用密度算子推证麦克斯韦速率分布律

利用密度算子在表象中的矩阵，分别求出自由粒子和高温时三维各向同性谐振子在一表象中的密度矩阵，密度矩阵的对角元即料粒子的动量概率密度，从而用两处方法推证了麦克斯韦速度分布律。     

不在“大数近似”下推导粒子三种分布

本文不用“大数近似”（ＬＮＡ），而在平均值的基础上为费米子、玻色子和玻尔兹曼粒子的分布提供一种新的推导方法．这个推导只用到传统的组合方法，其物理内容的适用性并不依赖于最可几值和“大数近似”方法的运用．本方法的基础，是把密度矩阵的本征值作为香农（Ｓｈａｎｎｏｎ）熵中的几率，把密度矩阵本征值的简并度与玻尔兹曼的计数因子（ｅｎｕｍｅｒａｔｉｏｎ　ｆａｃｔｏｒ）等同起来，因此避免了诸如与最速下降法、极限过渡技巧和玻尔兹曼热力学几率相关的问题．此外，本方法立足于密度矩阵的本征值，也不需用到系综的概念．     

关于自由粒子量子态数的计算和讨论

在系统热力学量的统计计算中，粒子的量子态密度（单位能量间隔中的状态数目）的计算占有重要地位．粒子的态密度与粒子运动空间的维度性有关，与粒子的能谱（粒子的动量能量关系）有关，且与粒子的自旋有关．本文对自由粒子（视为质点）的态密度计算作普遍性的讨论．     

质子、α粒子在水中的径迹结构

简述了一个模拟质子、α粒子的蒙特卡罗径迹结构模型，考虑了质子、α粒子在水中输运时的电离、激发等非弹性散射机制，模拟计算了质子、α粒子在水蒸气(密度为1g／cm^3)中的径迹，质子、α粒子的能量范围为0．3—5MeV／u．考虑了产生的大量低能电子(能量下限为1eV)在水介质中的输运．计算得到的射程、径向剂量等参数，与实验数据符合得较好．     

异质结电荷转移的密度矩阵理论近似研究

分子半导体组成的异质结构是染料敏化太阳能电池的主要部分,电荷转移效率的提高是太阳能转换效率的关键.在金属纳米粒子与染料分子和半导体TiO2组成的系统中,考虑半导体的晶格结构、电子波函数在晶格边界的反射及金属纳米粒子中的等离激元效应,应用密度矩阵理论研究在光激发分子作用下电荷从分子转移到半导体晶格的动力学过程,采用密度矩阵和波函数相结合的处理方案研究了分子半导体电荷转移过程中的等离激元效应.研究发现金属钠米粒子激发所产生的等离激元可以使电荷从分子到半导体的转移效率提高3个数量级,是提高电荷转移效率的有效手段,且密度矩阵理论与波函数相结合的方法使得计算分子与15 nm尺度的半导体纳米晶体间的电荷转移成为可能,理论分析了表面等离激元的增益作用对电荷转移的影响.     

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用密度调制的方法研究了等离子体中粒子输运问题。采用了注入脉冲式补充送气和超声分子束两种不同的密度调制方法。在HL-2A装置常规欧姆放电的情况下,运用有限差分法和Nagashima矩阵技术,求解了粒子平衡方程。计算出了粒子的输运系数(对流速度v和扩散系数D)。研究了粒子输运系数与等离子体线平均密度之间的关系。实验结果表明,在欧姆放电的情况下,等离子体芯部的粒子对流速度方向始终是向内的,并且密度低时,粒子输运系数(粒子扩散系数D和对流速度v)较大;密度高时,粒子输运系数较小。     

局域密度矩阵与全局矩阵的相容条件

判断一组给定的正定的厄密矩阵,是否可以由一个多粒子的密度矩阵通过约化掉一些粒子后来得到的(相容问题)是一个非常重要的物理问题.它也是当前量子信息学中一个引起广泛关注的问题,它与多粒子纠缠有着密切的联系.我们给出了相容问题的一些必要条件.     

混浊介质中后向单次漫散射米勒矩阵特征

采用斯托克斯(Stokes)矢量形式,推导出当无限窄的连续光束垂直入射到混浊介质表面时,后向单次漫散射米勒(Mueller)矩阵的解析表达式。基于米氏(Mie)散射模式,详细分析了单次散射米勒矩阵元素的分布模式,以及与介质粒子数密度,粒子尺寸参量之间的关系。研究表明:单次散射米勒矩阵的方位变化随粒子数密度的增加,逐渐消失,而矩阵元素m22,m33,m23,m32随粒子数密度的变化,具有更显著的方位变化特征。矩阵元素m22,m33在方位角=45°时的值随尺寸参量的变化有一定的规律性,当尺寸参量小于某一特征参量时,其值呈下降趋势,反之则呈波动上升趋势。当介质粒子数密度以及粒子尺寸参量改变时,米勒矩阵元素强度的径向分布模式不变,即在任何方位,强度随径向距离都近似成指数规律衰减,方位变化呈周期性。     

随机取向椭球粒子的吸收特性

用Ｔ矩阵方法计算了折射率虚部的范围在０．００１至０．１的几种椭球粒子随机取向时在几种等效尺度参数下的光散射与吸收特性，并与等效的球形粒子的光散射结果进行了比较。分析结果表明：椭球粒子的吸收特性与等效的球形粒子的吸收特性存在着差别，这种差别随粒子的形状、尺度和折射率而改变，考虑到目前气溶胶粒子复折射率虚部的测量精度，以等效的球体粒子处理非球形粒子的吸收不会带来显著的误差。     

两束脉冲激光在级联的三能级系统中的传播

利用密度矩阵方程和麦克斯韦传播方程的耦合考虑激光脉冲的横向效应,在柱对称的条件下,研究了两束脉冲在级联系统中的共振传播,考察了脉冲在光学厚介质中的时空演化过程。数值计算中考虑了两个能级的自发辐射速度,给出了脉能量的空间演化及电熟粒子在空间的分布。     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Hybrid Wavelength and Code Division Multiple Access in Optical Networks

A review of schemes for multiple access in fiber optic networks shows that a hybrid of wavelength and code division multiple access (WCDMA) combines the best features of both. In particular, the hybrid scheme retains the large information carrying capacity of wavelength division multiple access (WDMA) and flexibility of code division multiple access (CDMA). In this paper WDMA, optical CDMA (OCDMA), and WCDMA networks are discussed. In OCDMA networks, concept of incoherent and coherent coding including inverse decoding and matched filter is introduced. The delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks, under the simple suboptimum access protocols based on cyclic search, is computed. It has been shown quantitatively that tuning delay significantly affects the delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks. Futhermore, delay performance of WCDMA networks is always better than the WDMA networks for the same tuning delay, load, and number of users.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Research on beamforming method for dual-line array with space mismatch between the two line arrays

The performance of port/starboard discrimination of dual-line array will be seriously degraded when the space between the two line arrays of the dual-line array is mismatched. The directivity function of the delay-sum and delay-subtract beamforming is deduced and the port/starboard discrimination of the delay-sum and delay-subtract beamforming is also studied both under the ideal status and the status under which the space between the two line arrays of the dual-line array is mismatched. Analysis results show the delay-subtract beamforming has better performance of port/starboard discrimination. At last, the sea trial results demonstrate the theoretical results.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.