参数和三参数公式要优于单参数公式.考虑到原子核电四极矩与形变的关系,在原有的三参数公式中加入电四极矩因子项,得出核电荷半径新公式.拟合该公式发现核电荷半径理论值与实验值符合较好.再考虑总自旋与电四极矩的关系,求出内禀电四极矩,代入公式中进行拟合,均方根偏差进一步下降.最后加入能反映奇偶摆动现象的δ项,用公式得到的均方根偏差为0.369 fm,较好地反映出了形变与核电荷半径的关系.     

中能原子核反应

一、引言研究原子核反应的目的主要是为核能(包括裂变能及聚变能)的利用提供数据,如反应热、反应全截面及部分截面等等。在学科研究方面,可以通过核反应来研究核结构及核反应机制。通过测量核自旋、磁矩及电四极矩等,可以了解核的某些静态特征;研究核衰变就能了解     

中能原子核反应

一、引言研究原子核反应的目的主要是为核能(包括裂变能及聚变能)的利用提供数据,如反应热、反应全截面及部分截面等等。在学科研究方面,可以通过核反应来研究核结构及核反应机制。通过测量核自旋、磁矩及电四极矩等,可以了解核的某些静态特征;研究核衰变就能了解核能极的性质。但是原子核反应的方法比核衰变的方法有许多优越的地方。在核反应中,使用能量较高的核弹来轰击靶核可以研究高激发态的核能极性质。例如,通过La~(141)的β衰变并测量相应的退激γ射线,可以定出Cc~(141)核的一个1.35MeV的激发态;而通过Ce~(141)的(d,p)反应却可以定出Ce~(141)的七个激发态的位置及相     

极端条件下原子核性质的研究

近几年来，北京大学重离子物理研究所低能核物理研究组，对极端条件下原子核性质研究取得了一些成果，其中包括原子核的高自旋态，超形变带及远高β稳定线核的性质。     

核结构的新挑战

评述了原子核结构研究的新进展和面临的新挑战，讨论了原子核结构的发展方向，基本特点和新实验技术的保证，指出当今原子核结构发展方向的基本特点是“极端条件下的核结构”，它的主要内容是高自旋态物理和远离稳定线直至滴线原子核这两个方面，而新一代的超级γ谱探测器系统和放射性核束加速器的发展和建造是新发展的技术保证。     

Measurement of nuclear moments and radii by collinear laser spectroscopy and by β-NMR spectroscopy

Experiments using laser spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance techniques have been performed at ISOLDE on the unstable isotopes of several light elements. The results include nuclear ground state spins, magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole moments, and the behaviour of mean square nuclear charge radii within isotopic strings. These give important information about the nuclear structure at shell closures and close to the drip lines. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Laser spectroscopy of radioactive isotopes

The experimental conditions for laser spectroscopy of shortlived isotopes is discussed with respect to nuclear lifetime, reaction rates and samples preparation by on-line mass-separator techniques. The method of collinear laser spectroscopy is presented with results for medium mass elements near the closed proton shell Z=50. An interpretation of magnetic moments, spectroscopic quadrupole moments and the parabolic shape of the isotope shift in this region of nuclei is given.     

Nuclear spins,moments, and changes of the mean square charge radii of140−153Eu

The hyperfine structures and isotope shifts of 14 isotopes of Eu (Z=63) in the mass range 140≦A≦153, partly with isomeric states, have been measured in the atomic transitions at 4,594 Å and 4,627 Å, using the technique of collinear fast-beam laser spectroscopy at the ISOLDE facility at CERN. The nuclear spins, the magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole moments, and the changes in the mean square charge radii have been evaluated. These nuclear parameters clearly reflect the effects of theN=82 neutron-shell closure in the single-proton hole states with respect to the semi-magic gadolinium (Z=64), and theN=88?90 shape transition.     

A High-Resolution Laser Setup for Determining Nuclear Moments

A laser spectroscopic setup has been applied in the past to successfully investigate off-line the hyperfine structure splitting of radionuclides. In the present paper, its modification is described which will enable the determination of nuclear magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole moments with higher sensitivity and higher resolution.     

Vanishing of the fusion-like process in heavy-ion collisions

With high resolution collinear fast beam laser spectroscopy in the 451 nm-line of Indium nuclear moments and the change in the mean square radii of the nuclear charge distribution of^105,106 In have been determined.     

Laser spectroscopy of the bismuth isotopes

Isotope shifts and hyperfine structures of the bismuth isotope chain have been studied on the 306.7 nm line in off-line measurements using gas cell laser spectroscopy and atomic beam spectroscopy. The changes in nuclear mean square charge radii and the nuclear magnetic and spectroscopic quadrupole moments have been deduced. The neutron-rich isotopes are the first isotones of Pb to be measured immediately above the N=126 shell closure. A remarkable correspondence between the nuclear charge radii of the Bi and Pb isotope chains is demonstrated by a King Plot analysis. The relationship between nuclear shapes and the charge radii can be understood in the framework of the spherical shell model using few-nucleon configurations. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Odd-even staggering in nuclear charge radii of neutron-rich europium isotopes

Nuclear magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole moments and changes in mean square charge radii for the neutron-rich^155–159Eu isotopes have been measured using resonance ionization spectroscopy at the IRIS facility. It has been found that the isotopes withN>92, unlike the isotopes with 89≦N≦92, have an ordinary character of odd-even staggering in nuclear charge radii. This means that the octupole deformation attributed previously to the europium nuclei around¹⁵⁴Eu does not display itself in the charge radii of heavier europium isotopes.