含吡啶的抗肿瘤转移NAMI-A衍生物的制备和水解机理动力学

目的研究配体结构对NAMI-A衍生物水解机理、电化学性质的影响。方法制备了trans-[RuCl4(DMSO)(3-MePy)][(3-MePy)H](3-MePy=3-甲基吡啶,化合物1)和trans-[RuCl4(DMSO)(4-MePy)][(4-MePy)H](4-MePy=4-甲基吡啶,化合物2)。用UV、NMR、CV法研究化合物1、化合物2的水解机理-动力学、溶液稳定性及电化学性质。结果化合物1和化合物2与NAMI-A相似,在pH7.40的缓冲液中发生脱氯水解反应(Ⅰ氯水解及Ⅱ氯水解)(分步反应);在pH 5.00缓冲液中DMSO(二甲亚砜)及少量吡啶水解。测定各水解反应表观速率常数及半衰期、溶液稳定性及氧化还原电位。结论化合物1、化合物2的Ⅰ氯、Ⅱ氯及DMSO水解反应机理与NAMI-A相似,而且各水解速率与NAMI-A相差不大,即用甲基吡啶取代咪唑环,对NAMI-A衍生物的Ⅰ氯、Ⅱ氯及DMSO水解反应速率影响较小。化合物在酸性溶液中的稳定性明显高于中性溶液。     

配体结构对含2-甲基咪唑及N-乙基咪唑的NAMI 衍生物水解及溶液稳定性的影响

制备并用UV、循环伏安(CV)和NMR 法研究了NAMI(新抗肿瘤转移抑制剂, trans-[RuCl₄(DMSO)(imidazole)]Na·2DMSO)衍生物trans-[RuCl₄(DMSO)(2-MeIm)]Na·2DMSO (2-MeIm＝2-甲基咪唑, 化合物1)和trans-[RuCl₄(DMSO)-(N-EtIm)]Na·2DMSO (N-EtIm＝N-乙基咪唑, 化合物2)的水解机理-动力学、溶液稳定性和电化学性质. 化合物1 和化合物2 与NAMI 相似, 在pH 7.40 的缓冲溶液中发生两步脱氯水解反应(I 氯水解及II 氯水解) (分步反应); 在酸性溶液(pH 5.00)中脱DMSO 水解. 通过线性拟合得到各水解反应速率常数k_obs 及半衰期t_1/2. 结果表明化合物在酸性溶液中的稳定性相对较高. 在NAMI 衍生物咪唑环的N 位引入乙基比在2 位引入甲基生成的化合物稳定. 含氮配体相同时,NAMI-A(新抗肿瘤转移抑制剂, A: 该系列中的第一个化合物, trans-[RuCl₄(DMSO)(imidazole)][Himidazole])衍生物略比相应的NAMI 衍生物稳定.     

配体结构对NAMI-A衍生物水解机理、速度的影响

制备并用紫外-可见分光光度法研究了trans-[RuCl₄(DMSO)(N-EtIm)][(N-EtIm)H](N-EtIm=N-乙基咪唑)(化合物1)在pH=7.40及5.00,0.15 mol·L^-1 NaCl,37 ℃溶液中的水解机理及动力学。化合物1在pH=7.40的缓冲溶液中发生两步水解脱氯反应(Ⅰ氯水解及Ⅱ氯水解)(分步反应),最终溶液颜色变深形成聚合物。在pH=5.00缓冲溶液中二甲基亚砜(DMSO)水解。其Ⅰ氯、Ⅱ氯水解及DMSO水解反应皆为零级反应。测定了各水解反应表观速率常数K_obs及半衰期t_1/2。化合物1的Ⅰ氯及Ⅱ氯水解反应与NAMI-A相似,而且各水解速度也相差不大,即将推电子的乙基引入咪唑环,对NAMI-A的Ⅰ氯、Ⅱ氯及DMSO水解反应速度影响较小。化合物在酸性溶液中的稳定性明显高于中性溶液。     

含甲基咪唑的抗肿瘤转移NAMI-A衍生物的水解和电化学性质

合成了trans-[Rucl4 (DMSO) (4-MeIm)][(4-MeIm)H]·HCl(4-MeIm=4-甲基咪唑)(1)和trans-[Rucl4 (DMSO)(N-MeIm)][(N-MeIm)H](N-MeIm=N-甲基咪唑)(2).通过紫外-可见光谱、核磁共振谱和循环伏安法研究了配体结构(4-甲基咪唑,...     

杂环反铂(Ⅱ)抗癌药物水解反应机理的DFT研究

用DFT-B3LYP方法和IEF-PCM溶剂化模型研究了反铂抗癌药物trans-[PtCl2(piperidine)(Am)](Am=2-picoline(1),3-picoline(2),4-picoline(3)),trans-[PtCl2(piperidine)(piperazine)](4),trans-[PtCl2(pipera-zine)2](5)and trans-[PtCl2(iminoether)2](6)的水解过程.水解反应是药物与DNA靶分子作用的关键活化步骤.全优化和表征了一水解和二水解反应经由一般的SN2路径过程所有物种的势能面稳定点.结果发现反应过程遵循已经建立的平面正方形配合物的配体取代反应理论,即取代反应通常通过一个三角双锥过渡态结构的铂配体交换反应发生.得到的过渡态结构与以前的相关工作一致,所有反应都是吸热反应;所有体系的二水解能垒都高于一水解.与顺铂相比,这些配合物都有更快的水解反应速率;并与以前类似的反铂配合物的研究做了比较.研究结果提供了这些配合物水解反应过程的详细能量变化,对理解药物与DNA靶分子的作用机理和新型反铂抗癌药物的设计有帮助.     

S，S-螯合配位的Pd(Ⅱ)配合物的合成及其对二肽水解促进作用的研究

本文报道合成了一系列S,S-型螯合配体—1,2-二苯硫基乙烷及其衍生物。制备了它们与Pd(Ⅱ)形成的配合物,并研究了这些配合物促进下的二肽水解反应动力学。结果发现这些配合物对二肽的水解反应有促进作用,该水解反应是通过配位水的进攻机理进行的,水解速率随着与Pd(Ⅱ)配位的配位水的个数的增加而加快。     

NAMI-A乙基取代衍生物水解机理的DFT研究

采用密度泛函理论(DFT)方法,并结合导体极化连续模型(CPCM)研究了[(N-EtIm)H][trans-RuⅢCl4(DMSO)(N-EtIm)](N-EtIm=N-乙基咪唑)分别在中性及酸性条件下的水解反应过程.同时,为提高溶剂化能的精确度,在中性条件下水解反应的计算中采用3个水分子的溶剂化模型.计算得到水解反应过程中相应的结构特征和详细的热力学能量及速率常数.首先,在中性条件下,对于第一步水解,液相中配合物的活化能垒为109.9kJ/mol,速率常数为3.3×10-7 s-1,与实验中测得的第一步水解反应的速率常数(4.4×10-7 s-1)一致.对于第二步水解,反应的活化能垒为117.9kJ/mol,这符合实验中观察到的第二步水解比第一步水解反应慢的现象.其次,计算结果表明,酸性条件下,DMSO基团易于水解,Cl-水解困难,这也与实验结果相吻合.     

两种5-氯水杨酸铬(Ⅲ)配合物的合成及反应性研究

合成了两种5-氯水杨酸铬(Ⅲ)配合物[Cr(Ⅲ)(5-Cl-SA)(en)2]Cl·2CH3OH·2H2O(Ⅰ)和[Cr(Ⅲ)(5-Cl-SA)(TETA)]-ClO4·H2O(Ⅱ)(5-Cl-SA=5-氯-水杨酸,en=乙二胺,TETA=三乙烯四胺),利用X射线晶体衍射和元素分析进行了结构表征.通过光谱手段比较了两种...     

毛细管区带电泳法研究新型喜树碱衍生物的水解反应

采用毛细管区带电泳法考察新型喜树碱衍生物(L-P)在不同pH溶液中的结构稳定性,并在接近人体生理条件下(310 K, pH 7.4)研究由内酯环结构形式向羧酸盐结构形式转化的水解反应的动力学和热力学参数.采用未涂层熔融石英毛细管柱(35 cm×50 μm i.d.,有效柱长26.5 cm),背景电解质溶液(BGE)为0 025 mol/L磷酸钠缓冲溶液,pH 值分别为2.5, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 7.4和9.0.在pH＜4的溶液中,L-P以内酯环结构形式存在;随着pH值增大,内酯环结构形式将逐渐水解转化成羧酸盐结构形式;当pH>9时,L-P几乎完全以羧酸盐结构形式存在.上述水解反应的速率常数随温度的升高而增加;测得其活化能 (Ea),焓变(ΔH)和熵变(ΔS)分别为72.6 kJ/mol,10.5 kJ/mol和50.9 J/(mol · K).毛细管区带电泳法能有效分离新型喜树碱衍生物(L-P)两种具有pH依赖性的结构形式.由内酯环结构形式向羧酸盐结构形式转化的水解反应是一个自发的吸热过程, 而且随着温度的升高其水解反应趋势相应加大.     

2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸代谢中的水解反应机理

2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸(2,4-D)是应用广泛的农用除草剂和植物生长素,在它的代谢过程中,涉及多种化学反应. 本文采用密度泛函理论B3LYP方法, 分别研究了它在代谢过程中的三条水解反应途径的机理. 研究结果表明: (I) 2,4-D水解反应有两种模式, C(1)―O键解离的氢转移和C―Cl键解离的氯被取代. (Ⅱ) C―Cl键的解离能垒明显低于C(1)―O键的解离能垒, 即水解速率较快, 反应动力学占优势. 在三条反应途径中, 途径(2)和(3)优先水解C―Cl键, 再水解C(1)―O键. 由于受反应速率的影响, 不同中间体在降解过程中的浓度有明显区别.(III) 对于水解反应,采用导体极化连续模型(CPCM)考虑溶剂化效应,可更合理地阐述水解反应机理.     

α-Synuclein as a Target for Metallo-Anti-Neurodegenerative Agents

The unique thermodynamic and kinetic coordination chemistry of ruthenium allows it to modulate key adverse aggregation and membrane interactions of α-synuclein (α-syn) associated with Parkinson's disease. We show that the low-toxic Ru^III complex trans-[ImH][RuCl₄(Me₂SO)(Im)] (NAMI-A) has dual inhibitory effects on both aggregation and membrane interactions of α-syn with submicromolar affinity, and disassembles pre-formed fibrils. NAMI-A abolishes the cytotoxicity of α-syn towards neuronal cells and mitigates neurodegeneration and motor impairments in a rat model of Parkinson's. Multinuclear NMR and MS analyses show that NAMI-A binds to residues involved in protein aggregation and membrane binding. NMR studies reveal the key steps in pro-drug activation and the effect of activated NAMI-A species on protein folding. Our findings provide a new basis for designing ruthenium complexes which could mitigate α-syn-induced Parkinson's pathology differently from organic agents.     

New routes to carbonyl complexes of general formula [RuCl2(CO)(S)(PPh3)2] (S = DMA,DMF, DMSO): crystal structure of [RuCl2(CO)(DMA)(PPh3)2] · 1/2CH2Cl2

The compound [RuCl₂(CO)(DMA)(PPh₃)₂] [DMA = dimethylacetamide] was obtained from [RuCl₃(PPh₃)₂-(DMA)] · DMA and CO in DMA. Orange crystals of [RuCl₂(CO)(DMA)(PPh₃)₂] · 1/2CH₂Cl₂ were isolated by slow evaporation of a CH₂Cl₂/DMA solution and its structure was determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The analogous compounds containing DMF and DMSO were obtained from the precursor ttt-[RuCl₂(CO)₂(PPh₃)₂]. Characterization of the other complexes is based on i.r. and n.m.r. spectroscopy, including ³¹P{¹H} data.     

Synthesis and DFT calculations of new ruthenium(II) nitrosyl complexes using cis-fac-dichlorotetrakis(dimethylsulfoxide)ruthenium(II) precursor and different oximes as sources of nitrosyl ligand

Abstract

Three NO⁺-ruthenium(II) complexes were prepared by using cis-[RuCl₂(DMSO)₄] as precursor, P, and the compounds benzohydroxamic acid (BHA), 1′, anti-diphenylglyoxime (H₂dpg), 2′, and dimethylglyoxime (H₂dmg), 3′, as sources of NO moiety. The three complexes [RuCl₂(DMSO)₃(NO)]⁺(BA)^?, 1, [RuCl₂(DMSO)₃(NO)]⁺(Hdpg)^?, 2, and [RuCl₂(DMSO)₃(NO)]⁺(Hdmg)^?, 3, were characterized by (FT-IR, NMR, UV-Vis) spectroscopy, thermogravimetry, and microanalysis. From FT-IR spectral data, two modes of coordination of DMSO to Ru atom through both S and O atoms were detected for 1 and 2. For 3, only S coordination was reported. Computational studies on the [RuCl₂(DMSO)₃(NO)]⁺ cationic parts, 1″, 2″ and 3″, of the investigated complexes 1, 2 and 3 were carried out by DFT. The molecular geometry and mode of attachment of Ru(II) with DMSO were performed with the B3LYP/LANL2DZ level of theory and basis set. Theoretical to the experimental agreement was achieved for analysis of IR data of the investigated complexes. Additional information about binding between the ruthenium atom and the DMSO ligand has been obtained by NBO analysis.     

Reaction mechanism of NO with hydrolysates of NAMI-A: an MD simulation by combining the QM/MM(ABEEM) with the MD-FEP method

Nitrosylation reaction mechanisms of the hydrolysates of NAMI-A and hydrolysis reactions of ruthenium nitrosyl complexes were investigated in the triplet state and the singlet state. Activation free energies were calculated by combining the QM/MM(ABEEM) method with free energy perturbation theory, and the explicit solvent environment was simulated by an ABEEMσπ polarizable force field. Our results demonstrate that nitrosylation reactions of the hydrolysates of NAMI-A occur in both the triplet and the singlet states. The Ru-N-O angle of the triplet ruthenium nitrosyl complexes is in the range of 132.0°–138.2°. However, all the ruthenium nitrosyl complexes at the singlet state show an almost linear Ru-N-O angle. The nitrosylation reaction happens prior to the hydrolysis reaction for the first-step hydrolysates. The activation free energies of the nitrosylation reactions show that the H₂O-NO exchange reaction of [RuCl₄(Im)(H₂O)] in the singlet spin sate is the most likely one. Comparing with the activation free energies of the hydrolysis reactions of the ruthenium nitrosyl complexes, the results indicate that the rate of the DMSO–H₂O exchange reaction of [RuCl₃(NO)(Im)(DMSO)] is faster than that of [RuCl₃(H₂O)(Im)(DMSO)] in both the triplet spin state and the singlet spin state. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Synthesis,structure, and electrochemistry of mer[RuCl3(DMSO–S)(DMSO–O)(py)]

Reaction of mer-[RuCl₃(DMSO–S)₂(DMSO–O] (1) with pyridine (py) in dichloromethane yields mer-[RuCl₃(DMSO–S)(DMSO–O)(py)] (2). A single crystal suitable for X-ray diffraction was obtained by recrystalization with dichloromethane and diethyl ether. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed an unusual case in which two independent molecules (2a and 2b) are present in the asymmetric unit cell. Both molecules have distorted octahedral geometry in which DMSO is bound through oxygen and sulfur. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed for 2a and 2b in gas phase to investigate bonding shown by the two DMSO ligands. Optimizations were done on both DMSO ligands bonded through S, both DMSO ligands bonded through O, one DMSO bonded through O, and the other through S but opposite to the actual molecule. The energy differences of the optimized structures were calculated.     

Driving forces in substitution reactions of octahedral complexes: The influence of the competitive effect

The reaction of cis-[RuCl₂(P–P)(N–N)] type complexes (P–P = 1,4-bis(diphenylphosphino)butane or (1,1′-diphenylphosphino)ferrocene; N–N = 2,2′-bipyridine or 1,10-phenantroline) with monodentate ligands (L), such as 4-methylpyridine, 4-phenylpyridine and benzonitrile forms [RuCl(L)(P–P)(N–N)]⁺ species. Upon characterization of the isolated compounds by elemental analysis, ³¹P{¹H} NMR and X-ray crystallography it was found out that the type of the L ligand determines its position in relation to the phosphorus atom. While pyridine derivatives like 4-methylpyridine and 4-phenylpyridine coordinate trans to the phosphorus atom, the benzonitrile ligand (bzCN), a good π acceptor, coordinates trans to the nitrogen atom. A ³¹P{¹H} NMR experiment following the reaction of the precursor cis-[RuCl₂(dppb)(phen)] with the benzonitrile ligand shows that the final position of the entering ligand in the complex is better defined as a consequence of the competitive effect between the phosphorus atom and the cyano-group from the benzonitrile moiety and not by the trans effect. In this case, the benzonitrile group is stabilized trans to one of the nitrogen atoms of the N–N ligand. A differential pulse voltammetry experiment confirms this statement. In both experiments the [RuCl(bzCN)(dppb)(phen)]PF₆ species with the bzCN ligand positioned trans to a phosphorus atom of the dppb ligand was detected as an intermediate complex.