纳米陶瓷粉末在爆炸压实过程中的破碎行为研究

 在爆炸压实过程中，纳米颗粒所受冲击载荷发生显著变化的时间远远大于应力波传过颗粒特征长度所用时间；同时，陶瓷颗粒在爆炸冲击过程中主要表现为脆性。基于以上两个事实提出了弹性假设，推导了颗粒在压实过程中的受力状态。回顾了判断脆性材料破坏的三个准则，即Hugonoit弹性极限、动态屈服强度和理论剪切强度，并从这三种判据的交集值出发来判断爆炸压实过程中陶瓷颗粒是否有发生破碎的可能。通过具体计算得出颗粒内存在两个最大剪应力的位置：一个位置发生在距颗粒接触面0.5 nm范围以内，此处剪应力最大；另一个位置发生在距接触面较远处。这一结果为解释陶瓷粉末颗粒在爆炸压实过程中存在塑性行为和破碎行为提供了理论依据。     

Rheological properties of polydisperse magnetic fluids. Effect of chain aggregates

A theoretical model of medium-density polydisperse magnetic fluids is proposed. The model takes into account that the major fraction of particles in typical ferrofluids is characterized by a magnetic core diameter of about 10 nm. In addition, there is a certain proportion of large particles with a core diameter of about 16 nm. As a result of the magnetic dipole interaction, the large particles form chain aggregates. Small particles, for which the magnetic dipole interaction energy (both with each other and with large particles) is smaller than the thermal energy, remain in the individual nonaggregated state. The distribution of chains with respect to the number of (large) particles and some rheological characteristics of the ferrofluids are determined. The proposed model is capable of explaining, in principle, the giant magnetoviscosity effect and a strong dependence of the rheological properties of ferrofluids on the shear rate observed in some recent experiments.     

用光晶格模拟狄拉克、外尔和麦克斯韦方程

相对论性量子力学波动方程,如狄拉克、外尔和麦克斯韦方程,是描述微观粒子运动的基石.最近的实验和理论研究表明,冷原子系统中几乎所有参数都可精确调控,因此冷原子系统被认为是实现量子模拟的理想平台,可以用来研究高能和凝聚态物理中的一些基本问题.本文介绍了设计原子光晶格哈密顿量的思路和方法,主要涉及激光辅助跳跃的理论.基于这些方法,物理学界提出了利用光晶格体系模拟相对论性量子力学波动方程,包括狄拉克、外尔和麦克斯韦方程等,并且预言了一些在基本粒子物理中很难观察到,但在冷原子体系可能观察到的物理现象.本文综述了国际上此领域的研究进展.     

“基本粒子”的实验研究近况

这篇总结性文章论述了最近四、五年来“基本粒子”实验研究的发展情况。全文着重讨论了强相互作用粒子的发展情况,关于弱相互作用问题则谈得不多。其主要原因是:在强相互作用粒子方面,近年来实验上发现了大量的粒子共振态,以致使粒子总数由30种剧增到100种左右,而且,有关的理论方面也相应地取得了成功的发展——由强相互作用对称性提出的SU(3)分类方案。正是这些新发展,使得对所谓基本粒子(至少对强相互作用粒子来说)是有结构的、是可分的看法在近年来更加明确了。本文总结和讨论了最近四、五年来较重要的七组实验——四组关于强相互作用问题,三组关于弱相互作用问题,并且,集中地讨论了强相互作用粒子在最近几年来的发展情况,1960年前后的统计对比以及粒子分类的物理意义等,这些为讨论SU(3)和Regge轨迹分类方案准备了有利的物理条件。在讨论SU(3)和Regge轨迹分类方案时,本文只着重讨论了这两个方案(特别是SU(3))的物理背景和设想、方案的数学基础、理论结果及其与实验的比较。通过和实验比较,Regge轨迹方案就显出了远不如SU(3)方案,这个事实和Regge极理论所出现的严重问题(参看第二章第3节)当然是分不开的。希望通过这篇文章能向读者介绍“基本粒子”在这几年中的发展概况,在现阶段解决或摸清了那些问题,以及今后实验工作的可能方向。     

能量在10Bev以下的π-N,p-N和p-N相互作用

本文试把到写稿时为止(1961年3月底)的一切关于π-N,p-N和p-p的作用和入射粒子能量在几百Mev.至10Bev.范围以内的实验工作予以报导和总论。举凡关于这些作用的总截面、弹性散射截面和非弹性散射截面,都经收集整理,并加以分析。这些截面随能量的增减而变化的情况,都以曲线表达,并且与理论结果作出比较。曲线中有几个重要和有趣之点,也予以指出。在π-N作用中的几个共振峯和关于他们的理论解释,也经较详细的叙述。在弹性散射方面,我们将微分截面的角分布和理论作了比较。在非弹性散射方面,我们把多重产生、动量分布、角分布、横动量和它们与入射粒子能量的关系,都加以分析和讨论。我们特别注意和讨论了下列二种情况:在π-p作用时,质子总是向后散射;而在p-p作用时,两个质子总是不各向均匀地但向前后对称地散射。这种现象被称为质子的“边缘”碰撞。我们认为,这些和其他事实都可能表明了在质子内的确有“核心”的存在,而且这个“核心”非常的小,它的直径比0.4×10^-13厘米要小得多。     

利用激光光梯度力消除气溶胶雾霾粒子的机理研究

针对气溶胶雾霾粒子在大气流中所受力的平衡体系(旋转升力平衡重力, 粒子与粒子之间依靠斥力形成稳定的网状的力平衡体系)的问题, 提出了用激光光梯度力破坏力平衡进而消除雾霾的新机理. 首先, 根据牛顿第二定理, 得到了粒子所受力的非线性方程组, 应用Runge-Kutta 法积分求解了雾霾颗粒在大气流中所受的主要力(空气曳引阻力、范德瓦耳斯斥力、旋转升力)的数值, 成功验证了西安市2013年12月17-25日、2014年2月20-26日两次雾霾检测试验结论: 在雾霾过程中, 粒径在0.5-0.835 μm径段的粒子数浓度增加最明显. 其次, 在雾霾粒子形成的均匀介质中, 计算了激光光梯度力的大小. 研究发现, 激光光梯度力的数量级恒大于雾霾颗粒所受主要力的数量级, 激光光梯度力完全可以破坏雾霾颗粒所受力的平衡体系. 因此, 用激光光梯度力消除雾霾是可行的, 这种新的解决雾霾的方法对人们的实际生活、环保及创建美丽的蓝天具有非常重要的意义.     

Dark matter search experiments

Astronomical and cosmological observations of the past 80 years build solid evidence that atomic matter makes up only a small fraction of the matter in the universe. The dominant fraction does not interact with electromagnetic radiation, does not absorb or emit light and hence is called Dark Matter. So far dark matter has revealed its existence only through gravitational effects. The strongest experimental effort to find other evidence and learn more about the nature of the dark matter particles concentrates around Weakly Interacting Massive Particles which are among the best motivated dark matter candidates. The two main groups of experiments in this field aim for indirect detection through annihilation products and direct detection via interactions with atomic matter respectively. The experimental sensitivity is starting to reach the parameter range which is preferred by theoretical considerations and we can expect to confirm or dismiss some of the most interesting theoretical models in the next few years.     

Hydrodynamic interaction between two trapped swimming model micro-organisms

We present a theoretical study of the behaviour of two active particles under the action of harmonic traps kept at a fixed distance away from each other. We classify the steady configurations the squirmers develop as a function of their self-propelling velocity and the active stresses the swimmers induce around them. We have further analyzed the stability of such configurations, and have found that the ratio between their self-propelling velocity and the apolar flow generated through active stresses determines whether collinear parallel squirmers or perpendicularly swimming particles moving away from each other are stable. Therefore, there is a close connection between the stable configurations and the active mechanisms leading to the particle self-propulsion. The trap potential does not affect the stability of the configurations; it only modifies some of their relevant time scales. We have also observed the development of characteristic frequencies which should be observable. Finally, we show that the development of the hydrodynamic flows induced by the active particles may be relevant even when its time scale orders of magnitude smaller than the other present characteristic time scales and may destabilize the stable configurations.     

Methodology for studying particle–particle triboelectrification in granular materials

A critical challenge for experimental studies of triboelectric charging is to generate reproducible and unambiguous data that can be linked to theoretical concepts. We have developed a methodology to investigate the triboelectric charging of granular materials due solely to particle–particle interactions (i.e. no particle–wall interactions). The methodology is based on a particle flow apparatus that generates a fountain-like flow in which the particles contact only other particles, but no equipment surfaces. Non-contact methods of measuring charge and separating particles by charge are employed so that probe-particle charging does not occur.     

The influence of particle distribution and interphase on the thermal expansion coefficient of particulate composites by the use of a new model

In this work, the thermal expansion coefficient (CTE) of a composite containing spherical particles surrounded by an inhomogeneous interphase embedded in an isotropic matrix is evaluated by means of a new model. The thermomechanical properties of the interphase are formulated as continuous radial functions. It is assumed that this third phase developed between the polymeric matrix and the filler particles contains both areas of absorption interaction in polymer surface layers onto filler particles as well as areas of mechanical imperfections. It can be said that the concept of boundary interphase is a useful tool to describe quantitatively the adhesion efficiency between matrix and particles and that there is an effect of this phase on the thermomechanical properties of the composite. The thickness and volume fraction of this phase were determined from heat capacity measurements for various filler contents. On the other hand, it is assumed that the particle arrangement (distribution) which can be considered as an influence of neighboring inclusions and their interaction should affect the thermomechanical constants of the composite. The theoretical predictions were compared with experimental results as well as with theoretical values from expressions obtained from other workers and they were found to be in satisfactory agreement.     

Dielectrophoretic ratchets

We have experimentally applied some concepts of "force-free" motion to micron size particles (latex beads). The coupling of dissipation and local spatial asymmetry of the potential experienced by the beads can put them into motion. The potentials used in these experiments are of dielectrophoretic nature. To that end, electrodes of particular shapes were used in order to submit the considered suspensions to inhomogeneous ac electric fields. Two regimes were explored: i-the Brownian ratchet case in which a Brownian particle is successively trapped in a factory roof-like potential and left free to diffuse. ii-the shifted ratchets case in which two potentials exhibiting similar characteristics are applied successively, one of them being shifted by a fraction of their common period relatively to the other. In both cases, a good agreement with the theoretical predictions was observed. In particular, particles of different sizes were characterized by different macroscopic velocities leading to the prospect of promising separation techniques. (c) 1998 American Institute of Physics.     

Colossal resistivity change associated with the charge ordered/disordered transition:Monte Carlo study

Earlier theoretical approaches to manganites mainly stem from magnetic framework in which the electronic transports are thought to be spin-dependent and the double exchange plays a vital role. However, quite a number of experimental observations cannot be explained in the magnetic framework, yet. For example, multiplicate insulator-metal transitions and resistivity reduction induced by perturbations other than magnetic field, such as electric current, are not well understood in this framework. Here we present a comprehensive analysis on the magnetic framework and give a Monte Carlo study on the resistivity of a charge ordered/disordered model without accounting for the spin degree of freedom. The result shows a colossal resistivity change as a resultant of the transition between two types of insulated states. This transition has intrinsic difference from the popular insulated-to-metallic transition in the magnetic framework. The present scenario can be used to explain some experimental facts for electronic transports in manganites, which are not accessible in the magnetic framework.     

Colossal resistivity change associated with the charge ordered/disordered transition: Monte Carlo study

Earlier theoretical approaches to manganites mainly stem from magnetic framework in which the electronic transports are thought to be spin-dependent and the double exchange plays a vital role. However, quite a number of experimental observations cannot be explained in the magnetic framework, yet. For example, multiplicate insulator-metal transitions and resistivity reduction induced by perturbations other than magnetic field, such as electric current, are not well understood in this framework. Here we present a comprehensive analysis on the magnetic framework and give a Monte Carlo study on the resistivity of a charge ordered/disordered model without accounting for the spin degree of freedom. The result shows a colossal resistivity change as a resultant of the transition between two types of insulated states. This transition has intrinsic difference from the popular insulated-to-metallic transition in the magnetic framework. The present scenario can be used to explain some experimental facts for electronic transports in manganites, which are not accessible in the magnetic framework.     

Point-Form Hamiltonian Dynamics and Applications

This short review summarizes recent developments and results in connection with point-form dynamics of relativistic quantum systems. We discuss a Poincaré invariant multichannel formalism which describes particle production and annihilation via vertex interactions that are derived from field theoretical interaction densities. We sketch how this rather general formalism can be used to derive electromagnetic form factors of confined quark?Cantiquark systems. As a further application it is explained how the chiral constituent quark model leads to hadronic states that can be considered as bare hadrons dressed by meson loops. Within this approach hadron resonances acquire a finite (non-perturbative) decay width. We will also discuss the point-form dynamics of quantum fields. After recalling basic facts of the free-field case we will address some quantum field theoretical problems for which canonical quantization on a space?Ctime hyperboloid could be advantageous.     

Quantum Mechanics: Myths and Facts

A common understanding of quantum mechanics (QM) among students and practical users is often plagued by a number of “myths”, that is, widely accepted claims on which there is not really a general consensus among experts in foundations of QM. These myths include wave-particle duality, time-energy uncertainty relation, fundamental randomness, the absence of measurement-independent reality, locality of QM, nonlocality of QM, the existence of well-defined relativistic QM, the claims that quantum field theory (QFT) solves the problems of relativistic QM or that QFT is a theory of particles, as well as myths on black-hole entropy. The fact is that the existence of various theoretical and interpretational ambiguities underlying these myths does not yet allow us to accept them as proven facts. I review the main arguments and counterarguments lying behind these myths and conclude that QM is still a not-yet-completely-understood theory open to further fundamental research.     

The rich phenomenology of Brownian particles in nonlinear potential landscapes

Non-interacting Brownian particles obey Langevin equations fulfilling a fluctuation–dissipation relation between friction and thermal noise. Under a linear potential (constant force) Einstein found a relation between diffusion and transport through mobility. In nonlinear potentials this prediction is only satisfied within the limits of very small and large constant external forces. Moreover, other more interesting behaviors do appear, such as: dispersionless transport, sorting, giant diffusion, subdiffusion, superdiffusion, subtransport, etc. All these phenomena depend on the characteristics of the nonlinear potential landscape: periodic or random, the symmetries and boundary conditions. Moreover, the presence of transport is the keystone of most of this phenomenology. In this review, we present numerical simulations illustrating these facts and theoretical analysis when possible.     

A dilemma in the physics of gravitational fields

It is shown that improper use of local quantities for nonlocal situations in fields leads to traditional errors. Nonlocal theoretical quantities referred to standards in a fixed field are defined in order to obtain reliable results. Nonlocal properties of gravitational fields and matter located in it are deduced with the help of physical principles and an electromagnetic model for matter. In spite of the fact that the local velocity of light should be constant, the field is a space of variable nonlocal velocity of light, which accounts for its properties. Matter and light virtually propagate themselves without exchanging energy with the external field, in disagreement with traditional assumptions. Matter becomes contracted by the field. The results are self-consistent and consistent with the observed facts. Bodies withr2GM would be different from black holes and they may account for the peak of highest energy of cosmic radiation and other astronomical facts.     

Reversible diffusion-influenced reactions: comparison of theory and simulation for a simple model

Computer simulations of a simple model of a reversible diffusion-influenced reaction are used to test various approximate theoretical treatments. The model is a random walk in continuous time ofN particles on a one-dimensional lattice. The particles can be trapped reversibly at the origin. They move independently, except that only one particle at a time can occupy the origin. The theory is formulated in general terms using master equations for the probability distribution of occupancy numbers of different lattice sites. The general theoretical problem is not solved, although some exact consequences are presented. Several approximation schemes are described and tested by comparison with the simulations.     

Distinguishable- and indistinguishable-particle descriptions of systems of identical particles

The problem of distinguishability of identical particles is considered from both experimental and theoretical points of view. It is argued that distinguishability has to be defined relative to a definite set of experiments and that the criterion by which the particles are distinguished should be specified. Failure to do so may cause mismatching between theory and experiment. On the theoretical level a distinction is made between indexed- and unindexed-particle theories, indices being unobserved intrinsic properties of the particles. A field theory of indexed particles is constructed and shown to be equivalent to the second quantization formalism, which is an unindexed-particle theory.