Densities,speeds of sound and isentropic compressibilities of binary and ternary mixtures containing benzene,cyclohexane and hexane at 298.15 K

Densities, ϱ, and speeds of sound, u, have been measured for the ternary mixture {benzene + cyclohexane + hexane} and the corresponding binary mixtures {benzene + cyclohexane}, {benzene + hexane} and {cyclohexane + hexane}, at the temperature 298.15 K. Using these results, the isentropic compressibilities, κ_s, the excess isentropic compressibilities, κ_s^E, and the speeds of sound deviations, Δu, have been calculated for both the binary mixtures and the ternary system. Excess isentropic compressibilities, κ_s^E, and the speeds of sound deviations, Δu, have been fitted to the Redlich-Kister equation in the case of binary mixtures, while the equation of Cibulka was used to fit the values relating to the ternary system. The empiric equations of Redlich-Kister, Tsao-Smith, Kohler and Colinet have been applied in order to predict the κ_s^E and Δu of ternary mixtures from the binary contributions.     

Thermodynamic Investigation of Dimethyl Sulfoxide Binary Mixtures at 293.15 and 313.15 K

Densities (ρ), speeds of sound (u), and isentropic compressibilities (k _S) of binary mixtures of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) with water, methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, acetone and cyclohexanone have been measured over the entire composition range at 293.15 and 313.15 K. The excess molar volumes (V ^E), the deviations in speed of sound (u ^E) and the deviations in isentropic compressibility (k _S ^E) have been determined. The V ^E, u ^E and k _S ^E values were fitted by the Redlich-Kister polynomial equation and the A _k coefficients as well as the standard deviations (d) between the calculated and experimental values have been derived. The results obtained are discussed from the viewpoint of the existence of interactions between the components of the binary mixtures.     

Thermodynamic and transport properties of binary liquid mixtures of cyclohexanol with isomeric chlorotoluenes

Densities (ρ) at different temperatures from 303.15 to 318.15 K, speeds of sound (u) and viscosities (η) at 303.15 K were measured for the binary mixtures of cyclohexanol with 2-chlorotoluene, 3-chlorotoluene and 4-chlorotoluene over the entire range of composition. The excess volumes (V^E) for the mixtures have been computed from the experimental density data. Further, the deviation in isentropic compressibilities (Δκ_s) and deviation in viscosities (Δη) for the binary mixtures have been calculated from the speed of sound and viscosity data, respectively. The V^E values and Δκ_s values were positive and Δη data were negative for all the mixtures over the whole range of composition at the measured temperatures. The calculated excess functions V^E, Δκ_s and Δη were fitted to Redlich–Kister equation. The excess functions have been discussed in terms of molecular interactions between component molecules of the binary mixtures.     

Topological investigations of the molecular species and molecular interactions that characterize pyrrolidin-2-one + lower alkanol mixtures

Molar excess volumes, V^E, molar excess enthalpies, H^E, and speeds of sound data, u, of pyrrolidin-2-one (i) + ethanol or propan-1-ol or propan-2-ol or butan-1-ol (j) binary mixtures have been determined over entire composition range at 308.15 K. The observed speeds of sound data have been utilized to predict excess isentropic compressibilities, of the investigated binary mixtures. The observed excess thermodynamic properties V^E, H^E and have been analyzed in terms of Graph theory. The analysis of V^E data by the Graph theory suggests that pyrrolidin-2-one exists mainly as a mixture of cyclic and open dimer; ethanol as a mixture of dimer and trimer; butan-1-ol and propan-2-ol as mixture of monomer and dimer and propan-1-ol as a dimer in the pure state, and their mixtures contain 1:1 molecular complex. The IR studies lend additional credence to the nature and extent of interactions for the proposed molecular entities in the mixtures. Also, it has been observed that V^E, H^E and values predicted by the Graph theory compare well to with their corresponding experimental values.     

Acoustical Studies of Binary Liquid Mixtures of Cyclopentane with 1-Alkanol at Different Temperatures and Different Approaches for Ideal Mixing Laws

Speeds of sound have been measured in liquid mixtures of cyclopentane with 1-propanol, with 1-pentanol, and with 1-heptanol across the entire composition range at temperatures of (298.15, 308.15 and 318.15) K and atmospheric pressure. The experimental speed of sound data were used to estimate the isentropic compressibility κ _S for all mixtures. The molar volumes were multiplied by the corresponding isentropic compressibilities to obtain estimates of the molar compressibilities K _S,m. The corresponding K_S,m^EK_{S,\mathrm{m}}^{\mathrm{E}} values have also been calculated. Theoretical values of the speeds of sound were estimated using theories and empirical relations. Deviations of the speed of sound, u ^D, from the values calculated by different approaches for ideal mixing have been obtained for all mole fractions.     

Excess Molar Volumes,Viscosities and Speeds of Sound of the Ternary Mixture 1-Heptanol (1) + Tetrachloroethylene (2) + Methylcyclohexane (3) at 298.15 K

Densities (ρ), viscosities (η) and speeds of sound (u) of the ternary mixture (1-heptanol + tetrachloroethylene + methylcyclohexane) and the corresponding binary mixtures (1-heptanol + tetrachloroethylene), (1-heptanol + methylcyclohexane) and (tetrachloroethylene + methylcyclohexane) at 298.15 K were measured over the whole composition range. The data obtained are used to calculate the excess molar volumes (V ^E), excess isobaric thermal expansivities (α ^E), viscosity deviations (Δη), excess Gibbs energies of activation of viscous flow (ΔG ^*E) and excess isentropic compressibilities (κ _S ^E) of the binary and ternary mixtures. The data from the binary systems were fitted by the Redlich–Kister equation whereas the best correlation method for the ternary system was found using the Nagata equation. Viscosities, speeds of sound and isentropic compressibilities of the binary and ternary mixtures have been correlated by means of several empirical and semi-empirical equations. The best correlation method for viscosities of binary systems is found using the Iulan et al. equation and for the ternary system using the Heric and McAllister equations. The best correlation method for the speeds of sound and isentropic compressibilities of the binary system (1-heptanol + methylcyclohexane) is found using IMR (Van Deal ideal mixing relation) and for the binary system (tetrachloroethylene + methylcyclohexane) it is found using the NR (Nomoto relation) and for the binary system (1-heptanol + tetrachloroethylene) and the ternary system (1-heptanol + trichloroethylene + methylcyclohexane) it is obtained from the FLT (Jacobson free length theory).     

Studies of some Thermodynamic Properties of Binary Mixtures of Acrylonitrile with Aromatic Ketones at <Emphasis Type="Italic">T</Emphasis>=308.15 K

Densities (ρ), ultrasonic speeds (u), and excess molar volumes (V_m^EV_{\mathrm{m}}^{\mathrm{E}}) of binary mixtures of some aromatic ketones in acrylonitrile have been measured over the entire range of composition at 308.15 K. From these experimental results, parameters such as the isentropic compressibilities K _S , interaction parameter χ ₁₂, Flory parameters, A _i coefficients, standard deviations σ(Y ^E), and molar sound velocities R _m have been estimated. The excess functions were fitted to Redlich-Kister type polynomial equations. The experimental ultrasonic speeds were analyzed in terms of Jacobson’s Free Length Theory (FLT), Schaaff’s Collision Factor Theory (CFT), Nomoto’s relation, and Van Dael’s ideal mixture relation. The intermolecular Free Length L _f, and available volume V _a, have been calculated from the FLT, CFT, and thermoacoustic approaches for binary systems of acetophenone and propiophenone in acrylonitrile at 308.15 K.     

Excess Isentropic Compressibilities for 1,3-Dioxolane or 1,4-Dioxane <Emphasis Type="Italic">+</Emphasis> Water <Emphasis Type="Italic">+</Emphasis> Formamide or N,N-Dimethylformamide Ternary Mixtures at 308.15 K

Speeds of sound, u_ijk, of 1,3-dioxolane or 1,4-dioxane (i) + water (j) + formamide or dimethylformamide (k) ternary mixtures and of their binary subsystems, u_ij, of 1,3-dioxolane or 1,4-dioxane (i) + formamide or dimethylformamide (j), and water (i) + formamide or dimethylformamide (j) have been measured over the entire composition range at 308.15 K. The experimental data have been used to evaluate the excess isentropic compressibilities of binary (κ_s^E)_ij and ternary (κ_s^E)_ijk mixtures using their densities calculated from molar excess volume data. The Moelwyn-Huggins concept [M. L. Huggins, Polymer 12, 389 (1971)] of interaction between the surfaces of components of a binary mixture has been employed to evaluate the excess isentropic compressibilities (using the concept of connectivity parameter of third degree of a molecule, ³ξ, which in turn depends on its topology) of binary mixtures, and this method has been extended to predict excess compressibilities of ternary mixtures. Values of (κ_s^E)_ij and (κ_s^E)_ijk have also been calculated by the Flory theory. It was observed that (κ_s^E)_ij and (κ_s^E)_ijk predicted by the Moelwyn-Huggins approach compare well with calculated and experimental values.     

Ultrasonic behaviour of methyl methacrylate+hydrocarbon mixtures at 298.15 and 308.15 K

The excess isentropic compressibilities, K_s^E for seven binary mixtures of methyl methacrylate+benzene, +o-xylene, +m-xylene, +p-xylene, +toluene, +ethylbenzene and +cyclohexane were estimated from the measured densities and speeds of sound at 298.15 and 308.15 K. The K_s^E values were large and positive for MMA+cyclohexane and +m-xylene, while they were negative for other mixtures. A qualitative analysis of K_s^E values was made in terms of molecular interactions. The speeds of sound of all the mixtures were also predicted from the free length theory (FLT) and collision factor theory (CFT).     

Molar volumes,viscosity, and isentropic compressibility of some primary monoalkanols in aqueous N,N-dimethylformamide solutions

The densities (ρ) and viscosities (η) for the ternary liquid mixtures of water + N,N-dimethylformamide + monoalkanols, have been measured as a function of the composition at 298.15, 308.15, and 318.15 K. From the experimental measurements excess molar volumes (V ^E), Viscosity deviation (Δη), and synergy index (I _s) have been evaluated. The speeds of sound have been also measured and excess isentropic compressibilities (K _s^E) are calculated al 298.15 K. The results are discussed and interpreted in terms of molecular package and specific interaction predominated by hydrogen bonding, been investigated.     

Acoustic,Viscometric, and Spectroscopic Studies of Dipropylene Glycol Monopropyl Ether with <Emphasis Type="Italic">n</Emphasis>-Alkanols at Temperatures of 288.15, 298.15, and 308.15 K

Speeds of sound have been measured in dipropylene glycol monopropyl ether mixtures with methanol, 1-propanol, 1-pentanol, and 1-heptanol as a function of composition at 288.15, 298.15, and 308.15 K and atmospheric pressure. Measurements of viscosity at 298.15 K and atmospheric pressure have also been made for the same mixtures over the whole composition range. The speeds of sound were combined with our previous densitity results to obtain the isentropic compressibility κ _S . The molar volumes were multiplied by the isentropic compressibilities to obtain estimates of K _S,m and its excess counterparts K_S,m^EK_{S,m}^{\mathrm{E}}. The K_S,m^EK_{S,m}^{\mathrm{E}} values are negative over the entire range of composition for all mixtures. Deviations in viscosity η from the mixing relation ∑x _i ln η _i and excess Gibbs energies of activation for viscous flow ΔG ^∗E have been derived for all of these systems. Also, from the speed of sound results, the apparent molar compressibilities [`(K)]_f,i⁰\overline{K}_{\phi ,i}^{0} of the components have been calculated at infinite dilution. The variations of these properties with the composition, temperature and the number of carbon atoms in the alcohol molecule are discussed in terms of molecular interactions. The experimental results have also been discussed on the basis of IR measurements.     

Molar Excess Volumes and Excess Isentropic Compressibilities of Ternary Mixtures Containing <Emphasis Type="Italic">o</Emphasis>-Toluidine

Molar excess volumes, V _ijk ^E, and speeds of sound, U _ijk , of o-toluidine (i) + benzene (j) + cyclohexane or n-hexane or n-heptane (k) ternary mixtures have been measured as a function of composition at 308.15 K. The observed speed of sound data have been utilized to determine the excess isentropic compressibilities, (K _S ^E) _ijk , of the ternary (i+j+k) mixtures. The Moelywn-Huggins concept (Huggins in Polymer 12: 389–399, 1971) of connectivity between the surfaces of the binary mixture constituents has been extended to ternary mixtures (using the concept of a connectivity parameter of third degree of molecules, ³ ξ, which in turn depends on its topology) to obtain an expression that describes well the measured V _ijk ^E and (K _S ^E) _ijk data. The observed data have also been analyzed in terms of Flory’s theory.     

Speeds of sound and isentropic compressibilities of binary mixtures containing trialkylamines with alkanes and mono-alkylamines at 303.15 and 313.15 K

Isentropic compressibilities κ_S, and excess isentropic compressibilities κ_S^E have been determined from measurements of speeds of sound u and densities ρ of 14 binary mixtures of triethylamine (TEA) and tri-n-butylamine (TBA) with n-hexane, n-octane, iso-octane, n-propylamine, n-butylamine, n-hexylamine and n-octylamine. The relative magnitude and sign of κ_S^E have been interpreted in terms of molecular interactions and interstitial accommodation. The values of κ_S^E for TEA + alkane are positive while for TBA + alkane are negative. The values of κ_S^E for TEA + primary amine become progressively less positive and eventually to negative with the increase in chain length of alkylamine. In case of TBA + primary amine, the values of κ_S^E increase from n-propylamine to n-butylamine, and then decrease with chain length of primary amine. The experimental speeds of sound u have been analyzed in terms of collision factor theory, free length theory and Prigogine–Flory–Patterson statistical theory of solutions.     

Densities,Viscosities and Speeds of Sound of Binary Mixtures of Ethyl Benzoate + Hydrocarbons at (303.15, 308.15 and 313.15) K

Densities, viscosities and speeds of sound of binary mixtures of ethyl benzoate with cyclohexane, n-hexane, heptane and octane have been measured over the entire range of composition at (303.15, 308.15 and 313.15) K and at atmospheric pressure. From these experimental values, excess molar volume (V ^E), deviation in viscosity (Δη) and deviation in isentropic compressibility (ΔK _s) have been calculated. The viscosities of binary mixtures were calculated theoretically from the pure component data by using various empirical and semi-empirical relations and the results compared with the experimental findings.     

Densities, Viscosities, Speeds of Sound, FT-IR and 1H-NMR Studies of Binary Mixtures of n-Butyl Acetate with Ethanol, Propan-1-ol, Butan-1-ol and Pentan-1-ol at?298.15, 303.15, 308.15 and 313.15?K

Densities, viscosities and speeds of sound of binary mixtures of ethanol, propan-1-ol, butan-1-ol and pentane-1-ol with n-butyl acetate have been measured over the entire range of composition at temperatures of 298.15, 303.15, 308.15 and 313.15 K and atmospheric pressure. From the experimental densities, viscosities and speeds of sound, the excess molar volumes V ^E, deviations in viscosity ????, and deviations in isentropic compressibility ???? _S have been calculated. The excess molar volumes and deviations in isentropic compressibility are positive for all the binary systems studied over the whole composition, while deviations in viscosities are negative for all of the binary mixtures. The excess molar volumes, deviations in viscosity, and deviations in isentropic compressibility have been fitted to a Redlich?CKister type polynomial equation. FTIR and ¹H-NMR studies of these mixtures are also reported.     

Topological and Thermodynamic Studies for Binary Mixtures of 1,4-Dioxane with Anilines at 308.15 K

Excess molar volumes, V ^E, excess molar enthalpies, H ^E, speeds of sound, u, and vapor-liquid equilibrium data of 1,4-dioxane (1) + aniline or N-methyl aniline or o-toluidine (2) binary mixtures have been measured as a function of composition at 308.15 K. Isentropic compressibility changes that occur for mixing, k_S^E\kappa_{S}^{\mathrm{E}}, and excess Gibb’s energies, G ^E, have been determined by employing speeds of sound and vapor-liquid equilibrium data. The V^E, H^E,k_S^EV^{\mathrm{E}}, H^{\mathrm{E}},\kappa_{S}^{\mathrm{E}} and G ^E values have been estimated by (i) graph theory and (ii) the Prigonone-Flory-Patterson theory (PFP). It was observed that values of V^E, H^E,k_S^EV^{\mathrm{E}}, H^{\mathrm{E}},\kappa_{S}^{\mathrm{E}} and G ^E predicted by graph theory compare well, relative to the PFP theory, with their corresponding experimental values.     

Topological and thermodynamic investigations of binary mixtures: Molar excess volumes, molar excess enthalpies and isentropic compressibility changes of mixing

Molar excess volumes, V^E, molar excess enthalpies, H^E, and speeds of sound, u, of o-toluidine (i) + cyclohexane or n-hexane or n-heptane (j) binary mixtures have been determined over entire range of composition at 308.15 K. Speeds of sound data have been utilized to predict isentropic compressibility changes of mixing, of (i + j) mixtures. The observed V^E, H^E and data have been analyzed in terms of Graph theory. The analysis of V^E data by Graph theory reveals that o-toluidine exists as an associated molecular entity and (i + j) mixtures contain 1:1 molecular complex. It has been observed that V^E, H^E and values calculated by Graph theory compare well with their corresponding experimental values. The observed data have also been analyzed in term of Flory theory.     

Topological and thermodynamic investigations of molecular interactions of aniline and o-toluidine with chloroform

Molar excess volumes, V^E, molar excess enthalpies, H^E, and speeds of sound data, u, of chloroform (i) + aniline or o-toluidine (j) binary mixtures have been measured as a function of composition at 308.15 K. Isentropic compressibility changes of mixing, have been determined by employing speed of sound data. Topological investigations of V^E data reveals that aniline, chloroform and o-toluidine are associated entities and these (i + j) mixtures contain a 1:1 molecular complex. The IR studies lend further support to the nature and extent of interaction for the proposed molecular entity in the mixtures. H^E and values have also been calculated by employing Moelwyn-Huggins concept [Polymer 12 (1971) 387] taking topology of the constituents of the mixtures. It has been observed that calculated H^E and values compare well with their corresponding experimental values. The observed V^E, H^E and data have also been analyzed in terms of Flory theory.     

Measurements of densities,viscosities, speeds of sound and relative permittivities and excess molar volumes,excess isentropic compressibilities and deviations in relative permittivities and molar polarizations for dibutyl ether + benzene, + toluene and + p-xylene at different temperatures

The densities ρ, dynamic viscosities η, speeds of sound u, and relative permittivities ε_r, for (dibutyl ether + benzene, or toluene, or p-xylene) have been measured at different temperatures over the whole composition range and at atmospheric pressure. The mixture viscosities have been correlated with semi empirical equations. Calculations of the speed of sound based on Nomoto’s equation have been found to be close to experimental values for the three mixtures and at two temperatures. Excess functions such as excess molar volumes V_m^E, excess isentropic compressibilities κ_s^E, deviations in relative permittivities δε_r, and molar polarizations δP_m were calculated and fitted to Redlich–Kister type equations.     

Thermodynamic properties of binary mixtures containing 1-alkanols

Densities (ρ) of pure liquids and their mixtures have been measured at 303.15 and 313.15 K and atmospheric pressure over the entire composition range for the binary mixtures of benzylalcohol with 1-propanol, 1-butanol, 1-pentanol, and 1-hexanol by using Rudolph Research Analytical digital densitometer (DDM-2911 model). Further, the ultrasonic sound velocities for the above said mixtures were also measured at 303.15 and 313.15 K. The measured density data were used to compute excess molar volumes (V ^E) and these were compared with the values obtained by Hwang equation. Isentropic compressibility (κ _S) and excess isentropic compressibilities (κ _S ^E ) were evaluated from experimental sound velocity and density data. Moreover, the experimental sound velocities were analyzed in terms of theoretic models namely, collision factor theory and free length theory. The experimental results were discussed in terms of intermolecular interactions between component molecules.