Nuclear shadowing and antishadowing in a unitarized BFKL equation

The nuclear shadowing and antishadowing effects are explained by a unitarized BFKL equation.The Q2-and x-variations of the nuclear parton distributions are detailed based on the level of the unintegrated gluon distribution.In particular,the asymptotical behavior of the unintegrated gluon distribution near the saturation limit in nuclear targets is studied. Our results in the nuclear targets are insensitive to the input distributions if the parameters are fixed by the data of a flee proton.     

Small x phenomenology on gluon evolution through the BFKL equation in light of a constraint in multi-Regge kinematics

We investigate the impact of so-called kinematic constraint on gluon evolution at small x.Implanting the constraint on the real emission term of the gluon ladder diagram, we obtain an integro-differential form of the Balitsky-Fadin-Kuraev-Lipatov(BFKL) equation. Later we solve the equation analytically using the method of characteristics. We sketch the Bjorken x and transverse momentum k_t~2 dependence of our solution of unintegrated gluon distributions f (x,k_t~2) in the kinematic constraint supplemented BFKL equation and contrasted the same with the original BFKL equation. Then we extract the integrated gluon density xg(x, Q~2) from unintegrated gluon distributions f (x,k_t~2) and compared our theoretical prediction with that of global data fits, namely NNPDF3.1 sx and CT14. Finally we illustrate the phenomenological implication of our solution for unintegrated gluon distribution f (x,k_T~2) towards exploring high precision HERA DIS data by the theoretical prediction of proton structure functions(F_2 and F_L).     

k(t) factorization for hard processes in nuclei

Two widely proposed k(t)-dependent gluon distributions in the small-x saturation regime are investigated using two-particle back-to-back correlations in high energy scattering processes. The Weizs?cker-Williams gluon distribution, interpreted as the number density of gluon inside nucleus, is studied in the quark-antiquark jet correlation in deep inelastic scattering. On the other hand, the unintegrated gluon distribution, defined as the Fourier transform of the color-dipole cross section, is probed in the direct photon-jet correlation in pA collisions.     

Investigation of the dynamics of gluon distributions in the production of heavy quarks and quarkonia at the LEP2 collider

The inclusive production of heavy quarks and quarkonia in photon-photon collisions at the LEP2 collider is considered within the semihard (k _T-factorization) QCD approach. The dependence of the total and differential cross sections for the production of heavy (c and b) quarks and D* and J/ψ mesons on the choice of unintegrated gluon distribution is studied. The transition of a $c\bar c$ charmed pair to observed J/ψ mesons is described on the basis of the color-singlet model. The results of the calculations are compared with currently available experimental data obtained by the L3, OPAL, ALEPH, and DELPHI Collaborations. It is shown that the polarization properties of J/ψ mesons at the LEP2 collider are sensitive to the behavior of unintegrated gluon distributions. This means that experimental investigations of the polarization properties of quarkonia in photon-photon collisions may provide a direct test of the dynamics of gluon distributions in the photon.     

Inclusive Higgs Boson Production at the LHC within the QCD k t -Factorization Approach

Within the QCD kt-factorization approach, the cross sections for the processes of Higgs boson inclusive production and decay at LHC energies are derived. The calculus relies on transverse-momentum-dependent unintegrated gluon distribution functions in the proton obtained by numerically solving the Catani-Ciafaloni-Fiorani-Marchesini (CCFM) equation. On the whole, the ATLAS and CMS measurements of differential cross sections for the Higgs boson production at collision energies of 8 and 13 TeV are adequately reproduced. Our results demonstrate that, with the QCD kt-factorization approach, higher order perturbative corrections are effectively taken into account. The dependence of the results obtained on the form of the unintegrated gluon distribution is investigated.     

Mapping the proton unintegrated gluon distribution in dijets correlations in real and virtual photoproduction at HERA

We discuss how the dijet azimuthal correlations in DIS and real photoproduction at HERA probe the differential (unintegrated) gluon distribution in the proton. We find a strong dependence of the azimuthal correlation pattern on Bjorken-x, photon virtuality and the cut on the jet transverse momenta. A rise of the azimuthal decorrelations is observed with decreasing Bjorken-x due to the interplay of perturbative and nonperturbative effects. We predict a strong rise of the same-side jet rate with photon energy for real photoproduction. We discuss conditions for the correlation function to be dominated by hard perturbative gluons and ways of constraining the size of the nonperturbative soft component. We make some predictions for the THERA energy range. The analysis of the energy dependence of the isolated jet and two-jet cross sections in photoproduction would be a new way to study the not yet well constrained unintegrated gluon distributions and to explore the onset of the pQCD regime.     

Particle multiplicities in lead-lead collisions at the CERN large hadron collider from nonlinear evolution with running coupling corrections

We present predictions for the pseudorapidity density of charged particles produced in central Pb-Pb collisions at the LHC. Particle production in such collisions is calculated in the framework of k(t) factorization. The nuclear unintegrated gluon distributions at LHC energies are determined from numerical solutions of the Balitsky-Kovchegov equation including recently calculated running coupling corrections. The initial conditions for the evolution are fixed by fitting Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider data at collision energies square root[sNN]=130 and 200 GeV per nucleon. We obtain dNch(Pb-Pb)/deta(square root[sNN]=5.5 TeV)/eta=0 approximately 1290-1480.     

Shadowing effects in nuclear parton distributions for small values ofx

The shadowing corrections to gluon and quark distributions in nuclei in the region of small values ofx are discussed. They are related to parton distributions in a pomeron which are in principle measurable in hard diffractive processes on the nucleon target. Multiple scattering corrections to shadowing are considered in a model dependent way. The perturbative QCD evolution of shadowing is also taken into account. Various possibilities of the partonic content of a pomeron are considered. It is shown in particular that the conventional parametrizations of parton distributions in a pomeron which are based on the assumption that it consists mostly of gluons imply substantial nuclear shadowing in gluon distributions in heavy nuclei. Possible phenomenological implications of shadowing corrections in nuclear parton distributions for various semi-hard processes with nuclear targets are briefly discussed.     

Heavy-quark hadroproduction in k T -factorization approach with unintegrated gluon distributions

We consider the processes of heavy-quark production using the unintegrated gluon distributions. The numerical predictions for high-energy nucleon-nucleon and photon-nucleon collisions of the k _T -factorization approach (semihard theory) are compared with the experimental data from the Tevatron collider and HERA. The total production cross sections and pT distributions are considered and they are in reasonable agreement with the data for reasonable values of QCD scale. The text was submitted by the authors in English.     

Multiple parton scattering in nuclei: twist-four nuclear matrix elements and off-forward parton distributions

Multiple parton scatterings inside a large nucleus generally involve higher-twist nuclear parton matrix elements. The gluon bremsstrahlung induced by multiple scattering depends not only on direct parton matrix elements but also on momentum-crossed ones, due to the Landau–Pomeranchuk–Migdal interference effect. We show that both types of twist-four nuclear parton matrix elements can be factorized approximately into the product of twist-two nucleon matrix elements in the limit of extremely large nuclei, A→∞, as assumed in previous studies. Due to the correlative nature of the twist-four matrix elements under consideration, it is actually the off-forward parton distributions that appear naturally in this decomposition, rather than the ordinary diagonal distributions probed in deeply-inelastic scattering. However, we argue that the difference between these two distribution classes is small in certain kinematic regimes. In these regions, the twist-four nuclear parton matrix elements are evaluated numerically and compared to the factorized form for different nuclear sizes within a schematic model of the two-nucleon correlation function. The nuclear size dependence is found to be A^4/3 in the limit of large A, as expected. We find that the factorization is reasonably good when the momentum fraction carried by the gluon field is moderate. The deviation can be more than a factor of 2, however, for small gluon momentum fractions, where the gluon distribution is very large.     

A simple model for nuclear structure functions at small x in the dipole picture

A simple model for nuclear structure functions in the region of small x and small and moderate Q² is presented. It is a parameter-free extension, in the Glauber-Gribov approach to nuclear collisions, of a saturation model for the nucleon. A reasonable agreement with experimental data on the ratios of nuclear structure functions is obtained. Nuclear effects in the longitudinal-to-transverse cross section ratios are found to be small. Predictions of the model for values of x smaller than those available to present experiments are given. The unintegrated gluon distribution and the behaviour of the saturation scale which result from this model are shown and discussed. Received: 5 June 2002 / Revised version: 27 June 2002 / Published online: 16 October 2002     

Gluon saturation and baryon stopping in the SPS, RHIC, and LHC energy regions

A new geometrical scaling method with a gluon saturation rapidity limit is proposed to study the gluon saturation feature of the central rapidity region of relativistic nuclear collisions. The net-baryon number is essentially transported by valence quarks that probe the saturation regime in the target by multiple scattering. We take advantage of the gluon saturation model with geometric scaling of the rapidity limit to investigate net baryon distributions, nuclear stopping power and gluon saturation features in the SPS and RHIC energy regions. Predictions for net-baryon rapidity distributions, mean rapidity loss and gluon saturation feature in central Pb+Pb collisions at the LHC are made in this paper.     

Nuclear Effect on Nucleon Structure Function in the Extended x-Rescaling Model with Parton Recombination Effect

The extended x-rescaling model is tested by taking into account the parton recombination effect to explain the nuclear effects including the EMC effect, nuclear Drell-Yan ratios and the nuclear gluon distributions in the ⁵⁶Fe nucleus. The calculated results satisfactorily agree with the data of the EMC effect, nuclear Drell-Yan ratio and nuclear gluon distributions.     

Nuclear Structure in High Energy Scattering Processes

We suggest that in hard scattering processes the nuclear medium can be viewed as a background parton sea where the bound nucleons are "soaked". The quark and gluon distributions in nuclei are investigated under this assumption. The comparisons of this model with the experimental data of the structure function ratio from charged lepton deep inelastic scattering, the gluon momentum distribution ratio from inelastic J/Ψ production, and the dimuon yield ratio from Drell-Yan dimuon production are present.