燕麦干草品质的近红外光谱定量分析

应用近红外漫反射光谱（NIRS）分析技术,采用偏最小二乘回归法(PLS),建立了适合不同品种类型和不同生长发育时期的NIRS测定燕麦全株干草的粗蛋白（Crude Protein,CP）、秸秆中性洗涤纤维(Neutral Detergent Fiber,NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(Acid Detergent Fiber,ADF)含量的稳定校正模型。结果表明,采用二阶导数（2st Deriv）+平滑处理（Norris）、多元散射校正（MSC）+二阶导数（2st Deriv）+平滑处理（Norris）、多元散射校正（MSC）,分析谱区为9 668～4 518,9 550～5 543,8 943～4 042 cm-1建立粗蛋白、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维的校正模型,其校正和预测效果最佳。其中CP与NDF的建标决定系数（r2_cal）和交叉检验的决定系数（R2_cv）均在0.95以上,各项误差均小于3%,RPD值均大于3,逼近了化学分析的精确度,具有较好的预测效果。ADF的建模效果较CP与NDF差,其建标决定系数和交叉检验决定系数分别为0.912 0,0.855 3,建标误差（RMSEC）和检验误差（RMSECV）分别为2.33%,2.62%,接近了化学分析的精确度,且RPD值大于2.5,说明所建的ADF模型也可用于近红外预测。     

近红外漫反射光谱法测定玉米秸秆NDF与ADF含量

应用主成分空间和傅里叶变换近红外光谱技术,采用偏最小二乘回归法(PLS),在国内首次建立了适合不同品种类型、不同生长发育时期和不同部位且适配范围广的近红外漫反射光谱(NIRS)测定玉米秸秆中性洗涤纤维(NeutralDetergentFiber,NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(AcidDetergentFiber,ADF)含量的稳定校正模型。结果表明,采用一阶导数 矢量归一化预处理和一阶导数 多元散射校正预处理,谱区均为7502～5450cm-1和4601～4247cm-1,所建立的NDF与ADF校正模型,其校正和预测效果最佳。其校正决定系数(R2cal)均大于094,交叉验证和外部验证决定系数(R2cv,R2val)为092～096,各项误差(RMSEE,RMSECV和RMSEP)为149%～181%。该结果对青贮玉米秸秆材料快速鉴定和筛选具有重要的意义。     

近红外漫反射光谱技术快速预测蒸汽压片玉米常规成分含量的研究

应用近红外漫反射光谱分析技术(NIDRS),采用偏最小二乘法,建立了蒸汽压片玉米4个常规成分的近红外定量预测校正模型。研究中选用62个品种玉米的蒸汽压片为样本,光谱扫描范围为950～1650nm,采用中心化+导数+多元散射校正的预处理方法。研究得出粗蛋白(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)和粗脂肪(EE)的校正模型交叉验证决定系数(R2VAL)分别为0.9511,0.9032,0.7143,0.9082,交叉验证误差(SECV)分别为1.53,1.89,2.45,0.50。本研究建立的模型可以用来准确、快速地预测蒸汽压片玉米的CP,NDF和EE的含量,为蒸汽压片饲料工业提供了一种快速、经济和绿色的质量检测技术。     

近红外光谱法田间快速估测新鲜紫花苜蓿品质

田间快速估测苜蓿品质对于适时刈割具有重要意义。试验共采集来自不同地域、不同品种、不同生育期和不同茬次的新鲜紫花苜蓿样170份,经便携式近红外光谱仪(1 100～1 800 nm)扫描得到近红外光谱,利用偏最小二乘法(PLS)在国内首次建立基于紫花苜蓿新鲜样品的干物质(DM)、粗蛋白(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)化学分析值的近红外校正模型,探讨利用近红外漫反射光谱技术(NIRS)在田间快速估测紫花苜蓿品质的可行性,摸索设备选择和制样方法。四项指标所建模型的交互验证决定系数(R2CV)分别为0.831 4,0.597 9,0.803 6和0.786 1;交互验证均方根误差(RMSECV)为1.241 1,0.261 4,0.990 3和0.830 6;外部验证决定系数(R2_V)为0.815 0,0.401 1,0.784 9和0.752 1,外部预测均方根误差(RMSEP)分别为1.06, 0.31, 0.95和0.80。对于苜蓿鲜样来说,DM,NDF和ADF的近红外模型可以进行粗略的定量分析,CP的建模效果较差,但因苜蓿中的粗蛋白含量一般都能满足家畜需求,DM,NDF和ADF是在适时刈割中最关键的估测指标,DM,NDF和ADF模型可以满足田间快速估测苜蓿品质的要求。     

菊苣体外干物质消化率近红外分析模型的建立

菊苣(Cichorium intybus L.)是一种新型的高产优质饲用牧草,具有极大的推广利用价值。体外干物质消化率(in vitro dry matter digestibility,IVDMD)是评价饲草营养价值的重要指标之一。建立菊苣体外干物质消化率的NIRS定量分析模型的研究,采集了72个品种、不同基因型、不同生长发育时期的204个菊苣地上部分为样品,应用傅里叶变换近红外漫反射光谱技术,通过采用不同的回归算法,比较不同的光谱范围和光谱预处理方法,建立了8个菊苣体外干物质消化率(IVDMD)的近红外漫反射光谱校正模型,从中选出最佳参数的校正模型。其校正决定系数(R2cal)和外部验证决定系数(R2val)分别为0.953 17和0.904 55,校正标准差(RMSEC)和预测标准差(RMSEP)分别为1.977 99%和2.008 82%,预测值与化学值间的相关系数(r)达0.951 08。结果表明,利用近红外漫反射光谱法来测定菊苣体外干物质消化率(IVDMD)是可行的,可为菊苣体外干物质消化率(IVDMD)的测定提供快速的分析测定方法。     

近红外光谱法快速测定羊草干草品质的研究

试验共采集我国北方不同区域、不同生育期、不同干燥方式的羊草干草150份,利用近红外漫反射光谱(NIRS)技术,采用偏最小二乘回归算法(PLS),在国内首次建立了适配范围广的羊草干草的粗蛋白(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的校正模型,并对模型的预测能力进行了验证.结果表明,所建模型的预测结果与常规...     

基于近红外光谱的玉米籽粒CNCPS组分分析及预测研究

试验旨在研究应用近红外光谱技术快速测定玉米籽粒粉末CNCPS组分的可行性。65个样品来自黑龙江省,选用偏最小二乘法(PLS)为建模方法,采用二阶导数和Norris导数滤波法处理光谱数据后,建立了玉米籽粒粉末中干物质(DM)、粗蛋白质(CP)、粗脂肪(Fat)、粗灰分(Ash)、淀粉(Starch)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、可溶性蛋白(SP)、酸性洗涤不溶蛋白(ADIP)和中性洗涤不溶蛋白(NDIP)等的近红外预测模型。其中DM,CP,Fat,Ash,Starch,NDF和ADF的决定系数分别为0.974 3,0.968 3,0.947 8,0.909 8,0.977 7,0.935 4和0.926 9,标准差(SD)与预测均方根(RMSEP)的比值(SD/RMSEP)值分别为3.96,4.78,3.75,4.25,4.13,3.88和3.12。SP的决定系数为0.857 5,SD/RMSEP值为3.06。ADIP和NDIP的决定系数分别为0.531 9和0.683 3,SD/RMSEP值分别为5.50和2.85。试验结果表明,近红外技术可以用于玉米籽粒粉末CNCPS组分的快速测定,但降低ADIP和NDIP测定误差有待进一步研究。     

近红外光谱法测定紫花苜蓿青贮鲜样的营养价值

应用近红外光谱技术(NIRS)直接分析新鲜饲草的营养价值,如饲草中干物质(DM),粗蛋白(CP),中性洗涤纤维(NDF),酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)含量,对畜牧业生产具有重要意义。鲜草中由于含有较多的水分,不易制备均一的样品和进行光谱中有用信息的提取,因此难于进行近红外光谱分析。本试验应用偏最小二乘回归法(PLS)、傅里叶变换近红外光谱技术和液氮冷冻制样技术,建立了适合于不同品种,不同生育期,不同茬次和不同青贮方法即时测定青贮苜蓿鲜样中DM,CP,NDF,ADF的模型,以期对NIRS在测定紫花苜蓿青贮鲜样品这些成分测定的可行性进行分析。所建DM,CP,NDF和ADF模型的交叉检验决定系数(R2_cv)为0.884 6～0.989 8,交叉检验标准误(RMSECV)为3.9～9.7 g·kg-1鲜重。用50个样品对模型进行外部检验,预测相关系数(r)为0.939 7～0.994 9,预测标准误为1.9～8.3 g·kg-1鲜重。结果表明： 采用适当的样品处理方法和光谱分析技术可以实现近红外光谱技术对苜蓿青贮鲜样的营养价值评定。     

基于NIRS快速测定苜蓿青干草品质成分

品质性状的化学测定操作繁琐且存在破坏性和耗时较长等不足的问题，光谱测定具有高效、快速、成本低等优点，但测定准确度受到不同仪器以及不同机型的影响。为了建立和优化快速测定苜蓿样品的粗蛋白(CP)、粗脂肪(EE)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)和中性洗涤纤维(NDF)近红外漫反射光谱的模型，更好的测定苜蓿品质性状。选取了25份苜蓿材料147份试验样品，采用傅里叶变换近红外光谱技术(NIRS)扫描，获得扫描光谱范围4 000～10 000cm^-1的光谱值，软件TQ Analyst v9选用偏最小二乘法(PLS)和OPUS7.0选用定量2方法建立定量模型并优化，并进一步交叉验证和外部检验评估模型效果。结果表明利用2种软件建立的模型都能很好的预测CP的含量，建模决定系数(R²_cal)分别达到0.999 9和0.984 8，交叉验证的均方根误差(RMSECV)分别为2.121和0.471，外部验证决定系数(R²)都大于0.97，残留预测偏差(RPD)值大于6.0。EE应用TQ Analyst v9所建立的模型效果更好，R...     

利用近红外漫反射光谱法预测紫花苜蓿茎组分营养价值的研究

研究旨在探讨利用全株紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)样品的近红外漫反射光谱信息,建立能够预测其茎组分营养价值的校正模型的可行性.将66份不同年份、品种、茬次和生育期的紫花苜蓿全株样品徒手分离茎叶后,按一定的茎叶比重新混合成198份实验样品(建模样品138份,检验样品60份).采用傅里叶变换近红外漫反射光谱技术(FT-NIRS),结合偏最小二乘法(PLS),建立了茎组分粗蛋白(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、粗灰分(CA)和体外可消化干物质(IVDDM)含量的预测模型.除NDF含量的预测模型外,其他4个指标预测模型的建模效果和实际预测均较好,交叉检验相关系数(rCV)为0.852 3～0.900 7,交叉检验标准误差(RMSECV)为0.72%～3.96%,检验样品的预测值与化学值的相关系数(r)为0.925 5～0.951 2.而NDF含量预测模型的RCCv,RMSECV,r分别为0.821 4,3.70%和0.902 0,模型只可用作粗略估测.     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Hybrid Wavelength and Code Division Multiple Access in Optical Networks

A review of schemes for multiple access in fiber optic networks shows that a hybrid of wavelength and code division multiple access (WCDMA) combines the best features of both. In particular, the hybrid scheme retains the large information carrying capacity of wavelength division multiple access (WDMA) and flexibility of code division multiple access (CDMA). In this paper WDMA, optical CDMA (OCDMA), and WCDMA networks are discussed. In OCDMA networks, concept of incoherent and coherent coding including inverse decoding and matched filter is introduced. The delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks, under the simple suboptimum access protocols based on cyclic search, is computed. It has been shown quantitatively that tuning delay significantly affects the delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks. Futhermore, delay performance of WCDMA networks is always better than the WDMA networks for the same tuning delay, load, and number of users.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Research on beamforming method for dual-line array with space mismatch between the two line arrays

The performance of port/starboard discrimination of dual-line array will be seriously degraded when the space between the two line arrays of the dual-line array is mismatched. The directivity function of the delay-sum and delay-subtract beamforming is deduced and the port/starboard discrimination of the delay-sum and delay-subtract beamforming is also studied both under the ideal status and the status under which the space between the two line arrays of the dual-line array is mismatched. Analysis results show the delay-subtract beamforming has better performance of port/starboard discrimination. At last, the sea trial results demonstrate the theoretical results.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.