Unbounded solutions of a class of planar systems

In this paper, the unbounded solutions for the following nonlinear planar system:

x′=a+y+−a−y−+f(t),y′=−b+x++b−x−+g(t),     

Weak Convergence of the Empirical Spectral Distribution of High-Dimensional Band Sample Covariance Matrices

In this article, we investigate high-dimensional band sample covariance matrices under the regime that the sample size n, the dimension p, and the bandwidth d tend simultaneously to infinity such that

$$\begin{aligned} n/p\rightarrow 0 \ \ \text {and} \ \ d/n\rightarrow y>0. \end{aligned}$$

It is shown that the empirical spectral distribution of those matrices converges weakly to a deterministic probability measure with probability 1. The limiting measure is characterized by its moments. Certain restricted compositions of natural numbers play a crucial role in the evaluation of the expected moments of the empirical spectral distribution.

     

Existence results for nonlinear fractional differential equations in <Emphasis Type="Italic">C</Emphasis>[0, <Emphasis Type="Italic">T</Emphasis>)

In this paper, we investigate the existence results for fractional differential equations of the form

$$\begin{aligned} {\left\{ \begin{array}{ll} D_{c}^{q}x(t)=f(t,x(t)) \quad t\in [0, T)\left( 0<T\le \infty \right) , \quad q \in (1,2),\\ x(0)=a_{0},\quad x^{'}(0)=a_{1}, \end{array}\right. } \end{aligned}$$

(0.1)

and

$$\begin{aligned} {\left\{ \begin{array}{ll} D_{c}^{q}x(t)=f(t,x(t)) \quad t\in [0, T), \quad q \in (0,1),\\ x(0)=a_{0}, \end{array}\right. } \end{aligned}$$

(0.2)

where \(D_{c}^{q}\) is the Caputo fractional derivative. We prove the above equations have solutions in C[0, T). Particularly, we present the existence and uniqueness results for the above equations on \([0,+\infty )\).

     

On Positive Periodic Solutions for Nonlinear Delayed Differential Equations

We prove the existence of positive ω-periodic solutions for the delayed differential equation

$$x^{\prime}(t) = a(t)g(x(t))x(t) - \lambda b(t)f(x(t - \tau (t))),$$

where λ is a positive parameter, \({a,b,\tau \in C(\mathbb{R},\mathbb{R})}\) are ω-periodic functions with \({a,b\geq 0,a,b \not \equiv 0,f,g\in C([0,\infty ),[0,\infty ))}\), g does not need to be bounded above or bounded away from 0, and g(0) = 0 is allowed.

     

Oscillation Criteria for Certain Fourth-Order Nonlinear Delay Differential Equations

In this article, we establish some new criteria for the oscillation of fourth-order nonlinear delay differential equations of the form

$$(r_2(t)(r_1(t)(y''(t))^\alpha)')' + p(t)(y''(t))^\alpha + q(t)f(y(g(t))) = 0$$

provided that the second-order equation

$$(r_2(t)z'(t))') + \frac{p(t)}{r_1(t)}z(t) = 0$$

is nonoscillatory or oscillatory.

     

Infinitely many periodic solutions for a class of second-order Hamiltonian systems

In this paper we study the existence of infinitely many periodic solutions for second-order Hamiltonian systems

$$\left\{ {\begin{array}{*{20}c} {\ddot u(t) + A(t)u(t) + \nabla F(t,u(t)) = 0,} \\ {u(0) - u(T) = \dot u(0) - \dot u(T) = 0,} \\ \end{array} } \right.$$

, where F(t, u) is even in u, and ?F(t, u) is of sublinear growth at infinity and satisfies the Ahmad-Lazer-Paul condition.

     

Inelastic interaction of nearly equal solitons for the quartic gKdV equation

This paper describes the interaction of two solitons with nearly equal speeds for the quartic (gKdV) equation

$\partial_tu+\partial_x(\partial_x^2u+u^4)=0,\quad t,x\in \mathbb{R}.$

(0.1)

We call soliton a solution of (0.1) of the form u(t,x)=Q _c (x?ct?y ₀), where c>0, y ₀∈? and \(Q_{c}''+Q_{c}^{4}=cQ_{c}\). Since (0.1) is not an integrable model, the general question of the collision of two given solitons \(Q_{c_{1}}(x-c_{1}t)\), \(Q_{c_{2}}(x-c_{2}t)\) with c ₁≠c ₂ is an open problem.

We focus on the special case where the two solitons have nearly equal speeds: let U(t) be the solution of (0.1) satisfying

$\lim_{t\to-\infty}\|{U}(t)-Q_{c_1^-}(.-c_1^-t)-Q_{c_2^-}(.-c_2^-t)\|_{H^1}=0,$

for \(\mu_{0}=(c_{2}^{-}-c_{1}^{-})/(c_{1}^{-}+c_{2}^{-})>0\) small. By constructing an approximate solution of (0.1), we prove that, for all time t∈?,

$\begin{array}{l}\displaystyle{U}(t)={Q}_{c_1(t)}(x-y_1(t))+{Q}_{c_2(t)}(x-y_2(t))+{w}(t)\\[6pt]\displaystyle\quad\mbox{where }\|w(t)\|_{H^1}\leq|\ln\mu_0|\mu_0^2,\end{array}$

with y ₁(t)?y ₂(t)>2|ln?μ ₀|+C, for some C∈?. These estimates mean that the two solitons are preserved by the interaction and that for all time they are separated by a large distance, as in the case of the integrable KdV equation in this regime.

However, unlike in the integrable case, we prove that the collision is not perfectly elastic, in the following sense, for some C>0,

$\lim_{t\to+\infty}c_1(t)>c_2^-\biggl(1+\frac{\mu_0^5}{C}\biggr),\quad \lim_{t\to+\infty}c_2(t)

and \({w}(t)\not\to0\) in H ¹ as t→+∞.

     

Optimization of the control by elastic boundary forces at two ends of a string in an arbitrarily large time interval

We further develop the method, devised earlier by the authors, which permits finding closed-form expressions for the optimal controls by elastic boundary forces applied at two ends, x = 0 and x = l, of a string. In a sufficiently large time T, the controls should take the string vibration process, described by a generalized solution u(x, t) of the wave equation

$$u_{tt} (x,t) - u_{tt} (x,t) = 0,$$

from an arbitrary initial state

$$\{ u(x,0) = \varphi (x), u_t (x,0) = \psi (x)$$

to an arbitrary terminal state

$$\{ u(x,T) = \hat \varphi (x), u_t (x,T) = \hat \psi (x).$$

     

Geometric interpretation of the Euler-Knopp summation method in the problem of inverting the Laplace transform

In this paper, we consider a method for inverting the Laplace transform F(s) = \(\int\limits_0^\infty {e^{ - st} f(t)dt} \), which consists in representing the original function by the Laguerre series

$f(t) = \sum\limits_{k = 0}^\infty {a_k L_k (bt).} $

(1)

First, we perform a conformal mapping of the plane (s), which depends on parameter ξ. The value of the parameter is determined by the location of the singular points of the given representation. Under this mapping, series (1) takes the form

$f(t) = \frac{{b - \xi }}{b}\exp (\xi t)\sum\limits_{k = 0}^\infty {c_k L_k ((b - \xi )t).} $

It is demonstrated that such inverting scheme is equivalent to applying the Picone-Tricomi method with further acceleration of the rate of convergence of series (1) using the Euler-Knopp nonlinear procedure

$\sum\limits_{k = 0}^\infty {a_k z^k } = \sum\limits_{k = 0}^\infty {A_k (p)\frac{{z^k }}{{(1 - pz)^{k + 1} }},} A_k (p) = \sum\limits_{j = 0}^k {\left( \begin{gathered} k \hfill \\ j \hfill \\ \end{gathered} \right)( - p)^{k - j} a_j } .$

Under this approach, the original function is represented by the series

$f(t) = \exp \left( {\frac{{bpt}}{{p - 1}}} \right)\sum\limits_{k = 0}^\infty {\frac{{A_k (p)}}{{(1 - p)^{k + 1} }}L_k } \left( {\frac{{bpt}}{{1 - p}}} \right),$

where parameters ξ and p are related by the formula p = x/(ξ ? b). Unlike many other methods for summation of series, in the scheme suggested, there is no need to investigate the regularity conditions.

     

Periodic solutions for some double-delayed differential equations

We prove the existence of positive \(\omega \)-periodic solutions for the double-delayed differential equation

$$\begin{aligned} x^{\prime }(t)-a(t)g(x(t))x(t)=-\lambda (b(t)f(x(t-\tau (t))+c(t)h(x(t-\nu (t))), \end{aligned}$$

where \(\lambda \) is a positive parameter, \(a,b,c,\tau ,\nu \in C(\mathbb {R}, \mathbb {R})\) are \(\omega \)-periodic functions with \(a,b\ge 0,a,b\not \equiv 0,f,g,h\in C([0,\infty ),\mathbb {R})\) with \(g>0\) on \((0,\infty ),\) \(\ h\) is bounded, f is either superlinear or sublinear at \(\infty \) and could change sign.

     

Boundary value problems for complete quasi-parabolic differential equations of odd order with variable domains of operators

We prove the well-posed solvability in the strong sense of the boundary value Problems

$$\begin{gathered} ( - 1)\frac{{_m d^{2m + 1} u}}{{dt^{2m + 1} }} + \sum\limits_{k = 0}^{m - 1} {\frac{{d^{k + 1} }}{{dt^{k + 1} }}} A_{2k + 1} (t)\frac{{d^k u}}{{dt^k }} + \sum\limits_{k = 1}^m {\frac{{d^k }}{{dt^k }}} A_{2k} (t)\frac{{d^k u}}{{dt^k }} + \lambda _m A_0 (t)u = f, \hfill \\ t \in ]0,t[,\lambda _m \geqslant 1, \hfill \\ {{d^i u} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{d^i u} {dt^i }}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {dt^i }}|_{t = 0} = {{d^j u} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{d^j u} {dt^j }}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {dt^j }}|_{t = T} = 0,i = 0,...,m,j = 0,...,m - 1,m = 0,1,..., \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$

where the unbounded operators A _s (t), s > 0, in a Hilbert space H have domains D(A _s (t)) depending on t, are subordinate to the powers A ^1?(s?1)/2m (t) of some self-adjoint operators A(t) ≥ 0 in H, are [(s+1)/2] times differentiable with respect to t, and satisfy some inequalities. In the space H, the maximally accretive operators A ₀(t) and the symmetric operators A _s (t), s > 0, are approximated by smooth maximally dissipative operators B(t) in such a way that

$$\begin{gathered} \mathop {lim}\limits_{\varepsilon \to 0} Re(A_0 (t)B_\varepsilon ^{ - 1} (t)(B_\varepsilon ^{ - 1} (t))^ * u,u)_H = Re(A_0 (t)u,u)_H \geqslant c(A(t)u,u)_H \hfill \\ \forall u \in D(A_0 (t)),c > 0, \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$

, where the smoothing operators are defined by

$$B_\varepsilon ^{ - 1} (t) = (I - \varepsilon B(t))^{ - 1} ,(B_\varepsilon ^{ - 1} (t)) * = (I - \varepsilon B^ * (t))^{ - 1} ,\varepsilon > 0.$$

.

     

The Cauchy–Kowalewski Theorem in the Space of Pseudo Q-holomorphic Functions

In this work, we prove the Cauchy–Kowalewski theorem for the initial-value problem

$$\begin{aligned} \frac{\partial w}{\partial t}= & {} Lw \\ w(0,z)= & {} w_{0}(z) \end{aligned}$$

where

$$\begin{aligned} Lw:= & {} E_{0}(t,z)\frac{\partial }{\partial \overline{\phi }}\left( \frac{ d_{E}w}{dz}\right) +F_{0}(t,z)\overline{\left( \frac{\partial }{\partial \overline{\phi }}\left( \frac{d_{E}w}{dz}\right) \right) }+C_{0}(t,z)\frac{ d_{E}w}{dz} \\&+G_{0}(t,z)\overline{\left( \frac{d_{E}w}{dz}\right) } +A_{0}(t,z)w+B_{0}(t,z)\overline{w}+D_{0}(t,z) \end{aligned}$$

in the space \(P_{D}\left( E\right) \) of Pseudo Q-holomorphic functions.

     

Oscillation of third order differential equation with damping term

We study asymptotic and oscillatory properties of solutions to the third order differential equation with a damping term

$$x'''(t) + q(t)x'(t) + r(t)\left| x \right|^\lambda (t)\operatorname{sgn} x(t) = 0,{\text{ }}t \geqslant 0.$$

We give conditions under which every solution of the equation above is either oscillatory or tends to zero. In case λ ? 1 and if the corresponding second order differential equation h″ + q(t)h = 0 is oscillatory, we also study Kneser solutions vanishing at infinity and the existence of oscillatory solutions.

     

Nonoscillation and oscillation of second-order linear dynamic equations via the sequence of functions technique

We study nonoscillation/oscillation of the dynamic equation

$${(rx^\Delta)}^{\Delta}(t) + p(t)x(t)= 0 \quad {\rm for} t \in[t_0, \infty)_{\mathbb{T}},$$

where \({t_0 \in \mathbb{T}}\), \({{\rm sup} \mathbb{T} = \infty}\), \({r \in {\rm C}_{\rm rd}([t_0, \infty)_{\mathbb{T}}, \mathbb{R}^+)}\), \({p \in {\rm C}_{\rm rd}([t_0, \infty)_{\mathbb{T}}, {\mathbb{R}^+_0})}\). By using the Riccati substitution technique, we construct a sequence of functions which yields a necessary and sufficient condition for the nonoscillation of the equation. In addition, our results are new in the theory of dynamic equations and not given in the discrete case either. We also illustrate applicability and sharpness of the main result with a general Euler equation on arbitrary time scales. We conclude the paper by extending our results to the equation

$${(rx^\Delta)}^{\Delta}(t) + p(t)x^\sigma(t)= 0 \quad {\rm for} t \in[t_0, \infty)_{\mathbb{T}},$$

which is extensively discussed on time scales.

     

Positive solutions of nonlinear multi-point boundary value problems

This paper deals with the existence of positive solutions of nonlinear differential equation

$$\begin{aligned} u^{\prime \prime }(t)+ a(t) f(u(t) )=0,\quad 0<t <1, \end{aligned}$$

subject to the boundary conditions

$$\begin{aligned} u(0)=\sum _{i=1}^{m-2} a_i u (\xi _i) ,\quad u^{\prime } (1) = \sum _{i=1}^{m-2} b_i u^{\prime } (\xi _i), \end{aligned}$$

where \( \xi _i \in (0,1) \) with \( 0< \xi _1<\xi _2< \cdots<\xi _{m-2} < 1,\) and \(a_i,b_i \) satisfy   \(a_i,b_i\in [0,\infty ),~~ 0< \sum _{i=1}^{m-2} a_i <1,\) and \( \sum _{i=1}^{m-2} b_i <1. \) By using Schauder’s fixed point theorem, we show that it has at least one positive solution if f is nonnegative and continuous. Positive solutions of the above boundary value problem satisfy the Harnack inequality

$$\begin{aligned} \displaystyle \inf _{0 \le t \le 1} u(t) \ge \gamma \Vert u\Vert _\infty . \end{aligned}$$

     

The existence of solutions for boundary value problems of two types fractional perturbation differential equations

In this paper, we study the existence of solutions for the boundary value problems of fractional perturbation differential equations

$$\begin{aligned} D^{\alpha }\left( \frac{x(t)}{f(t,x(t))}\right) =g(t,x(t)),\;\;a.e.\;t\in J=[0,1], \end{aligned}$$

or

$$\begin{aligned} D^{\alpha }\left( x(t)-f(t,x(t))\right) =g(t,x(t)),\;\;a.e.\;t\in J, \end{aligned}$$

subject to

$$\begin{aligned} x(0)=y(x),\;\;x(1)=m, \end{aligned}$$

where \(1<\alpha <2,\,D^{\alpha }\) is the standard Caputo fractional derivatives. Using some fixed point theorems, we prove the existence of solutions to the two types. For each type we give an example to illustrate our results.

     

Existence of regular solutions to a class of parabolic systems in two space dimensions with critical growth behaviour

We consider parabolic systems

$u_{t} - {\rm div} \left( a(t, x, u, \nabla u)\right) + a_{0}(t, x, u, \nabla u) = 0$

in two space dimensions with initial and Dirichlet boundary conditions. The elliptic part including a ₀ is derived from a potential with quadratic growth in ?u and is coercive and monotone. The term a ₀ may grow quadratically in ?u and satisfies a sign condition a ₀ · u ≥ ?K. We prove the existence of a regular long time solution verifying a regularity criterion of Arkhipova. No smallness is assumed on the data.

     

Riesz bases formed by root functions of a functional-differential equation with a reflection operator

We find conditions under which the system of root functions of the operator

$$L_y = l[y] = ay'(x) + y'(1 - x) + p_1 (x)y(x) + p_2 (x)y(1 - x),x \in [0,1],U_1 (y) = \int\limits_0^1 {y(t)d\sigma (t) = 0,} $$

is a Riesz basis in L ₂[0, 1].

     

Properties of solutions of Riccati equation

The paper studies some properties of solutions of the Riccati equation

$y'(t) + a(t)y^2 (t) + b(t)y(t) + c(t) = 0$

on a semiaxis [t ₀, +∞) for different types of initial value sets. Two types of solutions are singled out: normal, that are in a sense stable, and extremal, that are non-stable in the Lyapunov sense. Relations expressing the extremal solutions by means of a given normal solution in quadratures and elementary functions are obtained and some relations between solutions the extendable to [t ₀, +∞) are derived.