持久性有机污染物(POPs)生殖毒理研究进展——从实验动物生殖毒性到人类生殖健康风险

与常规污染物不同,持久性有机污染物(Persistent Organic Pollutants,POPs)在环境中滞留时间长,极难降解,毒性强,可在食物链中富集放大,能通过各种环境介质进行全球性迁移,对人类健康带来巨大危害.POPs对健康的影响是多方面的、复杂的,不仅具有"三致"效应(致癌、致畸、致突变性),而且有内分泌干扰作用,对生殖系统、免疫系统、神经系统等产生毒性.生殖健康不仅关乎人类繁衍,更能对人口素质乃至社会的发展产生深远影响,因此,POPs的生殖毒性以及对人类生殖健康的影响一直备受关注.本文在回顾我国POPs环境污染与人类暴露的研究基础上,结合近年来国内外的研究情况,着重讨论几类典型POPs的生殖毒性和致毒机制以及对人类生殖健康的影响,并对存在的问题和今后的关注点进行总结.     

QSAR/QSPR在POPs归趋与风险评价中的应用*

持久性有机污染物(POPs)是目前备受国际社会关注的高危害性有机污染物,对它们的环境归趋分析和风险评价需要获得大量可靠的性质数据和毒性数据,而定量结构活性/性质相关(QSAR/QSPR)方法为快速有效地获得这些数据提供了可能性。QSAR/QSPR模型已在预测POPs的生物活性/性质,补充缺失的基础数据及探求POPs的环境过程机制和生态效应机理等方面得到了广泛应用,近年来也在新POPs物质的筛选、归趋模拟以及风险评价等方面有着更进一步的应用或潜在应用前景。本文介绍了QSAR/QSPR在POPs性质和生物活性预测中的基本应用及其在POPs归趋和风险评价中的扩展应用,并对QSAR/QSPR在POPs研究领域的应用前景进行了展望。     

表面增强拉曼光谱检测二噁英类化合物研究进展

以二噁英及二噁英类多氯联苯为代表的持久性有机污染物(POPs), 具有致畸、致癌、致突变的性质, 被国际癌症研究中心列为人类一级致癌物. POPs通过环境进入食物链对食品安全造成威胁和影响. 以表面增强拉曼光谱(SERS)为代表的新型快速检测技术具有高灵敏分析的特点. 本综述总结了近年来基于SERS技术分析POPs的研究进展, 归纳了不同类型增强基底, 提出了SERS分析POPs的若干关键技术难点, 并对未来SERS技术在POPs分析方面的发展进行了展望.     

手性持久性有机污染物的环境界面过程及生态安全研究进展

随着越来越多分子中含有手性结构的持久性有机污染物(POPs)进入环境介质,对其环境界面过程及生态安全的研究已成为环境科学领域的一个热点.目前,有关手性POPs的研究主要集中在外消旋体水平上,在对映体层面研究环境中手性POPs的历史并不长.但由于手性POPs不同对映体在生物学效应方面存在显著的差异,因此,手性POPs环境行为及其潜在生态风险对映体选择性效应更应值得重视.本文将在对映体水平上对手性POPs在各环境介质中的迁移、转化、生物体内的富集以及毒理学效应等方面的研究进行综述.     

大气中持久性有机污染物被动采样技术及其在偏远区域的应用研究进展

持久性有机污染物(POPs)可通过"全球蒸馏效应"和"高山冷凝效应"等从污染源长距离传输至极地、高山等偏远区域,并在当地环境和生物体内不断富集放大,给其脆弱的生态系统带来了风险.被动式大气采样器(PAS)被广泛应用于极地等偏远区域大气中POPs的大尺度采样,为评价偏远地区大气中传统POPs的污染水平和变化趋势,以及评估POPs履约成效做出了重要贡献.近年来, PAS还被应用于研究新型POPs在全球的迁移、转化、归趋等环境行为,取得了较好的效果.本文介绍了常见的5种被动式大气采样技术(SPMD-PAS、PUF-PAS、XAD-2-PAS、SIP-PAS和FTS)及其发展历程,并重点对其在南、北极和青藏高原等偏远区域的应用及这些区域POPs污染现状进行了综述,提出了该领域未来的发展趋势和需求.     

苯胺纳米线修饰的丝网印刷多环芳烃免疫传感器的研制

持久性有机污染物(Persistent Organic Pollutants,POPs)所引起的环境污染问题是影响世界环境安全的重要因素~([1,2]).研究表明,POPs污染的严重性和复杂性远远超过常规环境污染物,很多POPs不仅具有致癌、致畸、致突变性,而且还具有内分泌干扰效应,直接威胁野生动物甚至人类的生存和繁衍~([3]).其危害具有隐蔽性和突发性特点,已成为所谓的"化学定时炸弹",一旦发生重大污染事件或出现恶性病变,会产生灾难性后果,严重影响经济和社会的稳定.苯并芘等多环芳烃是持久性环境有机污染物(POPs)的一种.     

黄海、东海及其邻近海域沉积物中的典型持久性有机污染物

有机氯农药、多氯联苯、短链氯化石蜡、多溴联苯醚和全氟化合物等典型持久性有机污染物(POPs)可由释放源经河流输入、土壤表层冲刷、大气沉降等途径进入海洋.由于其疏水性和亲脂性,它们易与有机质含量较高的颗粒物结合,最终埋藏在沉积物中,且被生物吸收后易于富集在脂含量较高的组织中.沉积物上的POPs在一定气象和环境条件下,又可能经再悬浮等方式重新进入水体,造成水体二次污染.POPs具有持久性、生物富集和放大性、长距离迁移以及环境毒性等特点,进入海洋后引起的海洋环境污染问题是影响我国海洋环境安全的一个重要因素.本文总结了黄海、东海及其邻近沿岸海域沉积物中上述几类典型的遗存和新型POPs的污染特征,归纳了其在海洋中的来源、由陆地向海洋的迁移机制,以及部分污染物的生态风险评估,并对未来亟需开展的研究进行了展望.     

持久性有机污染物研究进展

持久性有机污染物(Persistent Organic Pollutants,POPs)是指在环境中难降解、高脂溶性、可以在食物链中富集,能够在大气中通过蒸发-冷凝作用远距离传输而影响到区域乃至全球环境的一类半挥发性毒性很高的污染物.面对POPs对人类健康和生态环境的巨大威胁,国际社会达成共识,在全球范围内采取协调一致的行动.2004年5月17日《关于持久性有机污染物的斯德哥尔摩公约》正式生效,目前已有包括我国在内的178个国家加入了该公约.当前纳入公约控制的POPs已有22种.此外,短链氯化石蜡、六     

短链氯化石蜡的分析方法、污染现状与毒性效应

作为一种新型有机污染物,短链氯化石蜡(SCCPs)在2006年被列入斯德哥尔摩公约持久性有机污染物(POPs)候选名单。2017年5月第8次《关于持久性有机污染物的斯德哥尔摩公约》缔约方大会上,SCCPs最终被列入了《公约》附件A受控POPs清单。我国是氯化石蜡(CPs)生产使用大国,其在环境介质中的含量处于较高水平。本文对SCCPs的分析方法、污染现状、环境中来源与释放及其毒性效应进行了综述,并针对目前存在的问题及研究需求进行了总结。     

持久性有机污染物的分析检测研究进展

持久性有机污染物(POPs)可以通过各种环境介质(大气、水、生物体等)长距离迁移并长期存在于环境中,具有生物富集性、毒性、致畸、致癌性,对人类健康和环境具有严重的危害.用于此类物质的分析方法很多,主要可分为仪器联用分析方法和快速分析方法,如:色谱-质谱分析、光谱分析、生物分析、光/电分析、传感分析等.这些方法各有优缺点,互为补充.本文将按照分析方法,重点介绍2000年至今在POPs分析技术上的最新进展.     

Novel facile detection of persistent organic pollutants using highly sensitive gas sensor

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are greatly noxious chemicals in environment, and they can cumulate in organisms and transfer between different species. Therefore, it is significant to detect POPs for both environmental evaluation and further treatment. However, developing facile approach for the detection of POPs still remains a challenge so far. In this paper, we report an innovative method for facile detection of POPs using gas sensor for the first time. Porous SnO₂ nanostructures with a special tri-walled structure prepared via hydrothermal route and annealing process, were employed as gas-sensing materials. Through gas measurements, it was revealed that the as-fabricated gas sensor exhibited highly sensitive performance towards target POPs, including methoxychlor, mirex, p,p′-DDT, and aldrin. Moreover, we found that target POPs were distinguishable by extracting characteristics in kinetic curves of gas adsorption-desorption. As the presented detecting approach is facile without the requirements of complex operations, expensive and bulky instruments, it is expected that it would be developed as a promising method for the detection of POPs, and thereby showing its significance for environmental monitoring.     

Photocatalytic remediation of persistent organic pollutants (POPs): A review

The release of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) into the environment is an issue of global concern, as the chemicals are stable over a prolonged period resulting in their accumulation in many animals and plants. Although POPs are banned in several countries, many chemicals have been proposed as POP candidates to be added to the existing compounds as defined by the United Nations Stockholm Convention committee. To address the safe disposal and clean-up of such chemicals, new, and especially cost-effective, remediation technologies for POPs are urgently required. This review focuses on existing POPs and the types of remediation processes available for their removal. Particular attention is paid towards photocatalysis using nanocatalysts in this review, due to their effectiveness towards POP degradation, technological feasibility, and energy and cost-efficiency. The underlying principles and the key mechanisms of the photocatalysts based on TiO₂ based materials, metal oxides, light-assisted Fenton systems, framework materials e.g. metal-organic frameworks and polyoxometalates, including metal-free and hybrid photocatalysts for POPs cleanup are described for advance applications in solving the POPs contamination in the environment. The improvements of photocatalytic performance especially the POPs removal mechanism using the conventional and modified process, the design and optimization of photoreactors, and the integration technology are the critical challenges for the emerging pollutants and require intensive research for the forthcoming future.     

Separation and preconcentration of persistent organic pollutants by cloud point extraction

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are recognized as a class of poisonous compounds which pose risks of causing adverse effects to human health and the environment. Thus, it is very important to detect POPs in environmental and biological samples. The identification and determination of very low levels of POPs in complex matrices is extremely difficult. Recently a promising environmentally benign extraction and preconcentration methodology based on cloud point extraction (CPE) has emerged as an efficient sample pretreatment technique for the determination of trace/ultra-trace POPs in complex matrices. The purpose of this paper is to review the past and latest use of CPE for preconcentrating POPs and its coupling to different contemporary instrumental methods of analysis. First, the comparison of various extraction techniques for POPs is described. Next, the general concept, influence factors and other methods associated with CPE technique are outlined and described. Last, the hyphenations of CPE to various instrumental methods for their determination are summarized and discussed.     

全球气候变化研究证据

全球气候和环境变化是国际上研究的热点问题,一般是提取与古气候相关的代用指标进行研究。从湖泊沉积物、树木年轮、冰芯、石笋、孢粉、海洋沉积物、珊瑚等方面,研究了国内近年来对过去近2000年来气候和环境变化的证据和方法。     

Analysis of persistent organic pollutants in marine sediments using a novel microwave assisted solvent extraction and liquid-phase microextraction technique

A simple and novel analytical method for quantifying persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in marine sediments has been developed using microwave assisted solvent extraction (MASE) and liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) using hollow fibre membrane (HFM). POPs studied included twelve organochlorine pesticides (OCP) and eight polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners. MASE was used for the extraction of POPs from 1 g of sediment using 10 ml of ultrapure water at 600 W for 20 min at 80 degrees C. The extract was subsequently subjected to a single step LPME-HFM cleanup and enrichment procedure. Recovery varied between 73 and 111% for OCPs; and 86-110% for PCBs, and exceeded levels achieved for conventional multi-step Soxhlet extraction coupled with solid-phase extraction. The method detection limit for each POP analyte ranged from 0.07 to 0.70 ng g(-1), and peak areas were proportional to analyte concentrations in the range of 5-500 ng g(-1). Relative standard deviations of less than 20% was obtained, based on triplicate sample analysis. The optimized technique was successfully applied to POP analysis of marine sediments collected from the northeastern and southwestern areas of Singapore's coastal environment.     

Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization in gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the analysis of persistent organic pollutants

Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) was primarily applied as the ion source for liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC–MS). While APCI started to be used in gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) in 1970s, GC-APCI-MS was not widely used until recently. As a soft ionization technique, APCI provides highly diagnostic molecular ions, which is favored for the wide-scope screening. With the capability of tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), GC-APCI-MS methods with high sensitivity and selectivity have been developed and applied in the analysis of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in environment and biological samples at trace levels. The present review introduces the history of the APCI source, with emphasis on mechanisms of ionization processes under the positive and negative ionization modes. Comparison between GC-APCI-MS and GC–MS with traditional electron ionization (EI) and chemical ionization (CI) are provided and discussed for selectivity, sensitivity and stability for the analyses of POPs. Previous studies found that the GC-APCI-MS methods provided limits of detection (LODs) around 10–100 times lower than other methods. An overview of GC-APCI-MS applications is given with the discussions on the advantages and drawbacks of various analytical methods applied for the analyses of POPs.     

A review of the determination of persistent organic pollutants for environmental forensics investigations

The field of environmental forensics emerged in the 1980s as a consequence of legislative frameworks enacted to enable parties, either states or individuals, to seek compensation with regard to contamination or injury due to damage to the environment. This legal environment requires stringent record keeping and defendable data therefore analysis can sometimes be confined to data to be obtained from certified laboratories using a standard accredited analytical method. Many of these methods were developed to target specific compounds for risk assessment purposes and not for environmental forensics applications such as source identification or age dating which often require larger data sets. The determination of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) for environmental forensic applications requires methods that are selective but also cover a wide range of target analytes which can be identified and quantified without bias. POPs are used in a wide variety of applications such as flame retardants, fire suppressants, heat transfer agents, surfactants and pesticides mainly because of their chemical inertness and stability. They also include compounds such as dioxins that can be unintentionally produced from industrial activities. POPs are persistent in the environment, bioaccumulative and/or toxic and therefore require analytical methods that are sensitive enough to meet the low detection limits needed for the protection of the environment and human health. A variety of techniques, procedures and instruments can be used which are well suited for different scenarios. Optimised methods are important to ensure that analytes are quantitatively extracted, matrix coextractables and interferences are removed and instruments are used most effectively and efficiently. This can require deviation from standard methods which can open the data up to further scrutiny in the courtroom. However, when argued effectively and strict QA/QC procedures are followed the development and optimization of methods based on investigation specific scenarios has the potential to generate better quality and more useful data.     

POPs: a QSAR system for developing categories for persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic chemicals and their metabolites

This paper presents the framework of a QSAR-based decision support system which provides a rapid screening of potential hazards, classification of chemicals with respect to risk management thresholds, and estimation of missing data for the early stages of risk assessment. At the simplest level, the framework is designed to rank hundreds of chemicals according to their profile of persistence, bioaccumulation potential and toxicity often called the persistent organic pollutant (POP) profile or the PBT (persistent bioaccumulative toxicant) profile. The only input data are the chemical structure. The POPs framework enables decision makers to introduce the risk management thresholds used in the classification of chemicals under various authorities. Finally, the POPs framework advances hazard identification by integrating a metabolic simulator that generates metabolic map for each parent chemical. Both the parent chemicals and plausible metabolites are systematically evaluated for metabolic activation and POPs profile.     

Design and Catalytic Application of Functional Porous Organic Polymers: Opportunities and Challenges

This review article encompasses the progress and conventional overview of current research activities of porous organic polymers (POPs), especially in catalysis, as they have garnered colossal interest in the scientific fraternity due to their intriguing characteristic features. Various synthetic strategies with possible modification of functionality of POPs have been used to improve the catalytic efficiency towards value‐added chemicals production. Accordingly, this review article is mainly focused on the design, development of various functionalized POPs by employing Friedel‐Crafts alkylation, FeCl₃ assisted oxidative polymerisation and polymerisation in nonaqueous medium, and a comprehensive understanding in potential catalytic applications namely, acetalization, hydrodeoxygenation (HDO), hydrogenation, coupling, photocatalytic hydrogen evolution and biomass conversion towards the production of value‐added chemicals in biodiesel and chemical industries.     

《京都议定书》要减排哪些温室气体

《联合国气候变化框架公约--京都议定书》于2005年2月16日正式生效,本文介绍全球气候变暖的最新趋势,什么是温室气体,温室气体对于全球气候变暖的贡献大小所取决的主要因素,《京都议定书》要求减排的主要温室气体。