宿州城市土壤重金属污染特征及其健康风险评价

选取宿州市不同功能区(工业区、商业区、车站附近、居民区以及城市绿地)采集表层土壤样品55个,利用XRF测定出土壤中重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Mn、Ni的含量,并借助健康风险评价模型,分别评价了土壤重金属在不同暴露途径下的健康风险。结果表明,Cu、Zn、Pb和Cr的平均含量均超出安徽省土壤背景值,说明宿州城市土壤中已受到不同程度的重金属污染;工业区、商业区和车站附近土壤重金属含量普遍较高,Cu、Zn、Pb与交通运输、工业生产关系密切,Cr主要来源于工业废弃物排放,Ni则受到生活污染和交通污染的双重影响;土壤重金属的非致癌风险指数(HI)和致癌风险指数(Risk)均低于危害水平界限,未形成明显的健康风险。     

土壤重金属沿山地森林海拔梯度的分布特征

采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法与石墨炉原子吸收光谱法,研究了14种重金属(Fe,Al,Ti,Cu,Cr,Mn,V,Zn,Ni,Co,Pb,Se,Cd,As)沿山地森林海拔梯度的分布特征.结果表明海拔梯度对14种重金属中的6种重金属浓度(Fe,A1,Ti,V,Pb与As)有显著的影响,对其他八种重金属浓度(Cu,Cr,M...     

亚热带自然林与人工林土壤重金属含量的研究

重金属是危害森林生态健康主要污染物之一.采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法与石墨炉原子吸收光谱法,首次比较了亚热带人工林和自然林土壤中13种重金属元素(Fe,Al,Ti,Cr,Cu,Mn,V,Zn,Ni,Co,Pb,Se,Cd)的含量.结果表明自然林土壤中Fe,Al,Ti,Cu,Mn,V,Zn,Ni,Co,Pb,Se,Cd...     

Synchrotron X‐ray microfluorescence measurement of metal distributions in Phragmites australis root system in the Yangtze River intertidal zone

This study investigates the distributions of Br, Ca, Cl, Cr, Cu, K, Fe, Mn, Pb, Ti, V and Zn in Phragmites australis root system and the function of Fe nanoparticles in scavenging metals in the root epidermis using synchrotron X‐ray microfluorescence, synchrotron transmission X‐ray microscope measurement and synchrotron X‐ray absorption near‐edge structure techniques. The purpose of this study is to understand the mobility of metals in wetland plant root systems after their uptake from rhizosphere soils. Phragmites australis samples were collected in the Yangtze River intertidal zone in July 2013. The results indicate that Fe nanoparticles are present in the root epidermis and that other metals correlate significantly with Fe, suggesting that Fe nanoparticles play an important role in metal scavenging in the epidermis.     

HR-ICP-MS研究丰水期黄河甘宁蒙段过滤水和悬浮物中重金属的含量特征和污染评价

为研究黄河甘宁蒙段丰水期过滤水和悬浮物中重金属的含量特征及污染状况,采用高分辨电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(HR-ICP-MS)对黄河甘宁蒙段昭君浮桥 (S1)、包头浮桥(S2)等10个采样点过滤水中六种重金属(Cd, Pb, Cr, As, Cu和Zn)及悬浮物中九种重金属(Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, Cu, V, Co, Zn和Mn)的含量特征、污染评价和源分析进行研究。结果表明：(1)过滤水中只有Cr元素含量在所有采样点超出《地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838—2002) 的标准限值,且在10个采样点中均为最高(74.8～94.7 μg·L-1);单因子指数(I_i)评价结果表明除包头浮桥(S2)未受总氮(TN)污染外,其余采样点水质均受Cr元素和TN污染;内梅罗综合指数法(I)得出所有采样点的I值均在1～2之间(轻污染程度),表明黄河甘宁蒙段水质,尤其是下游段(S1～S6)已不是生活饮用水、水产养殖等的理想水源。(2)悬浮物中Ni含量(34.7 μg·L-1) 只在玛曲点(S10)低于中国土壤元素背景值(35.2 μg·L-1),在其余点均高于背景值,而其余八种元素在10个采样点的含量均高于背景值;地累积指数法(I_geo)结果表明九种元素中Cd元素的I_geo值(0.452～2.89)在10个采样点中均为最高值,且在昭君浮桥(S1)、包头浮桥(S2)、乌海(S5)和东大沟入黄河口(S8)这四个采样点处达到中污染-重污染程度,其余八种元素在各采样点的I_geo值均小于1,为无污染或无污染-中污染程度。研究结果为全面研究该流域重金属分布、迁移及有效保护提供可信的实验数据。     

Levels and sources of heavy metal contamination in road dust in selected major highways of Accra,Ghana

Environmental studies have revealed significant contributions of vehicular exhaust emissions to high pollution levels in urban dwellings. The levels and sources of heavy metal contaminations of some major roads in Accra have been investigated in this work. Street dust samples collected from four major roads in Accra (Mallam Junction‐Weija road, John Teye‐Pokuase road, Tema Motorway and Tetteh Quarshie Interchange in Accra) were analysed for their elemental concentrations using energy‐dispersive X‐ray fluorescence. Twenty elements were identified: K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Ge, As, Se, Br, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr and Pb. Significant concentration levels were obtained for K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Br, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr and Pb in all the samples and were used for the source identification. Enrichment factors and principal component analysis were used to verify the anthropogenic contribution to road dust. Results obtained for the enrichment factors showed moderate enrichment for V, Cr and Cu, while Zn, Br, Zr and Pb were significantly enriched. Principal component analysis identified four sources and their contributions to the elemental contents in the road dust. Natural crust, brake wear, tyre wear and vehicle exhaust emission were the four sources identified. The contribution of vehicular non‐exhaust emissions to heavy metal contamination in the road dust was found to be greater than that of exhaust emissions. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

光谱学研究重金属离子参与下对甲萘威与ctDNA相互作用的影响

应用紫外、荧光光谱分析方法,研究了离体条件八种重金属参与下对农药甲萘威与小牛胸腺DNA的相互作用的影响。当有不同重金属离子参与时,甲萘威的猝灭常数及其结合位点数都发生了不同的变化。通过计算和分析,重金属离子对甲萘威与ct-DNA的加合物的影响程度为Pb2+>Ag+>Cu2+>Ni2+>Co2+>Zn2+>Cd2+>Cr3+。通过400 mol·L－1的不同金属离子对ctDNA的作用研究,得出不同离子对DNA的双螺旋结构的破坏能力强弱依次为：Pb2+>Cd2+>Ag+>Co2+>Zn2+≈Cu2+>Ni2+>Cr2+。两种光谱所得结果表明不同重金属离子对DNA的作用机理不同。     

Heavy metal analysis around Iskenderun Bay in Turkey

The heavy metal analysis around Iskenderun Bay in Turkey was carried out using mosses, soils, mussels, and sediments. This region is one of the most industrial areas of Turkey, including iron–steel plants, beverage, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) plants, and oil transfer docks. Energy dispersive X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry (Epsilon 5, PANalytical, Almelo, The Netherlands) was used to analyze all samples. V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, and Pb elements were observed in all samples studied. Although Ce was detected in some mosses and soils, Sn was detected only in some moss samples. Pb concentrations in the moss samples are higher than the soil, the mussel, and the sediment samples. This can be attributed to the mosses that absorb heavy metals such as Pb easily from the air. As the aim of this study was to analyze heavy metals, the evaluation of these elements with their potential hazards for ecology and humans is briefly discussed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Accumulation of minor and trace elements in lichens in and around Kolkata,India: an application of X‐ray fluorescence technique to air pollution monitoring

A recent environmental survey has listed Kolkata, a megacity in Eastern India, as one of the most polluted cities in the world. Rapid urbanization and industrialization have resulted in an alarming increase in the level of air pollution in the city. Epiphytic lichens have extensively been used worldwide as bioindicators of environmental quality. They are very responsive to environmental stressors, especially gaseous pollutants and particulates including trace elements and heavy metals. This work describes application of energy dispersive X‐ray fluorescence, a fast multi‐elemental analytical technique, for estimating concentration of trace elements of lichen samples collected from sites in and around Kolkata. The results indicate that the samples from sites burdened with heavy vehicular load together with pollution from various industries and factories have significantly higher concentration of elements such as S, Ca, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni and Pb as compared to those collected from sites having less or no load. Remarkable seasonal variation is also noted in the concentration of the elements such as Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn and Pb. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Determination of trace elements in natural water using X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry after preconcentration with powdered silica gel

A simple and cheap method is described for simultaneous determination of V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn contents in water by means of wavelength‐dispersive X‐ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometry after preconcentration. The method of preconcentration is based on sorbing analytes onto silica gel powder. 1‐(2‐pyridylazo)‐2‐naphthol (PAN) is used as a chelating agent. The effect of some parameters such as pH, temperature, stirring time, amount of ligand, breakthrough volume and the limit of detection has been studied. The detection limits 0.120, 9.75 × 10^?4, 0.075, 0.070, 0.061, 0.089, 0.029 and 0.044 mg l^?1 were achieved for V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn, respectively. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

X‐ray fluorescence analysis of trace metals in environmental water using preconcentration with an iminodiacetate extraction disk

A simple and convenient x‐ray fluorescence analysis procedure for trace amounts of Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Hg and Pb in water was developed using preconcentration with an iminodiacetate extraction disk (IED). The IED was coated on both faces with commercially available laminate film to prevent x‐ray damage to the IED by strong x‐irradiation (4 kW; 50 kV, 80 mA) of the wavelength‐dispersive x‐ray fluorescence spectrometer. Lamination of the IED prolongs its life from 7 to about 200 min at 4 kW irradiation while negligibly decreasing the x‐ray fluorescence. Lowering the power of primary x‐rays to less than 1.5 kW compensated for the Hg evaporation. Linear calibration curves were obtained over the range 500 µg–5 mg for Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Hg and Pb. Detection limits corresponding to three times the standard deviation of the blank intensity were 0.1–0.4 µg for Mn, Co and Ni, 0.5–0.8 µg for Fe, Cu, Zn and Pb and 7 µg for Cd. A spike test for 10 µg of eight analytes, excluding Mn, showed good recoveries (90–100%) for city water and rainwater. Analytical results for municipal tap water and rainwater agreed well with values obtained using atomic absorption spectrometry. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Energy‐dispersive x‐ray fluorescence analysis of modern coloured glasses from Marinha Grande (Portugal)

The elemental composition (K, Ca, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Sr, Ba, Nd and Pb) of modern coloured glasses was obtained by energy‐dispersive x‐ray fluorescence (EDXRF) spectrometry. This non‐destructive technique is frequently used in the analysis of historical glass objects. Two reference glasses were also measured to assess the overall accuracy of the EDXRF method. Reference and unknown glasses were analysed without any preparation. The coloured glass samples studied belong to the Glass Museum of Marinha Grande and were chosen from two distinct collections, which were characterized by the different concentrations of some elements (K, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ba and Pb). The determined major elements allowed the identification of two raw materials used in glass manufacture, sand and lime. Multivariate statistical analysis, namely principal component extraction, simplified the identification of some of the colouring chemical elements, associating them with the different colours of the glass objects. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Characterization of Indian Ayurvedic herbal medicines for their metal concentrations using WD‐XRF spectrometry

This article describes the details of metal concentrations evaluated using wavelength dispersive X‐ray fluorescence (WD‐XRF) spectrometry. A total of 22 elements, Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, K, Ti, Ca, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Hg, Pb, Ba, Au, and Sn from 16 Ayurvedic medicines were characterized. The method was validated by analyzing the six certified reference materials of soil standards [NIST SRM‐2710, CRM 027‐050 (US‐EPA certified), PS‐1, TILL‐1 and TILL‐4 (Canadian certified reference material, CCRMP) and JSO‐1 (Japanese certified reference material)]. The elemental concentrations in all the standards are found to be within ± 10% of the reported values. Crystalline phases in the individual drug samples were explained by powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD) technique. Qualitative phase identification was done using the ICDD database. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A study of KαL1 X‐ray satellite spectrum of the elements 27 ≤ Z ≤ 31 by photon excitation

K _α X‐ray satellite spectra of Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Ga generated by photon excitation are analyzed using a wavelength dispersion spectrometer. Spectra of Ni, Cu, Zn, and Ga are studied for the first time using a LiF420 crystal. Spectrum of Co was studied with LiF200 crystal in second order. K_αL¹ X‐ray satellite energies and relative intensities are measured. The energy shifts relative to diagram line are computed and are compared with theoretical and semi‐empirical values. Dependence of energy shifts and relative intensities on Z and mode of excitation is analyzed.     

黄河甘宁蒙段重金属及其生态风险研究

黄河是中国西北地区最重要的水源,为了研究黄河上游甘宁蒙段水体的重金属含量及其潜在生态风险,本文分别使用AFS和HR-ICP-MS对黄河甘宁蒙段12个采样点过滤水和悬浮物中As,Hg,Cd,Pb,Cr,Ni,Cu 和 Zn等重金属元素的含量进行了测定。结果表明：各采样点过滤水中,除Cr (56.9~71.5 μg·L-1)外,其他重金属元素的含量均低于饮用水水质标准限值。TN,TP和 pH等水质参数的测定结果显示,除 S1 (2.48) 和 S9 (2.38)采样点的TN超过国家地表水环境质量标准第Ⅴ类标准外,其他各采样点参数值均较低。悬浮物中,Hg,Cd,Pb 和Zn的含量均高于各采样点所在地区相应元素土壤背景值。聚类分析结果显示Ni,Cu,Cr,Zn和Pb有相同污染来源,主要来源于不锈钢产业和石油产业;As,Cd和Hg三种重金属元素的来源各不相同,主要可能来自于农药,化肥,采矿和燃料以及煤的燃烧。应用RI和Er对各采样点以及单个重金属元素的潜在生态风险进行了评价。结果显示,除S1采样点为中度生态风险外,其他采样点均为显著生态风险(300.6 < RI < 508.6),Er指数显示Hg在内蒙段为显著-高生态风险,Cd在S11 (396.0), S9 (384.0) 和 S5 (373.3)采样点为极高风险,说明Hg和Cd在这些采样点污染较为严重。以上研究结果可以为相关部门提供可靠的实验数据和理论依据。     

Multi‐element analysis of sea water from Sepetiba Bay,Brazil, by total reflection x‐ray fluorescence spectrometry using synchrotron radiation

Trace elements in the surface waters of Sepetiba Bay were studied by total reflection x‐ray fluorescence spectrometry using synchrotron radiation (SRTXRF). The bay is located in the south of Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. The water samples were collected at 21 sampling stations, prepared in order to preconcentrate the metallic elements with ammonium pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate and to remove the salt matrix. Samples were spiked with an internal standard (Se) and the precipitated dithiocarbamates of trace elements were separated by filtration through a Millipore filter, then transferred to a Perspex reflector and digested with HNO₃ for SRTXRF measurement. Elemental concentrations of Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mo and Pb were determined and a comparison was made between the results obtained and the values given in the literature for sea water. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Local structure of NiAl compounds investigated by extended X‐ray absorption fine‐structure spectroscopy

The local structures of pure NiAl and Ti‐, Co‐doped NiAl compounds have been obtained utilizing extended X‐ray absorption fine‐structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy. The results provide experimental evidence that Ni antisite defects exist in the Ni‐rich NiAl compounds. The site preference of Ti and Co has been confirmed. Ti occupies the Al sublattice, while Co occupies the Ni sublattice. The structure parameters obtained by EXAFS were consistent with the X‐ray diffraction results. Owing to the precipitation of α‐Cr, the local structure of NiAl‐Cr has not been obtained, making the site preference of Cr unclear.     

Evaluation of distribution and bioavailability of Cr,Mn, Fe,Cu, Zn and Pb in the waters of the upper course of the Lerma River

Distribution and bioavailability of Cr, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, and Pb in the waters of the upper course of the Lerma River (UCLR), Mexico, were evaluated by means total reflection x‐ray fluorescence spectrometry. The surface water samples were collected from eight sites distributed along the flow direction of the river. Four sampling campaigns were carried out in each site during a one‐year period. The water samples were analyzed in triplicate, using a TXRF Spectrometer ‘TX‐2000 Ital Structures’ with a Si(Li) detector and a resolution of 140 eV (FWHM) at Mn Kα. A Mo tube (40 kV, 30 mA) with 17.4 KeV excitation energy was used for a counting time of 500 s. Results show that the concentration ranges of heavy metals in the water are the following: Cr, from < 5 to 56 µg/l; Mn, from 9 to 788 µg/l; Fe, from 98 to 8474 µg/l; Cu, from 10 to 225 µg/l; Zn, from 23 to 189 µg/l and Pb, from < 3 to 30 µg/l. There are significant statistical differences in the concentration of heavy metals between the different sampling sites and between the different sampling campaigns. The Pearson correlation results indicate a strong correlation between some heavy metals in the water, this significant correlation (p < 0.05) indicating a natural or/and a shared contamination source for these metals. Metal concentration in the water mostly did not exceed the guide values given by Mexican regulation for agricultural use. Only Cu, Mn and Fe in total water phase exceeded the maximum permissible limits for irrigation proposes at some sites. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

ICP-AES测定邻苯二甲酸氢钾-氢氧化钠作用下土壤中重金属全量及形态分析

空白土壤作为质量控制样品,采用邻苯二甲酸氢钾-氢氧化钠进行处理土壤样品为对照,用HNO₃-HF-HClO₄混酸对土壤样品进行消化,运用等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP-AES)测定了提取处理后土壤样品中Mo, Pb, As, Hg, Cr, Cd, Zn, Cu, Ni的全量以及酸可提取态、氧化物结合态、有机结合态三种化学形态的含量。获知不同pH的邻苯二甲酸氢钾-氢氧化钠缓冲溶液对土壤中重金属全量及形态转化作用的影响。结果表明：除Pb和Zn外,投加不同pH邻苯二甲酸氢钾-氢氧化钠缓冲溶液对土壤中重金属全量的消解和测定有促进作用。邻苯二甲酸氢钾-氢氧化钠缓冲溶液对土壤中Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb的酸可提取态、对土壤中As, Hg, Pb, Zn的氧化结合态、对土壤中As和Hg的有机结合态的转化有促进作用。在pH 5.8时,Cu和Hg的酸可提取态的含量最大值分别为2.180和0.632 mg·kg-1;在pH 6.2时,Pb的氧化结合态的含量最大值为27.792 mg·kg-1;在pH 6.0时,Hg的有机结合态含量最大值为4.715 mg·kg-1。     

染发对头发中重金属含量的影响

化妆品和染发剂是重金属的污染源之一。应用ICP-MS对经常染发的人群头发中的重金属含量与不染发人群作了比较。结果显示,长期染发对头发中的重金属含量有明显影响,但是不同重金属变化不同。染发人群头发中重金属Mn,Fe,Ni,Cu,Cd和Sb含量明显增加,As,Cr,Zn,Ag,Pb和 Hg等重金属含量却明显减少。分析上述结果的原因可能是染发剂中含Mn,Fe,Ni,Cu,Cd和Sb偏多,含As,Cr,Zn,Ag,Pb和Hg等重金属少,而经常染发有可能影响人体对重金属As,Cr,Zn,Ag,Pb和Hg的代谢。