新奇二茂铁甲基氮C60衍生物的合成、结构

尽管目前人们对富勒烯[C₆₀]的过渡金属有机物研究较多^[1],但通过氮卡宾方式连接的C₆₀二茂铁衍生物尚未见报道。鉴于对C₆₀反应的浓厚兴趣及二茂铁的广泛应用价值^[2]我们 利用C₆₀的缺电子性^[3]将其与二茂铁甲基氮卡宾进行[1+2]环加成反应,分离并表征了一种具有齿轮式结构的新奇C₆₀二茂铁衍生物(CpFeC₅H₄CH₂N)5C₆₀(l)。     

昆虫性信息素顺-9-十四碳烯-1-醇乙酸酯的合成

顺-9-十四碳烯-1-醇乙酸酯(1)是鳞翅目许多昆虫的性信息素或其组分之一^[1]。已报道的化合物1的合成方法是采取C₁₀+C₄或C₉+C₅偶联原则^[2]。本文报道另一条合成路线(图1),采取C₈+C₆原则,以1,8-辛二醇(2)为原料,经过ω-氯代辛醇(3)得2-(8'-氯辛烷-1-氧基)四氢吡喃(4)^[2d],卤代物4与己炔-1(5)^[3]的锂盐缩合得炔化物6,然后以Lindlar催化剂^[4]进行部分氢化,粗产品7无需分离可直接去保护基并乙酞化得产物1,五步的总得率约40%.     

C1～C3正构醛、醇在质子转移反应飞行时间质谱中的产物离子特征分析

为分析C₁～C₃正构醛、 醇化合物在质子转移反应飞行时间质谱(PTR-TOF MS)中的产物离子特征, 考察了不同E/N值(E: 电场强度, N: 气体分子数密度)下C₁～C₃正构醛、 醇的产物离子种类和强度的变化. 结果表明, 低分子量正构醇类(甲醇、 乙醇和丙醇)倾向于形成质子化聚合物[nMH]⁺及其失水离子[nMH-H₂O]⁺, 且随着E/N值升高, 醇类会产生较多裂解碎片和多聚体离子. 低分子量正构醛(甲醛、 乙醛和丙醛)主要产生质子化产物[MH]⁺和一水合质子化产物[M·H₃O]⁺, 高E/N值(>125 Td)会抑制甲醛质子化, 也会抑制其加合产物的生成. 乙醛倾向于形成水加合物, 且随着E/N值增高, 质子化乙醛与一水合质子化乙醛的变化趋势相反. 另外, 丙醛在较高的E/N值下会产生一系列聚合物, 如[MH·C₂H₅]⁺和[2MH]⁺. 通过分析C₁～C₃正构醛、 醇的质子转移反应特征及产物离子形成过程, 获得了C₁～C₃正构醛、 醇的特征离子和对应的最佳E/N设置值, 为低分子量醛、 醇的定性分析提供了重要依据.     

具有不同电荷和手性的Co(Ⅲ)配合物跨人红细胞膜的动力学研究

研究了4种不同电荷的Co(Ⅲ)金属配合物跨人红细胞膜的动力学,并测定了它们跨人红细胞膜的一级反应动力学速率常数,发现[Co(C₂O₄)₃]^3-的跨膜速率明显高于[Co(en)₃]³⁺,[Co(en)₂(C₂O₄)]⁺和[Co(en)(C₂O₄)₂]^-,后3种配合物的跨膜速率常数随正电荷的减少略有增加,跨膜机制为简单扩散.[Co(C₂O₄)₃]^3-的跨膜速率受阴离子通道抑制剂DIDS明显抑制,抑制率为51.95%,推测其跨膜机制为部分经阴离子通道协同简单扩散过膜.人红细胞摄入L-[Co(C₂O₄)₃]^3-的速率明显大于D-[Co(C₂O₄)₃]^3-,显示了一定的手性选择性.     

二苯并噻吩及其氧化物与离子液体相互作用的理论研究

采用密度泛函理论方法比较了DBT/DBTO₂和[BMIM]⁺[PF₆]^-/[BMIM]⁺[BF₄]^-的相互作用。对最稳定的[BMIM]⁺[PF₆]^-、[BMIM]⁺[PF₆]^--DBT、[BMIM]⁺[PF₆]^--DBTO₂、[BMIM]⁺[BF₄]^-、[BMIM]⁺[BF₄]^--DBT、[BMIM]⁺[BF₄]^--DBTO₂进行了NBO和AIM分析。结果表明,DBT和[BMIM]⁺[PF₆]^-/[BMIM]⁺[BF₄]^-中的咪唑环彼此相互平行,NBO和AIM分析表明它们之间发生了π-π相互作用。H1'和H9'形成的F…H氢键有利于π-π堆积作用的形成。DBTO₂倾向于趋近C2-H2和甲基基团形成O…H相互作用;DBTO₂优先吸附在[BMIM]⁺[PF₆]^-/[BMIM]⁺[BF₄]^-。在模拟油中,[BMIM]⁺[PF₆]^-和[BMIM]⁺[BF₄]^-离子液体对DBTO₂的萃取能力大于DBT,其原因是可能是DBTO₂具有较大的极性和O…H与F…H的氢键作用。     

双钼配合物氧化还原特性的研究

以MoCl₅和二乙胺基硫代甲酸钠为原料,在AlCl₃存在下于甲醇溶液中反应,生成双钼配合物Mo[S₂CN(C₂H₅)₂]⁺[MoCl₆]用循环伏安法研究了氧化还原特性。     

1-辛基-3-甲基咪唑离子液体作为可循环溶剂萃取/去除水中二价汞研究

本研究采用1-辛基-3-甲基咪唑离子液体([C₈MIM]PF₆)建立了水中Hg²⁺的循环去除方法. 首先使用[C₈MIM]PF₆萃取水中Hg²⁺, 随后通过甲酸的还原反应, 去除萃取到[C₈MIM]PF₆中的Hg²⁺, 进而实现[C₈MIM]PF₆的回收与循环使用. 本研究优化了萃取与还原去除条件, 考察了最佳条件下[C₈MIM]PF₆的循环使用能力. 结果表明, 50 mL水中加入1 mL[C₈MIM]PF₆同时加入0.2 mL 1-甲基咪唑, 50 ℃、220 r/min震荡2 h, 对Hg²⁺的萃取效率接近100%. 随后在离子液体中加入4 mL, 40%甲酸溶液, 50 ℃下220 r/min震荡30 min, 可以将[C₈MIM]PF₆中60%～70%的Hg²⁺还原去除. 采用这一方式对水中Hg²⁺进行循环萃取, 在9次萃取中,[C₈MIM]PF₆对Hg²⁺的去除效率保持在83%～98%. 因此, 本方法不仅实现[C₈MIM]PF₆对水中Hg²⁺的去除, 同时实现了[C₈MIM]PF₆的回收与循环使用, 避免了[C₈MIM]PF₆过度使用所带来的环境问题.     

γ辐射下CMPO/[C2mim][NTf2]的辐解及其对Eu3+萃取的影响

主要考察了辛基(苯基)-N, N-二异丁基胺甲酰基甲基氧化膦(CMPO)在1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑双三氟甲基磺酰胺酸盐([C₂mim][NTf₂])中的γ辐解行为,同时考察辐射对CMPO/[C₂mim][NTf₂]萃取能力的影响。通过超高效液相色谱-四极杆飞行时间质谱联用仪(UPLC/Q-TOF-MS)进行定量分析、辐解产物认定以及产物半定量分析。CMPO/正十二烷作为对比条件进行了相同研究。结果表明：CMPO在[C₂mim][NTf₂]中的辐解率低于其在正十二烷中,并且辐解路径不同。在正十二烷体系中,CMPO主要发生C―P、C―N键的断链,而在离子液体体系中CMPO主要发生异丁基脱除反应,并与[C₂mim]^+·、·CF₃等离子液体产生的自由基发生取代反应。综合辐解研究结果,我们提出CMPO/[C₂mim][NTf₂]的辐解路径,这加深了CMPO在离子液体中辐解机理的认识。最后,通过萃取实验发现,当硝酸浓度为0.01 mol·L^-1,辐照剂量为800 kGy时,CMPO/[C₂mim][NTf₂]对Eu³⁺的萃取率依旧达到99%以上。     

顺式二氯二氨合铂与核苷作用的13C核磁共振研究

本文用¹³C NMR法系统研究了溶液中顺式二氯二氨合铂与胸苷、胞苷、鸟苷和5'-腺嘌呤单核苷酸的作用,确定了不同条件下形成配合物的组成及其分子申铂原子与配体的成键方式。在中性介质中顺铂分别与胸苷、胞苷作用,生成N₃配位的顺-[Pt(NH₃)₂(ThyH_-1)₂]和顺-[Pt(NH₃)₂(Cyt)₂]²⁺;与鸟苷随摩尔比不同相应生成顺-[Pt(NH₃)₂(N₂-Guo)₂]²⁺和[Pt(NH₃)₂(N₂,N₁-GuoH_-1)]_nⁿ⁺,当pH=3和摩尔比为1时,尚有微量[Pt(NH₃)₂(N₇,O(C₆)Guo)]²⁺生成;在中性介质中顺铂与5'-AMP亦随摩尔比不同,生成顺-[Pt(NH₃)₂(N₇-5'-AMP)₂]^2-或兼生成顺-[Pt(NH₃)₂(N₇,N₁-5'-AMP)]_n。根据所得结果讨论了顺铂抗癌作用机制,提出了顺铂可能与DNA同一链上相邻二个鸟嘌呤基上的N₇N₁键合形成链内交联的新机制。     

光促进温和条件下烯烃与二氧化碳的羰基化反应

羰基化反应是有机合成化学中常用的方法之一,但常规的羰基化反应大多要求高温(150～200℃)、高压(10～20 M Pa)或使用贵金属催化剂(如钌、铑、铱等),并且C₁源多用一氧化碳^[1].开发和利用CO₂这一丰富的C₁资源,并最大限度地降低其排放量具有挑战意义.但CO₂活化比较困难,在通常条件下难以转化成其它化学品^[2].在光促进下的羰基化反应可克服上述困难,使反应在温和条件及非贵金属催化下完成,同时可用CO₂代替CO作为C₁源,因此这是一个对环境友好的工艺^[3].本文报道烯烃在光促进常温常压和非贵金属钴配合物催化下与二氧化碳的羰基化反应,同时通过¹³CO₂和¹³CH₃OH同位素实验,对反应产物的结构进行了分析.     

Weak interactions and molecular recognition in systems involving electron transfer proteins

Electrostatic interactions and other weak interactions between amino acid side chains on protein surfaces play important roles in molecular recognition, and the mechanism of their intermolecular interactions has gained much interest. We established that charged peptides are useful for investigating the molecular recognition character of proteins and their molecular interaction induced structural changes. Positively charged lysine peptides competitively inhibited electron transfer from reduced cytochrome f (cyt f or cytochrome c (cyt c) to oxidized plastocyanin (PC), due to neutralization of the negatively charged site of PC by formation of PC-lysine peptide complexes. Lysine peptides also inhibited electron transfer from cyt c to cytochrome c peroxidase. Likewise, negatively charged aspartic acid peptides interacted with the positively charged sites of cytfand cyt c, and competitively inhibited electron transfer from reduced cytfor cyt c to oxidized PC and from [Fe(CN)6]4- to oxidized cyt c. Changes in the geometry and a shift to a higher redox potential of the active site Cu of PC on oligolysine binding were detected by spectroscopic and electrochemical measurements, owing to the absence of absorption in the visible region for lysine peptides. Structural and redox potential changes were also observed for cyt f and cyt c by interaction with aspartic acid peptides.     

Cytochrome c(2) Exit Strategy: Dissociation Studies and Evolutionary Implications

Small, water-soluble, type c cytochromes form a transient network connecting major bioenergetic membrane protein complexes in both photosynthesis and respiration. In the photosynthesis cycle of Rhodobacter sphaeroides, cytochrome c2 (cyt c2) docks to the reaction center (RC), undergoes electron transfer, and exits for the cytochrome bc1 complex. Translations of cyt c2 about the RC-cyt c2 docking interface and surrounding membrane reveal possible exit pathways. A pathway at a minimal elevation allowed by the architecture of the RC is analyzed using both an all-atom steered molecular dynamics simulation of the RC-cyt c2 complex and a bioinformatic analysis of the structures and sequences of cyt c. The structure-based phylogenetic analysis allows for the identification of structural elements that have evolved to satisfy the requirements of having multiple functional partners. The patterns of evolutionary variation obtained from the phylogenetic analysis of both docking partners of cyt c2 reveal conservation of key residues involved in the interaction interfaces that would be candidates for further experimental studies. Additionally, using the molecular mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann surface area method we calculate that the binding free energy of reduced cyt c2 to the RC is nearly 6 kcal/mol more favorable than with oxidized cyt c2. The redox-dependent variations lead to changes in structural flexibility, behavior of the interfacial water molecules, and eventually changes in the binding free energy of the complex.     

Non-contact spectral analysis of cytochrome c on carbon electrodes with optical waveguide spectroscopy

To realize the spectral analysis of molecules on the opaque substrate, we proposed non-contact optical waveguide (NOW) spectroscopy. The cyt.c was adsorbed on the carbon substrate by dipping method. This was fixed above the optical waveguide. The gap between the carbon substrate and the waveguide was controlled by latex beads with a diameter of 120 nm as a spacer. A clear NOW spectrum based on the adsorbed cyt.c on the carbon substrate was observed. The cyt.c was easily adsorbed on the carbon surface with an oxidized form by the dipping method. The electrochemical cell system constructed on the waveguide enabled the dynamic analysis on the redox reaction of the adsorbed cyt.c on the carbon electrode. The adsorbed cyt.c showed stable redox reaction without the dislocation or re-dissolution in an aqueous solution.     

SERRS study of [Ru(CN)<Subscript>5</Subscript>(pyS)]<Superscript>4−</Superscript> SAM and cytochrome c: A suggestion toward the heterogeneous molecular recognition

Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) spectra of [Ru(CN)₅(pyS)]⁴⁻ (RupyS) complex self-assembled monolayer (SAM) were obtained on gold and silver surfaces at 632.8 and 413.1 nm excitation radiations, respectively. The bands assigned to the heme iron of the cytochrome c (cyt c) metalloprotein group were observed by using the RupyS SAM on silver at 413.1 nm. The Surface-Enhanced Resonance Raman Scattering (SERRS) spectra of the RupyS SAM on silver in the cyt c solution obtained at −0.2 and +0.2 V present bands at 1,365 and 1,374 cm⁻¹ characteristic of the heme group, indicating the reduced and oxidized states of this protein, respectively. The bands observed at 1,464, 1,504, and 1,638 cm⁻¹ are used to confirm the redox state of cyt c. The presence of the oxidized and reduced bands in function of different applied potential is an evidence that the protein is interacting with the modifier. This paper is dedicated to Prof. Francisco Nart, in memoriam.     

Characterization of the Cytochrome c Membrane‐Binding Site Using Cardiolipin‐Containing Bicelles with NMR

Cytochrome (cyt) c transports electrons from Complex III to Complex IV in mitochondria. Cyt c is ordinarily anchored to the mitochondrial membrane through interaction with cardiolipin (CL), however its release into the cytosol initiates apoptosis. The cyt c interaction site with CL‐containing bicelles was characterized by NMR spectroscopy. Chemical shift perturbations in cyt c signals upon interaction with bicelles revealed that a relatively wide region, which includes the A‐site, the CXXCH motif, and the N‐ and C‐terminal helices, and contains multiple Lys residues, interacts cooperatively with CL. The specific cyt c–CL interaction increased with increasing CL molecules in the bicelles. The location of the cyt c interaction site for CL was similar to those for Complex III and Complex IV, thus indicating that cyt c recognizes lipids and partner proteins in a similar way. In addition to elucidating the cyt c membrane‐binding site, these results provide insight into the dynamic aspect of cyt c interactions in mitochondria.     

CHLOROPHYLL PHOTOSENSITIZED ELECTRON TRANSFER REACTIONS IN LIPID BILAYER VESICLES: VECTORIAL ELECTRON TRANSFER ACROSS THE BILAYER FROM REDUCED CYTOCHROME c IN THE INNER COMPARTMENT TO OXIDIZED FERREDOXIN IN THE OUTER COMPARTMENT

A negatively charged large unilamellar vesicle system containing a membrane-bound photo-sensitizer (chlorophyll, Chi), a reduced redox protein [cytochrome c, cyt c(red)] in the inner aqueous compartment, an oxidized redox protein [ferredoxin, Fd(ox)] in the outer aqueous compartment, and propylene diquat (PDQ²⁺) as a mediator, was investigated using both flash and steady-state photolysis techniques. The results demonstrate that the light-generated triplet state of Chi (³Chl) was initially quenched by PDQ²⁺ at the outer membrane surface to form Chi cation radical (Chl⁺) and the reduced diquat (PDQ⁺). This was succeeded by a biphasic recombination between Chi⁺ and PDQ⁺. The slow phase of the recombination process, which represents reverse electron transfer between Chl⁺ and those PDQ⁺ molecules which escaped from the membrane surface, could be suppressed effectively both by the reduction of Chl^ in the inner monolayer of the vesicles by cyt c(red), and by the reoxidation of PDQ⁺ by Fd(ox) in the outer aqueous compartment. These reactions lead to the permanent accumulation of oxidized and reduced product proteins, i.e. cyt c(ox) in the inner compartment and Fd(red) in the outer compartment. The yields of such accumulation were 11%, based on the ³Chl quenched, and 1.4%, based on absorbed quanta, under the conditions used in the present study. This system mimics one of the key events in natural photosynthesis and results in an appreciable storage of electromagnetic energy in the reaction products.     

Classical force field parameters for the heme prosthetic group of cytochrome c

Accurate force fields are essential for describing biological systems in a molecular dynamics simulation. To analyze the docking of the small redox protein cytochrome c (cyt c) requires simulation parameters for the heme in both the reduced and oxidized states. This work presents parameters for the partial charges and geometries for the heme in both redox states with ligands appropriate to cyt c. The parameters are based on both protein X-ray structures and ab initio density functional theory (DFT) geometry optimizations at the B3LYP/6-31G* level. The simulations with the new parameter set reproduce the geometries of the X-ray structures and the interaction energies between water and heme prosthetic group obtained from B3LYP/6-31G* calculations. The parameter set developed here will provide new insights into docking processes of heme containing redox proteins.     

NO reductase activity of the tetraheme cytochrome C554 of Nitrosomonas europaea

The tetraheme cytochrome c(554) (cyt c(554)) from Nitrosomonas europaea is believed to function as an electron-transfer protein from hydroxylamine oxidoreductase (HAO). We show here that cyt c(554) also has significant NO reductase activity. The protein contains one high-spin and three low-spin c-type hemes. HAO catalyzed reduction of the cyt c(554), ligand binding, intermolecular electron transfer, and kinetics of NO reduction by cyt c(554) have been investigated. We detect the formation of a NO-bound ferrous heme species in cyt c(554) by EPR and M?ssbauer spectroscopies during the HAO catalyzed oxidation of hydroxylamine, indicating that N-oxide intermediates produced from HAO readily bind to cyt c(554). In the half-reduced state of cyt c(554), we detect a spin interaction between the [FeNO](7) state of heme 2 and the low-spin ferric state of heme 4. We find that ferrous cyt c(554) will reduce NO at a rate greater than 16 s(-1), which is comparable to rates of other known NO reductases. Carbon monoxide or nitrite are shown not to bind to the reduced protein, and previous results indicate the reactions with O(2) are slow and that a variety of ligands will not bind in the oxidized state. Thus, the enzymatic site is highly selective for NO. The NO reductase activity of cyt c(554) may be important during ammonia oxidation in N. europaea at low oxygen concentrations to detoxify NO produced by reduction of nitrite or incomplete oxidation of hydroxylamine.     

Immobilization and electrochemical redox behavior of cytochrome c on fullerene film-modified electrodes

Two different fullerene film-modified electrodes were prepared and used for surface immobilization and electrochemical property investigation of horse heart cytochrome c (cyt c). Both a pristine fullerene film and fullerene-palladium (C(60)-Pd) polymer film-modified platinum, glassy carbon and indium-tin-oxide (ITO) electrodes were used. The immobilized cyt c was characterized by piezoelectric microgravimetry at a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), UV-visible absorption, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), as well as cyclic voltammetry (CV) techniques. The UV-visible spectral studies revealed a small blue shift of both the Soret and Q band of the heme moiety of cyt c, immobilized on the C(60)-Pd polymer film-modified ITO electrode, as compared to the bands of cyt c in solution suggesting that molecules of cyt c are densely packed onto the surface of the modified electrode. The CV studies revealed a quasi-reversible electrode behavior of the heme moiety indicating the occurrence of kinetically hindered electron transfer. A good agreement was found between the values of cyt c electrode surface coverage determined by piezoelectric microgravimetry and cyclic voltammetry. For piezoelectric microgravimetry, these values ranged from 0.5 x 10(-10) to 2.5 x 10(-10) mol cm(-2), depending upon the amount of cyt c present in solution and the time allowed for immobilization, which compared with a value of 3.6+/-0.4 x 10(-10) mol cm(-2) determined by CV. The possible mechanisms of cyt c immobilization on the C(60) film and C(60)-Pd film-modified electrodes are also discussed.     

Exploration of the electronic structure of dendrimerlike acetylene-bridged oligothiophenes by correlating Raman spectroscopy, electrochemistry, and theory

A series of radial thiophene-based structures consisting of a central benzene or thiophene ring surrounded by acetylene-bridged terthienyl arms has been investigated by physical and theoretical methods. Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy of the neutral solids shows that the terthiophene arms are weakly coupled across the core (benzene plus acetylene groups) likely due to cross-conjugation or meta-conjugation effects that may prevent full delocalization. By increasing the number of arms around the central ring, the electronic structure of the molecules seems to be affected only at the core, whereas the outer terthiophene arms remain almost unaltered. Raman spectroelectrochemistry and quantum chemical calculations provide further insight into the charge delocalization of the oxidized species. There is no evidence to suggest that these oxidized forms, obtained upon electrochemical doping of the molecules, show charge delocalization across the core.