1064nm激光诱导Ge(111)与Cl2反应动力学

采用超声分子束和时间分辨质谱技术研究了1064nm脉冲激光辐照下Ge(111)与Cl₂的反应动力学。实验结果表明,该反应的主要产物为GeCl₂,提高入射氯分子的平动能将增加反应速率。激光能量密度对GeCl₂产率呈指数关系,而对GeCl₂的平动温度影响不大。升高Ge(111)表面温度也能提高反应产率。同时还讨论了近红外激光诱导GeCl₂反应的机理。     

超声分子束研究激光诱导Cl2和Ta表面反应动态学

本文研究了在三种不同波长的脉冲激光(365 nm, 560 nm和1064 nm)辐照下超声Cl_2分子束与多晶Ta表面的化学反应动态学. 由四极质谱和飞行时间增(TOF)测定了产物的质量分布和速度分布. 该反应的主要产物为TaCl, TaCl_2, TaCl_3及TaCl_4; 它们的TOF谱都可用Maxwell-Boltzmann分布拟合, 所得的平动温度分别在500 K—1500 K范围内. 测定了各种产物相对产率与激光能量密度和入的Cl_2分子平动能的关系. 此外, 对此气-固表面反应的机理进行了讨论。     

单次碰撞反应的Ba+o,m,p-C_6H_4Cl_2的实验研究及统计理论解释

本文利用激光诱导荧光(LIF)和分子束技术,在单次碰撞条件下,研究了反应Ba+o,m,p-C_6H_4Cl_2.实验得到了反应产物BaCl的LIF光谱和这些反应的相对反应截面。对LIF光谱进行计算机模拟,得到了产物BaCl的振动布居。文中利用“入口”和“出口”过渡态“松”和“紧”的概念,并假设“出口”过渡态的弯曲振动转化为产物转动后,剩余能量全部转化为产物BaCl的振动能,对反应Ba+o,m,p-C_6H_4Cl_2进行了解释。     

分子束弛豫谱研究Ge(111)表面与氯分子热反应动态学

本文用分子束弛豫谱研究了Ge(111)表面与氯分子热反应动态学。采用种子束技术,发现增加氯分子的入射平动能, 将有效地增加Cl2与Ge表面的化学蚀刻反应, 对分子束弛豫谱的数据分析表明, 在表面温度Ts为700-900K的范围内, GeCl2为该反应体系的唯一产物, 它的脱附过程是蚀刻反应的速率控制步骤; 并且测得脱附活化能Ed为66.0±2.0kJ·mol^-^1。此外, 对该化学蚀刻的反应机理进行了讨论。     

Ca(~1S_0)+CH_2Cl_2、CHCl_3和Ca(~3P)+CH_2Cl_2、CHCl_3反应的动态学研究

在微观反应动力学领域,研究反应物内能和平动能对产物能态布居的影响具有重大的意义。前人已较详细地考察了反应物平动能、振动能及转动能对产物内能态布居的影响,但有关反应物电子态能量对基电子态产物内能态布居影响的文献报道甚少。因为在大多数电子激发态金属原子与卤化物或氧化物的反应中,既可以形成电子激发态产物,又可形成基电子态产物,而来自电子激发态产物的辐射不仅给基电子态产物的激光诱导荧光(LIF)探测造成困难,而且影响初生基电子态产物的能态布居。据此,本文选择了小化学发光截面的反应(Ca~3P)+CH_2Cl_2、CHCl_3,利用直流放电选态和LIF技术,研究电子态能量对基电子态产物内能态布居的影响。     

气相中二氯苯的双电荷离子[C_6H_4Cl_2]~(2+)和[C_6H_3Cl]~(2+)的动能谱研究

本文利用质量分析离子动能谱(MIKES)和碰撞诱导解离(CID)技术,研究了邻、间、对二氯苯分子在电子轰击质谱(EIMS)中产生的[C_6H_4Cl_2]~(2+)和[C_6H_3Cl]~(2+)双电荷离子的单分子电荷分离(CS)反应.根据测定的CS反应的动能释放值T和由此估算的反应过渡态的电荷间距的最小值R,推测过渡态的结构.有趣的是,可以利用双电荷离子[C_6H_4Cl_2]~(2+)的分解反应区分二氯苯的位置异构体.     

氦液滴中羰基硫分子的光解动力学

用时间切片速度成像方法研究了氦液滴中羰基硫(COS)分子的光解动力学. 从共振增强(2+1)电离的CO光谱中发现在氦液滴环境中解离产物CO的转动冷却比振动冷却更有效.利用速度成像采集到的CO (v=0)和CO (v=1)的影像在角分布上都呈现出各向同性的特点. 产物平动能分布的结果表明尽管大部分的平动能都被超流体环境所弛豫, 但振动激发态产物CO (v=1) 的平均平动能比振动基态产物CO (v=0) 的平均平动能高.对羰基硫分子在氦液滴中的光解动力学机理进行了讨论.     

Ba(~1S)+N_2O反应的化学发光偏振研究

当原子或分子之间经历反应碰撞后,产物分子的转动角动量矢量相对于初始相对速度矢量具有较明显的取向。达一信息可从测量反应生成的激发态产物分子的化学发光偏振度P得到。Zare等首先研究了反应Ba(~1S)+N_2O产物的化学发光偏振;近期Jalink等利用六极电场将反应物分子取向,研究了反应Ba(~1S)+N_2O的化学发光偏振与不同碰撞方位的关系。本文研究了化学发光偏振度随Ba(~1S)束速度(即反应物相对平动能)的变化,根据产物转动角动量分布对反应物相对平动能的依赖关系得到了Ba(~1S)+N_2O反应的反应机理及势能面的新图象。     

碘苯在266 nm激光作用下的碎片平动能谱

利用通用型交叉分子束装置测量了 2 6 6nm激光作用下碘苯的光致碎片化过程中产物碘原子的角分布及平动能分布 ,结果表明在所研究的激光强度 ( 10 8W/cm2 )下单光子反应与多光子过程之间存在着竞争 ,单光子解离反应为一慢速的预解离过程 ,各向异性参数被确定为 0 4左右 ,质心系的平均平动能只有 4 35 1kJ/mol,只有约 2 5 %的反应可资用能配置为产物的平动能 .而多光子碎片化过程为快速过程 ,其中的二光子过程的平均平动能为 2 16 .0 6 2kJ/mol,占反应可资用能的 35 %左右 ,另外一个主要的电离解离通道是一个更快的多光子过程 ,其最大峰值对应着四或五光子过程 ,三个通道的分支比约为 3∶3∶4     

角分辨飞行时间法研究GaAs(100)表面蚀刻反应动力学

采用探测室可转动的分子束实验装置,研究了氯分子束与GaAs(100)表面热反应和紫外激光诱导反应的动力学.结果表明,热反应的主要产物为GaCl~3, 其角分布可用cos^2^.^3θ函数拟合.对于紫外(355nm)激光诱导反应,由角分辨的飞行时间(TOF)法测得主要产物为GaCl等,它们的通量角分布须用双余弦加和公式(c~1cosθ+c~2cos^nθ)拟合,表示产物粒子在表面法线方向明显聚集,而且由TOF 谱求得粒子的动能在表面法线方向最大. 这种明显的聚集现象可以由激光诱导的粒子在表面附近发生碰撞效应来解释     

氯分子束与InP(100)表面反应散射的角分布研究

采用角分辨分子束散射技术研究了Cl_2与InP(100)表面热反应和激光诱导反应产物的角分布. 对于热反应, 由调制分子束和可转动四极质谱仪测得产物离子InCl~+、InCl_2~+、PCl~+、PCl_2~+和P_4~+的角分布, 都可用cos~(1.5)θ函数报合. 对于紫外(355 nm)激光诱导反应, 由飞行时间质谱法测得主要产物离子的角分布明显地偏离Knudsen定律. 其中In~+, InCl~+和InCl_2~+的角分布可用α·cosθ+(1-α)cos~nθ函数拟合, 其中α和n为拟合参数, 对于不同的产物离子有不同的数值. 由实验测得的脱附粒子的通量和能量在表面法线方向有明显地聚集现象, 可以认为产物从表面上脱附的机理, 除了热脱附之外, 还有非热脱附以及在表面附近脱附粒子的碰撞效应.     

Molecular Beam Studies on the Laser-Enhanced Surface Reaction of GaAs(100) with Chlorine

A cw supersonic Cl₂ molecular beam coupled with an angle-resolved time-of-flight (TOF) technique has been used to investigate the laser-enhanced surface reaction of GaAs(100) with chlorine. The mass and velocity distributions of the major reaction products under 1064 nm laser irradiation have been measured as a function of laser fluence, detection angle, surface temperature and normal component of the translational energy of the incident chlorine molecules. It has been found that increasing both laser fluence and the translational energy of incident chlorine molecules markedly enhance mis surface reaction. The measured flux angular distributions of major reaction products can be fit satisfactorily with a bi-cosine function. Measurements of the mass and angular distributions of reaction products by a modulated molecular beam mass spectrometry show that the surface temperature effect is obvious for the Cl₂/GaAs(100) “dark” thermal reaction. A direct activated dissociative chemisorption is proposed for the mechanism of Cl₂ chemisorption on the GaAs(100) surface.     

利用激光诱导荧光技术研究Ca(1S0)与氯代乙烷的反应

The internal state distributions of nascent CaCl formed in the reactions Ca + (1,1) and (1,2) C_2H_4Cl_2、(1,1,2) C_2H_2Cl_3, (1,1,2,2) C_2H_2Cl_4 have been studied by means of the laser induced fluorescence (LIF) in the beam-gas apparatus. The results showed that the vibrational distributions of the CaCl products from Ca+ (1, 1) C_2H_4Cl_2. (1,1,2,2) C_2H_2Cl_4 are similar to vibrational distributions of the CaCl products from Ca + CH_2Cl_2、CHCl_3, respectively. However, the vibrational distribution of the CaCl product from Ca+(1,1,2) C_2H_3Cl_3 is equivalent to the combination of that from Ca+(1,2) C_2H_4Cl_2 and Ca+(1,1,2,2) C_2H_2Cl_4. No LIF signal has been found in the reaction Ca+(1,1) C_2H_4Cl_2.     

Collisions of slow polyatomic ions with surfaces: dissociation and chemical reactions of C2H2+*, C2H3+, C2H4+*, C2H5+, and their deuterated variants C2D2+* and C2D4+* on room-temperature and heated carbon surfaces

Interaction of C2Hn+ (n = 2-5) hydrocarbon ions and some of their isotopic variants with room-temperature and heated (600 degrees C) highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) surfaces was investigated over the range of incident energies 11-46 eV and an incident angle of 60 degrees with respect to the surface normal. The work is an extension of our earlier research on surface interactions of CHn+ (n = 3-5) ions. Mass spectra, translational energy distributions, and angular distributions of product ions were measured. Collisions with the HOPG surface heated to 600 degrees C showed only partial or substantial dissociation of the projectile ions; translational energy distributions of the product ions peaked at about 50% of the incident energy. Interactions with the HOPG surface at room temperature showed both surface-induced dissociation of the projectiles and, in the case of radical cation projectiles C2H2+* and C2H4+*, chemical reactions with the hydrocarbons on the surface. These reactions were (i) H-atom transfer to the projectile, formation of protonated projectiles, and their subsequent fragmentation and (ii) formation of a carbon chain build-up product in reactions of the projectile ion with a terminal CH3-group of the surface hydrocarbons and subsequent fragmentation of the product ion to C3H3+. The product ions were formed in inelastic collisions in which the translational energy of the surface-excited projectile peaked at about 32% of the incident energy. Angular distributions of reaction products showed peaking at subspecular angles close to 68 degrees (heated surfaces) and 72 degrees (room-temperature surfaces). The absolute survival probability at the incident angle of 60 degrees was about 0.1% for C2H2+*, close to 1% for C2H4+* and C2H5+, and about 3-6% for C2H3+.     

State-to-state scattering of D2 from Cu(100) and Pd(111)

Results from state resolved experiments are presented for the interaction of D2(v=1,J=2) with Cu(100) and Pd(111). The reflected molecules were probed using quantum state specific spectroscopy. For D2 scattered from Cu(100) the vibrational survival probability and some transition inelastic probabilities were measured for incident energies from 70-200 meV. The survival probability was found to be larger then that found previously for H2(v=1) scattered from the same surface; these differences are discussed in terms of the lower zero point energy and smaller vibrational energy spacings of D2. D2 translational energy exchange was studied for several different scattering channels and interpreted using simple classical calculations. The survival probability was also measured for D2(v=1) scattered from Pd(111) at one incident energy. Pd is reactive for D2 dissociation and this survival probability was measured to be small and also to be much smaller than that for H2(v=1) under similar conditions. Vibrational relaxation channels were studied for D2 scattering from both Cu(100) and Pd(111). The vibrational relaxation probability on both surfaces was also found to be smaller than that measured for comparable channels for H2. The smaller survival probability and vibrational relaxation probability for D2 on Pd(111) cannot be easily accounted for by the difference in zero point energy and vibrational energy spacings.     

Reaction dynamics of OH+(3Sigma-)+C2H2 studied with crossed beams and density functional theory calculations

The reactions between OH+(3Sigma-) and C2H2 have been studied using crossed ion and molecular beams and density functional theory calculations. Both charge transfer and proton transfer channels are observed. Products formed by carbon-carbon bond cleavage analogous to those formed in the isoelectronic O(3P)+C2H2 reaction, e.g., 3CH2 + HCO+, are not observed. The center of mass flux distributions of both product ions at three different energies are highly asymmetric, with maxima close to the velocity and direction of the precursor acetylene beam, characteristic of direct reactions. The internal energy distributions of the charge transfer products are independent of collision energy and are peaked at the reaction exothermicity, inconsistent with either the existence of favorable Franck-Condon factors or energy resonance. In proton transfer, almost the entire reaction exothermicity is transformed into product internal excitation, consistent with mixed energy release in which the proton is transferred with both the breaking and forming bonds extended. Most of the incremental translational energy in the two higher-energy experiments appears in product translational energy, providing an example of induced repulsive energy release.     

The sticking probability of D(2)O-water on ice: Isotope effects and the influence of vibrational excitation

The present study measures the sticking probability of heavy water (D(2)O) on H(2)O- and on D(2)O-ice and probes the influence of selective OD-stretch excitation on D(2)O sticking on these ices. Molecular beam techniques are combined with infrared laser excitation to allow for precise control of incident angle, translational energy, and vibrational state of the incident molecules. For a translational energy of 69 kJ∕mol and large incident angles (θ ≥ 45°), the sticking probability of D(2)O on H(2)O-ice was found to be 1% lower than on D(2)O-ice. OD-stretch excitation by IR laser pumping of the incident D(2)O molecules produces no detectable change of the D(2)O sticking probability (<10(-3)). The results are compared with other gas∕surface systems for which the effect of vibrational excitation on trapping has been probed experimentally.