大口径火炮焊接药筒射击变形机理的启发式反演

在某大口径火炮焊接钢药筒退壳后残余变形实际测量现象规律的基础上,运用非线性有限元分析作为物理模型正问题分析工具,对火炮发射过程中影响该药筒行为的关键因素和作用机理进行启发式反演。通过有限元反演计算,揭示了筒体上热冲击引起的瞬态温升是决定药筒残余变形和抽壳阻力的一个关键因素,得到了筒体瞬态温度增量分布规律。在此基础上通过有限元分析获得的药筒抽壳阻力与实际测试结果一致。     

考虑尺寸效应的典型钻地弹侵彻混凝土深度分析

准确评估精确制导武器的侵彻深度可为防护工程设计提供重要参考。已有研究工作大多集中于中、小口径弹体和普通强度混凝土靶体,且由于尺寸效应的影响使得现有计算方法对预测大口径典型钻地弹侵彻深度的适用性值得商榷。首先,综合分析了已有弹体侵彻试验数据,发现引起侵彻深度尺寸效应的主要原因是混凝土粗骨料粒径未随弹体尺寸进行同比缩放;其次,开展了5发100.0和203.0 mm口径缩比钻地弹侵彻C40和C100混凝土的试验和数值模拟分析,提出并验证了大口径弹体侵彻混凝土深度的实用化有限元计算方法;然后,确定了美军5种典型钻地弹在不同侵彻速度（100~600 m/s）下对上述2种强度混凝土靶体的侵彻深度,并对现有7种计算公式的适用性进行了评估;最后,基于已有大量试验数据拟合确定了侵彻深度随混凝土强度的衰减规律,并计算得到340 m/s侵彻速度下5种典型钻地弹对C40~C200混凝土的侵彻深度。     

Motion of a slender body near the free surface of a compressible fluid

An analytic solution to the problem of motion of a slender rigid body in a semi-infinite domain of a compressible fluid is obtained for the case when the body moves in parallel to the free surface at a constant velocity. This problem is similar to the problem of motion of a hydrofoil ship whose wing-like device allows it to lift its hull above the water surface and to decrease the friction and drag forces limiting the speed of usual ships. During its motion in water, a hydrofoil produces a lift force. The obtained analytic solution allows one to derive explicit expressions for the drag force and for the lift force in the limiting cases of relatively small and large depths. When depth is small, the drag force is greater than that in an infinite medium, since the wave drag is additionally evolved. When the velocity increases and approaches the sound velocity, the forces exerted on the body increase without limit, which is typical for a linear formulation of the problem.     

Novel Experimental Method to Determine the Cutting Effectiveness of Grinding Grits

This work presents a novel experimental apparatus to determine the cutting effectiveness of grinding grits. The apparatus consists of a custom high-speed scratch tester, a force measurement system, and an offline 3D optical profilometer. Preliminary results based on a spherical tool are presented to demonstrate the usefulness of the system. Experiments were performed at depths of cut ranging from 0.3 μm to 7.5 μm at cutting speeds of 5 m/s to 30 m/s in 5 m/s increments. High resolution scans of the scratch profiles provided insight into the change in the cutting mechanics as the depth of cut and cutting speed were increased. In general, lower cutting speeds produced higher pile-up heights while higher cutting speeds produced lower pile-up heights. The force measurements indicated that the normal forces increased with cutting speed due to strain rate hardening of the workpiece material while the tangential forces decreased with cutting speed due to a reduction in the coefficient of friction and a change in the cutting mechanics. The force ratio data and the specific energy data both demonstrated high slopes at low depths of cut due to asperity contact between the tool and the workpiece. The modular nature of the developed system allows different grit geometries to be investigated.     

3种小口径步枪弹的致伤效应

探讨小口径枪弹的杀伤性能,将SS109 5.56mm、M74 5.45mm、87式5.8mm等3种小口径步枪弹结构特点、性能参数及明胶中运动规律进行了对比评测;以明胶为组织模拟物开展了步枪弹侵彻靶标实验,并对3种步枪弹侵彻明胶实验数据进行对比分析。分析结果表明,我国87式5.8mm普通弹杀伤性能优于SS109 5.56mm和M74 5.45mm步枪弹,较好验证了理论分析结果。     

椭圆截面弹体侵彻砂浆靶规律分析

为研究椭圆截面弹体侵彻混凝土靶规律,基于动态球形空腔膨胀理论,建立椭圆截面弹体侵彻受力模型,计算典型椭圆截面弹体阻力规律和侵彻砂浆靶深度。在此基础上,采用弹道炮发射平台,开展相同质量和长度的2种典型椭圆截面弹体及圆截面弹体垂直侵彻半无限砂浆靶实验。结果表明:理论模型能够反映椭圆截面弹体受力情况,并与实验研究结果吻合较好;椭圆截面弹体长短轴参数的改变对侵彻性能影响较为显著。     

药筒发射应力和抽壳力的有限元分析

应用非线性有限元方法计算药筒的发射应力和抽壳力。结构分析分别采用轴对称和三维有限元计算模型。分析表明 :由于起膛线的作用 ,轴对称模型有比较大的误差。计算数据表明 :由于药筒为薄壁圆筒结构 ,膛压的作用导致药筒内部较高的等效应力和塑性变形 ;特别是膛压下降时 ,身管的收缩又使得药筒受到反向压力作用而再次屈服 ,并使等效应力达到最大值 ,并且维持在一个常值。因此抽壳力是必要的 ,而且开栓时间对抽壳力的影响很小。讨论了初始间隙等因素对发射应力和抽壳力的影响。     

Heavy disk entering water at high velocity and small angle to a free surface

The experimental data describing the time dependences of the drag force and moment of the hydrodynamic forces acting on the disk with unsymmetric penetration are systematised. An asymptotic model of disk penetration at small angles to the free surface is developed and the similarity law is formulated.Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 6, pp. 13–18, November–December, 1995.     

考虑质量磨蚀的高速侵彻弹体的壁厚设计

针对弹体高速正侵彻和斜侵彻混凝土/岩石半无限靶,基于考虑弹头质量磨蚀的弹体轴向阻力计算方法,结合弹体在非对称质量磨蚀及斜侵彻条件下所受的横向作用力,给出了高速弹体在正侵彻和斜侵彻两种状态下弹体结构屈服的分析方法,得到了在给定弹体壁厚条件下保持弹体结构稳定性的弹体极限初始撞击速度的要求,并讨论了不同的弹靶组合条件对弹体极...     

Measurement of force to excavate extraterrestrial regolith with a small bucket-wheel device

The plans for NASA missions to the moon and mars require excavation of regolith (soil) especially to realize the benefits of in situ resource utilization. Micro-scale excavators might be good candidates for these missions since they will significantly reduce launch mass. Even though the excavator might be small, it still has to be capable, reliable, and power efficient. This paper reports on research to measure the amount of force such a small excavator must generate to be effective. Previous research indicates a bucket-wheel excavator is a good candidate excavator tool; so, we developed a laboratory-scale apparatus to measure the horizontal and vertical forces and power required to excavate simulated regolith with a micro-scale bucket wheel. This paper describes the apparatus and presents the results of measurements along with a comparison with modeled forces, concluding that micro-excavators are feasible candidates for ISRU work.     

抵御小口径火炮弹道侵彻装甲防护模拟实验研究

为研究舰艇结构在小口径火炮弹道冲击下的响应以及各种舰用装甲结构抵御小口径火炮弹道冲击的有效性,以典型的小口径火炮战斗部为模拟对象,根据弹道冲击的相似理论,分别设计了模拟实验的弹体和6种靶板结构,并进行了弹道冲击实验研究。模拟实验结果表明,普通舰艇结构不能抵御小口径火炮弹道侵彻,必须设置专门的防护装甲;采用陶瓷/钢/纤维增强复合材料组合装甲结构抵御小口径火炮时,装甲防护结构比均质钢装甲减轻约60%;陶瓷材料能改变背板的破坏形式和破坏程度,大大增加背板的吸能量,此外,陶瓷对弹体的侵蚀、钝化及碎裂能大大降低弹体的侵彻能力。     

On the damping decrement for non-linear oscillations

The logarithmic damping decrement is obtained as a function of arbitrary non-linear restoring forces and arbitrary, but small, non-linear damping forces. General expressions are obtained for both amplitude-dependent and speed-dependent damping. The special case of a cubic restoring force with quadratic amplitude-dependent damping and the special case of a cubic restoring force with quadratic speed-dependent damping are considered in detail. The results of the analysis suggest how experimental data can be utilized to identify and evaluate the damping parameters for a given non-linear oscillator.     

Effects of Damping and Circulatory Forces on Dynamic Instability of Gyroscopic Conservative Continuous Systems

ABSTRACT The title problem is studied, with emphasis on the small damping and circulatory force case. It is shown that small internal and/or external damping forces and/or smalt (as well as large) circulatory forces in general destabilize an otherwise stable gyroscopic conservative system. A condition for no destabilizing effects of these small forces is obtained, A concept of "perfect" system in elastic stability of nonconservative problems is also presented. An example problem is given for demonstration purposes.     

弹体垂直侵彻深度工程计算模型

利用空腔膨胀理论计算各种形状弹头的法向侵彻阻力，并考虑作用在弹体头部的库仑摩擦阻力和作用在弹体侧壁粘滞摩擦阻力的影响，根据牛顿定律确定弹体在靶体介质中的运动微分方程，由运动边界条件确定弹体的侵入深度，最后与试验结果进行了比较，表明结果是可靠的。     

Development of a solution method for frictional contact problems with complex loading

In this work, solution methods for frictional contact problems are extended to the case of moving punches and to the external loading history-dependent system states. To solve the frictional contact problems in the contact area, an iterative method is developed and implemented. Solutions of two-dimensional problems are constructed using the boundary element method. Numerical analysis is aimed at the quantitative study of effects such as the interaction of contact pressure and friction forces, estimates of the friction force differences due to the differences in the choice of local basis for the calculation of normal pressure and friction forces, and evaluation of the effects of complex loading (rotation of the rigid punch after its preliminary penetration into the solid). We find that, for the same definition of the friction force, different initial approximations lead to the same solution. At the same time, the friction forces defined either as projections onto the common tangent plane or as projections onto the plane tangent to the punch can differ quite substantially. Similar conclusions are derived for the solutions corresponding to single or multiple loading steps. The work relies on the variational principle for the solution of contact problems and numerical algorithms developed for the problems with one-sided constraints. The variational principle was first applied by Signorini [1] to the determination of the stress-strain state in a linearly deformed body in a rigid smooth shell. The modern view of the problem and its generalizations to the frictional problems and some other problems involving unilateral constraints in given in the monograph [2]. Finite difference and finite element methods in application to the problems with unilateral constraints are described in [3]. Analytical solution methods are developed in the monographs [4–6].     

Effect of bucket-wheel scale on excavation forces and soil motion

Bucket-wheels enable planetary rovers to perform lightweight digging operations in support of sustained space exploration. Using an excavation tool whose performance scales well for robots of varying sizes builds confidence in a wide range of future digging missions, much as scaled versions of the rocker-bogie suspension have enabled mobility for Mars rovers of vastly different sizes. Bucket-wheel excavation force increases approximately with the cube of excavation dimensions. The excavation forces were measured for bucket-wheels of different scales at proportionate depths and advance speeds, and these results were compared to predictions by excavation models. Analytical and empirical investigated models exhibit force scaling tendency similar to experiment despite their independent backgrounds. Soil particle motion imaging shows that a curved shear interface is prevalent for the conditions tested. This agrees with literature and allows the application of analytical models.     

铝质舰体轻型复合装甲试验研究

以纤维增强复合材料（FRP）层合板前置铝板模拟铝质舰体轻型复合装甲结构,对采用不同增强纤维FRP层合板有间隙复合装甲结构进行7.62 mm制式尖头弹打靶试验。基于FRP抗弹机理的分析,着重讨论了入射角度和增强纤维种类对组合装甲结构抗弹性能的影响,对铝质舰体设置轻型复合装甲以抵御小口径武器攻击的可行性进行评估。     

Surface integrity of inconel-718 nickel-base superalloy using controlled and natural contact length tools. Part II: Unlubricated

The surface integrity of inconel-718 nickel-base superalloy was investigated using orthogonal cutting at various cutting speeds, depths of cut and chip-tool contact lengths under unlubricated conditions. The experimental work involved the determination of residual stress, plastic strain and microhardness distribution in the surface region and the examination of the surface and subsurface using scanning electron and optical microscope. The results are interpreted in terms of the variation in shear-plane length and consequently the variation in tool forces with the cutting conditions. The results are compared with similar results obtained under lubricated conditions. It is found that the lubricant is effective at low cutting speeds in reducing the tool forces that led to lower hardness and plastic strain in the surface region. In general, the severity of surface damage in terms of intensity and total area affected was decreased with the application of a lubricant. Both residual stresses and plastic strains decreased and the quality of the machined surface improved with an increase in cutting speed, a decrease in depth of cut and with tools having controlled chip-tool contact lengths.     

动能深侵彻弹的力学设计(I):侵彻/穿甲理论和弹体壁厚分析

在作者先前工作的基础上,进一步明确了适合于动能深侵彻弹的撞击函数和弹体几何函数的有效范围,可用于相关弹体结构的力学设计。同时从理论上研究了弹体的抗压/拉和抗弯能力,分别从抗压/拉和抗弯两方面来确定动能深侵彻弹弹体的极限壁厚。针对不同撞击速度的细长中空弹体斜侵彻混凝土靶,分析得到不出现弯曲破坏的弹体最大临界斜角和壳体壁厚下限,并给出弹体抗弯能力的最薄弱位置。对弹体的壳体厚度、局部加固和焊接位置提出建议。     

动能深侵彻弹的力学设计(I): 侵彻/穿甲理论和弹体壁厚分析

在作者先前工作的基础上，进一步明确了适合于动能深侵彻弹的撞击函数和弹体几何函数的有效范围，可用于相关弹体结构的力学设计。同时从理论上研究了弹体的抗压/拉和抗弯能力，分别从抗压/拉和抗弯两方面来确定动能深侵彻弹弹体的极限壁厚。针对不同撞击速度的细长中空弹体斜侵彻混凝土靶，分析得到不出现弯曲破坏的弹体最大临界斜角和壳体壁厚下限，并给出弹体抗弯能力的最薄弱位置。对弹体的壳体厚度、局部加固和焊接位置提出建议。