On turbulence in fractal porous media

We examine three fundamental equations governing turbulence of an incompressible Newtonian fluid in a fractal porous medium: continuity, linear momentum balance and energy balance. We find that the Reynolds stress is modified when a local, rather than an integral, balance law is considered. The heat flux is modified from its classical form when either the integral or local form of the energy density balance law is studied, but the energy density is always unchanged. The modifications of Reynolds stress and heat flux are expressed directly in terms of the resolution length scale, the fractal dimension of mass distribution and the fractal dimension of a fractal’s surface. When both fractal dimensions become integer (respectively 3 and 2), classical equations are recovered.     

On turbulence in fractal porous media

We examine three fundamental equations governing turbulence of an incompressible Newtonian fluid in a fractal porous medium: continuity, linear momentum balance and energy balance. We find that the Reynolds stress is modified when a local, rather than an integral, balance law is considered. The heat flux is modified from its classical form when either the integral or local form of the energy density balance law is studied, but the energy density is always unchanged. The modifications of Reynolds stress and heat flux are expressed directly in terms of the resolution length scale, the fractal dimension of mass distribution and the fractal dimension of a fractal’s surface. When both fractal dimensions become integer (respectively 3 and 2), classical equations are recovered.      

Analytical solutions for vibrating fractal composite rods and beams

Fractals have the potential to describe complex microstructures but presently no solution methodologies exist for the prediction of deformation on transiently deforming fractal structures. This is achieved in this paper with the development of analytical solutions on vibrating composite rods and beams. The fractals considered are necessarily deterministic and relatively simple in form to demonstrate the solution methodology. The solutions are limited to beams and rods constructed from an idealised-composite material consisting of relatively large rigid particles embedded in an infinitely thin pliable matrix. Although, as a result, the fractal composite system is not representative of a realistic physical system the methodologies presented do serve to highlight the practical difficulties in using fractals in structural dynamics. Static loading is restricted to spatially invariant axial forces and bending moments as solutions on a unified state of continuum stress are sought which then serve as initial conditions for the vibratory problem. It is demonstrated that measurable displacement is possible on a fractal structure and that finite measures of total, kinetic and strain energy are simultaneously achievable. The approach involves the use of modal analysis to determine modes at natural frequencies that satisfy boundary conditions. These are combined to provide a free vibration solution on a fractal that satisfies the initial conditions in the form of a fractal displacement field.     

Fractal regularities of sub-harmonic motions perspective for pulse dynamics monitoring

The pulse energy conversion systems demonstrate a complex dynamics at parameter variations in a wide range. The problem of one-to-one decision-making about system dynamics using a priori information in the form of the parameter diagram is considered. The step-by-step approach to the problem solution based on fractal regularities of the dynamics is proposed. The first stage is the type of motion identification; the second one is the parameter vector identification within this motion type. The parallel and sequential algorithm schemes for this approach realization are presented. The problem of dynamics evolution forecasting is suggested to consider as a pointer to future research.     

Elasto-plastic contact problems with heat exchange

This paper deals with a dynamical model for the motion of a one-dimensional visco-elasto-plastic body in contact with an elasto-plastic obstacle and undergoing thermal expansion. The problem for the unknown displacement and temperature is rewritten in accordance with the formalism of hysteresis operators as solution operators of the underlying variational inequalities. The system consists of the momentum balance and energy balance equations. The existence result for this thermodynamically consistent problem is obtained by using some a priori estimates established for the space discretized problem while the uniqueness result follows from the Lipschitz continuity of the nonlinearities.     

Fast algorithms for designing variable FIR notch filters

The paper presents fast algorithms for designing finite impulse response (FIR) notch filters. The aim is to design a digital FIR notch filter so that the magnitude of the filter has a deep notch at a specified frequency, and as the notch frequency changes, the filter coefficients should be able to track the notch fast in real time. The filter design problem is first converted into a convex optimization problem in the autocorrelation domain. The frequency response of the autocorrelation of the filter impulse response is compared with the desired filter response and the integral square error is minimized with respect to the unknown autocorrelation coefficients. Spectral factorization is used to calculate the coefficients of the filter. In the optimization process, the computational advantage is obtained by exploiting the structure of the Hessian matrix which consists of a Toeplitz plus a Hankel matrix. Two methods have been used for solving the Toeplitz‐plus‐Hankel system of equations. In the first method, the computational time is reduced by using Block–Levinson's recursion for solving the Toeplitz‐plus‐Hankel system of matrices. In the second method, the conjugate gradient method with different preconditioners is used to solve the system. Comparative studies demonstrate the computational advantages of the latter. Both these algorithms have been used to obtain the autocorrelation coefficients of notch filters with different orders. The original filter coefficients are found by spectral factorization and each of these filters have been tested for filtering synthetic as well as real‐life signals. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Contour Integrals and Vector Calculus on Fractal Curves and Interfaces

This article develops the definition of contour integrals over fractal curves in the plane by introducing the notion of oriented Iterated Function Systems and directional pseudo-measures. An expression for the contour integral of continuous functions over fractal interfaces is obtained through renormalization. As a result, a vector calculus on fractal interfaces which are boundaries of regular two-dimensional domains is developed by extending Greens theorem in the plane, also to fractal curves.The use of moment analysis makes it possible to obtain recursive relations and closed-form expressions for contour integrals of algebraic functions. Several physical applications are analyzed, including the properties of double-layer potentials and connections with the solution of the Dirichlet problem on bounded two-dimensional domains possessing fractal boundaries.     

On the blowing up of solutions to quantum hydrodynamic models on bounded domains

The blow-up in finite time for the solutions to the initial-boundary value problem associated to the multi-dimensional quantum hydrodynamic model in a bounded domain is proved. The model consists on conservation of mass equation and a momentum balance equation equivalent to a compressible Euler equations corrected by a dispersion term of the third order in the momentum balance. The proof is based on a priori estimates for the energy functional for a new observable constructed with an auxiliary function, and it is shown that, under suitable boundary conditions and assumptions on the initial data, the solution blows up after a finite time.     

A weak solvability of a system of thermoviscoelasticity for the Jeffreys model

We establish a weak solvability of the initial-boundary value problem for a dynamic model of thermoviscoelasticity. The problem under consideration is an extension of the Jeffreys model obtained with the help of a consequence of the energy balance equation. We study the corresponding initial-boundary value problem by splitting the problem and reducing it to an operator equation in a suitable Banach space.     

Structure function and spectral density of fractal profiles

Spectral density and structure function for fractal profile are analyzed. It is found that the fractal dimension obtained from spectral density is not exactly the same as that obtained from structure function. The fractal dimension of structure function is larger than that of spectral density for small fractal dimension, and is smaller than that of spectral density for larger fractal dimension. The fractal dimension of structure function strongly depends on the spectral density at low and high wave numbers. The spectral density at low wave number affects the structure function at long distance, especially for small fractal dimension. The spectral density at high wave number affects the structure function at short distance, especially for large fractal dimension. This problem is more serious for bifractal profiles. Therefore, in order to obtain a correct fractal dimension, both spectral density and structure function should be checked.     

Existence of self-similar energies on finitely ramified fractals

A self-similar energy on finitely ramified fractals can be constructed starting from an eigenform, i.e., an eigenvector of a special operator defined on the fractal. In this paper, we prove two existence results for regular eigenforms that consequently are existence results for self-similar energies on finitely ramified fractals. The first result proves the existence of a regular eigenform for suitable weights on fractals, assuming only that the boundary cells are separated and the union of the interior cells is connected. This result improves previous results and applies to many finitely ramified fractals usually considered. The second result proves the existence of a regular eigenform in the general case of finitely ramified fractals in a setting similar to that of P.C.F. self-similar sets considered, for example, by R. Strichartz in [11]. In this general case, however, the eigenform is not necessarily on the given structure, but is rather on only a suitable power of it. Nevertheless, as the fractal generated is the same as the original fractal, the result provides a regular self-similar energy on the given fractal.     

A fractal Boussinesq equation for nonlinear transverse vibration of a nanofiber-reinforced concrete pillar

An approximate Hamilton principle is established for the transverse vibration of a reinforced concrete pillar by considering the dissipation energy, and a generalized Boussinesq equation is obtained. The exp-function method is adopted to solve the equation, and its solution properties are discussed and elucidated, including solitary solution, blowup solution, and discontinuous solution. In order to study the effect of a porous structure on the vibration property, fractal calculus is used to derive the fractal Boussinesq equation, and a fractal variational principle is also established. The fractal model confers many attractive properties, which can not be revealed by the traditional protocol. The effect of the nanofiber-reinforced concrete structure on its wave morphology is discussed and illustrated. A blowup solution can be converted into a flat solution by adjusting the value of the fractal derivative order. The paper sheds new light on the design of reinforced concrete pillars to avoid vibration damage.     

Navier–Stokes–Voigt Equations with Memory in 3D Lacking Instantaneous Kinematic Viscosity

We consider a Navier–Stokes–Voigt fluid model where the instantaneous kinematic viscosity has been completely replaced by a memory term incorporating hereditary effects, in presence of Ekman damping. Unlike the classical Navier–Stokes–Voigt system, the energy balance involves the spatial gradient of the past history of the velocity rather than providing an instantaneous control on the high modes. In spite of this difficulty, we show that our system is dissipative in the dynamical systems sense and even possesses regular global and exponential attractors of finite fractal dimension. Such features of asymptotic well-posedness in absence of instantaneous high modes dissipation appear to be unique within the realm of dynamical systems arising from fluid models.     

Global Existence of the Equilibrium Diffusion Model in Radiative Hydrodynamics

This paper is devoted to the analysis of the Cauchy problem for a system of PDEs arising in radiative hydrodynamics. This system, which comes from the so-called equilibrium diffusion regime, is a variant of the usual Euler equations, where the energy and pressure functionals are modified to take into account the effect of radiation and the energy balance containing a nonlinear diffusion term acting on the temperature. The problem is studied in the multi-dimensional framework. The authors identify the existence of a strictly convex entropy and a stability property of the system, and check that the Kawashima-Shizuta condition holds. Then, based on these structure properties, the well-posedness close to a constant state can be proved by using fine energy estimates. The asymptotic decay of the solutions are also investigated.     

Thermoelasticity with thermal relaxation: An alternative formulation

The theory of thermoelasticity with thermal relaxation for homogeneous materials is formulated upon the basis of the law of balance of energy and the law of balance of entropy, proposed by Green and Naghdi [5]. The non-linear theory is formulated first; then the linearized theory is deduced. The uniqueness of solution of a typical initial, mixed boundary value problem is established.     

Revealing the Escape Dynamics in a Hamiltonian System with Five Exits

The scope of this work is to reveal, by means of numerical methods, the escape process in a Hamiltonian system with five exits which describes the problem of rearrangement multichannel scattering. For determining the influence of the energy on the nature of the orbits we classify starting conditions of orbits in planes of two dimensions. All the complex basins of escape, associated with the five escape channels of the system, are illustrated by using color-coded diagrams. The distribution of time of the escape is correlated with the corresponding escape basins. The uncertainty (fractal) dimension along with the (boundary) basin entropy are computed for quantifying the degree of fractality of the dynamical system.     

Non-isothermal lubrication problem with Tresca fluid–solid interface law. Part I

We consider the stationary equations for a non-isothermal Newtonian and incompressible fluids, in a three-dimensional bounded domain. The problem is governed by a coupled system involving a balance of linear momentum and the heat energy with Tresca free boundary friction conditions. Existence, uniqueness and regularity of the weak solution to this coupled problem are proved.     

Global solution to the full one-dimensional Frémond model for shape memory alloys

In this paper, we prove the existence and uniqueness of the solution to the one-dimensional initial-boundary value problem resulting from the Frémond thermomechanical model of structural phase transitions in shape memory materials. In this model, the free energy is assumed to depend on temperature, macroscopic deformation and phase fractions. The resulting equilibrium equations are the balance laws of (linear) momentum and energy, coupled with an evolution variational inequality for the phase fractions. Fourth-order regularizing terms in the quasi-stationary momentum balance equation are not necessary, and, as far as we know for the first time, all the non-linear terms of the energy balance equation are taken into account.     

Equilibrium problem for thermoelectroconductive body with the Signorini condition on the boundary

We investigate a boundary value problem for a thermoelectroconductive body with the Signorini condition on the boundary, related to resistance welding. The mathematical model consists of an energy‐balance equation coupled with an elliptic equation for the electric potential and a quasistatic momentum balance with a viscoelastic material law. We prove the existence of a weak solution to the model by using the Schauder fixed point theorem and classical results on pseudomonotone operators. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A phase transition model with the entropy balance

This paper deals with a phase transition model in which the energy balance is equivalently rewritten in terms of the entropy balance. The thermodynamical consistence of the model is proved and also under physically meaningful assumptions on the data, existence of a solution is stated for the corresponding initial boundary values problem by a maximum principle. Hence, L¹‐arguments yield the uniqueness of the solution and show that it evolves in accordance with thermodynamics and everyday practical properties. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.