The puzzle of apparent linear lattice artifacts in the 2d non-linear σ-model and Symanzik's solution

Lattice artifacts in the 2d O(n) non-linear σ  -model are expected to be of the form O(a²)$\mathrm{O}(a^2)$, and hence it was (when first observed) disturbing that some quantities in the O(3)$\mathrm{O}(3)$ model with various actions show parametrically stronger cutoff dependence, apparently O(a)$\mathrm{O}(a)$, up to very large correlation lengths. In a previous letter Balog et al. (2009) [1] we described the solution to this puzzle. Based on the conventional framework of Symanzik's effective action, we showed that there are logarithmic corrections to the O(a²)$\mathrm{O}(a^2)$ artifacts which are especially large (ln³a${\ln }^{3}a$) for n=3$n=3$ and that such artifacts are consistent with the data. In this paper we supply the technical details of this computation. Results of Monte Carlo simulations using various lattice actions for O(3)$\mathrm{O}(3)$ and O(4)$\mathrm{O}(4)$ are also presented.     

Is the fragmentation of charm quarks into D mesons described by heavy quark effective theory?

Heavy quark effective theory predicts that produced charm quarks have the same probability to fragment into any of the four D mesons with orbital angular momentum L=0$L=0$: the singlet D state and the triplet D^∗${\mathrm{D}}^{\ast }$ states. This would imply PV(D^∗,D)=3/4${\mathrm{P}}_{\mathrm{V}}({\mathrm{D}}^{\ast },\mathrm{D})=3/4$, where PV${\mathrm{P}}_{\mathrm{V}}$ is the ratio between directly produced L=0$L=0$ vector states (D^∗${\mathrm{D}}^{\ast }$) and all L=0$L=0$ (D and D^∗${\mathrm{D}}^{\ast }$) states. Experimental data collected in several different collision systems (e⁺e⁻${\mathrm{e}}^{+}{\mathrm{e}}^{-}$, hadro-production, photo-production, etc.) and over a broad range of collision energies, show that PV(D^∗,D)=0.594±0.010${\mathrm{P}}_{\mathrm{V}}({\mathrm{D}}^{\ast },\mathrm{D})=0.594\pm 0.010$. From this observation, it follows that “naive spin counting” does not apply to charm production, implying a revision of charm production calculations where this assumption is made.     

Weak mirror symmetry of complex symplectic Lie algebras

A complex symplectic structure on a Lie algebra h$\mathfrak{h}$ is an integrable complex structure J$J$ with a closed non-degenerate (2,0)$(2,0)$-form. It is determined by J$J$ and the real part Ω$\Omega$ of the (2,0)$(2,0)$-form. Suppose that h$\mathfrak{h}$ is a semi-direct product g?V$\mathfrak{g}?V$, and both g$\mathfrak{g}$ and V$V$ are Lagrangian with respect to Ω$\Omega$ and totally real with respect to J$J$. This note shows that g?V$\mathfrak{g}?V$ is its own weak mirror image in the sense that the associated differential Gerstenhaber algebras controlling the extended deformations of Ω$\Omega$ and J$J$ are isomorphic.     

Rational r-matrices,higher rank Lie algebras and integrable proton–neutron BCS models

We study integrable cases of pairing BCS hamiltonians containing several types of fermions. We prove that there exist three classes of such integrable models associated with classical rational r  -matrices and Lie algebras gl(2m)$\mathit{gl}(2m)$, sp(2m)$\mathit{sp}(2m)$ and so(2m)$\mathit{so}(2m)$ correspondingly. We diagonalize the constructed hamiltonians by means of the algebraic Bethe ansatz. In the partial case of two types of fermions (m=2$m=2$) the obtained models may be interpreted as N=Z$N=Z$ proton–neutron integrable models. In particular, in the case of sp(4)$\mathit{sp}(4)$ we recover the famous integrable proton–neutron model of Richardson.     

The Weyl group and asymptotics: All supergravity billiards have a closed form general integral

In this paper we show that all supergravity billiards corresponding to σ  -models on any U/H$\mathrm{U}/\mathrm{H}$ non-compact-symmetric space and obtained by compactifying supergravity to D=3$D=3$ admit a closed form general integral depending analytically on a complete set of integration constants. The key point in establishing the integration algorithm is provided by an upper triangular embedding of the solvable Lie algebra associated with U/H$\mathrm{U}/\mathrm{H}$ into sl(N,R)$\mathfrak{sl}(\mathrm{N},\mathbb{R})$ which is guaranteed to exist for all non-compact symmetric spaces and also for homogeneous special geometries non-corresponding to symmetric spaces. In this context we establish a remarkable relation between the end-points of the time-flow and the properties of the Weyl group. The asymptotic states of the developing Universe are in one-to-one correspondence with the elements of the Weyl group which is a property of the Tits–Satake universality classes and not of their single representatives. Furthermore the Weyl group admits a natural ordering in terms of ?T${?}_T$, the number of reflections with respect to the simple roots. The direction of time flows is always from the minimal accessible value of ?T${?}_T$ to the maximum one or vice versa.     

Fluxmetric and magnetometric demagnetizing factors for cylinders

Fluxmetric and magnetometric demagnetizing factors, _Nf$N_{\mathrm{f}}$ and _Nm$N_{\mathrm{m}}$, for cylinders along the axial direction are numerically calculated as functions of material susceptibility χ$\chi$ and the ratio γ$\gamma$ of length to diameter. The results have an accuracy better than 0.1% with respect to min(_Nf,m,1-_Nf,m)$\min (N_{\mathrm{f},\mathrm{m}},1-N_{\mathrm{f},\mathrm{m}})$ and are tabulated in the range of 0.01?γ?500$0.01?\gamma ?500$ and -1?χ<∞$-1?\chi <\infty$. _Nm$N_{\mathrm{m}}$ along the radial direction is evaluated with a lower accuracy from _Nm$N_{\mathrm{m}}$ along the axis and tabulated in the range of 0.01?γ?1$0.01?\gamma ?1$ and -1?χ<∞$-1?\chi <\infty$. Some previous results are discussed and several applications are explained based on the new results.     

The exact decomposition of gauge variables in lattice Yang–Mills theory

In this Letter, we consider lattice versions of the decomposition of the Yang–Mills field a la Cho–Faddeev–Niemi, which was extended by Kondo, Shinohara and Murakami in the continuum formulation. For the SU(N)$\mathit{SU}(N)$ gauge group, we propose a set of defining equations for specifying the decomposition of the gauge link variable and solve them exactly without using the ansatz adopted in the previous studies for SU(2)$\mathit{SU}(2)$ and SU(3)$\mathit{SU}(3)$. As a result, we obtain the general form of the decomposition for SU(N)$\mathit{SU}(N)$ gauge link variables and confirm the previous results obtained for SU(2)$\mathit{SU}(2)$ and SU(3)$\mathit{SU}(3)$.     

A quenched study of the Schrödinger functional with chirally rotated boundary conditions: Non-perturbative tuning

The use of chirally rotated boundary conditions provides a formulation of the Schrödinger functional that is compatible with automatic O(a)$\mathrm{O}(a)$ improvement of Wilson fermions up to O(a)$\mathrm{O}(a)$ boundary contributions. The elimination of bulk O(a)$\mathrm{O}(a)$ effects requires the non-perturbative tuning of the critical mass and one additional boundary counterterm. We present the results of such a tuning in a quenched setup for several values of the renormalized gauge coupling, from perturbative to non-perturbative regimes, and for a range of lattice spacings. We also check that the correct boundary conditions and symmetries are restored in the continuum limit.     

Self-duality of the compactified Ruijsenaars–Schneider system from quasi-Hamiltonian reduction

The Delzant theorem of symplectic topology is used to derive the completely integrable compactified Ruijsenaars–Schneider _IIIb${\mathrm{III}}_{\mathrm{b}}$ system from a quasi-Hamiltonian reduction of the internally fused double SU(n)×SU(n)$\mathit{SU}(n)\times \mathit{SU}(n)$. In particular, the reduced spectral functions depending respectively on the first and second SU(n)$\mathit{SU}(n)$ factor of the double engender two toric moment maps on the _IIIb${\mathrm{III}}_{\mathrm{b}}$ phase space CP(n−1)$\mathbb{C}P(n-1)$ that play the roles of action-variables and particle-positions. A suitable central extension of the SL(2,Z)$\mathit{SL}(2,\mathbb{Z})$ mapping class group of the torus with one boundary component is shown to act on the quasi-Hamiltonian double by automorphisms and, upon reduction, the standard generator S   of the mapping class group is proved to descend to the Ruijsenaars self-duality symplectomorphism that exchanges the toric moment maps. We give also two new presentations of this duality map: one as the composition of two Delzant symplectomorphisms and the other as the composition of three Dehn twist symplectomorphisms realized by Goldman twist flows. Through the well-known relation between quasi-Hamiltonian manifolds and moduli spaces, our results rigorously establish the validity of the interpretation [going back to Gorsky and Nekrasov] of the _IIIb${\mathrm{III}}_{\mathrm{b}}$ system in terms of flat SU(n)$\mathit{SU}(n)$ connections on the one-holed torus.     

What if supersymmetry breaking appears below the GUT scale?

We consider the possibility that the soft supersymmetry-breaking parameters m_1/2$m_{1/2}$ and m₀$m_0$ of the MSSM are universal at some scale Min$M_{\mathrm{in}}$ below the supersymmetric grand unification scale MGUT$M_{\mathrm{GUT}}$, as might occur in scenarios where either the primordial supersymmetry-breaking mechanism or its communication to the observable sector involve a dynamical scale below MGUT$M_{\mathrm{GUT}}$. We analyze the (m_1/2,m₀)$(m_{1/2},m_0)$ planes of such sub-GUT CMSSM models, noting the dependences of phenomenological, experimental and cosmological constraints on Min$M_{\mathrm{in}}$. In particular, we find that the coannihilation, focus-point and rapid-annihilation funnel regions of the GUT-scale CMSSM approach and merge when Min∼¹⁰¹² GeV$M_{\mathrm{in}}\sim {10}^{12}\text{GeV}$. We discuss sparticle spectra and the possible sensitivity of LHC measurements to the value of Min$M_{\mathrm{in}}$.     

First-order density matrices in one dimension for independent fermions and impenetrable bosons in harmonic traps

To complement existing knowledge of the density matrix γF(x,y)${\gamma }_{\mathrm{F}}(x,y)$ of independent fermions for N   particles in one dimension under harmonic confinement, the corresponding matrix γIB(x,y)${\gamma }_{\mathrm{IB}}(x,y)$ for impenetrable bosons is given for N=2$N=2$ and 3 (with the N=4$N=4$ form available also). For fermions the momentum density is then obtained and illustrated numerically for N=10$N=10$. The boson momentum density is studied analytically at high momentum p  , the coefficients of the p⁻⁴$p^{\mathrm{-4}}$ and p⁻⁶$p^{\mathrm{-6}}$ terms being tabulated for N=2–5$N=2\text{–}5$ inclusive. Their dependence on powers of N   is exhibited numerically. Finally, the functional relationship between γIB(x,y)${\gamma }_{\mathrm{IB}}(x,y)$ and γF(x,y)${\gamma }_{\mathrm{F}}(x,y)$ is formally set out and illustrated.     

Vacuum phase transition at nonzero baryon density

It is argued that the dominant contribution to the interaction of quark–gluon plasma at moderate T?Tc$T?T_c$ is given by the nonperturbative vacuum field correlators. Basing on that nonperturbative equation of state of quark–gluon plasma is computed and in the lowest approximation expressed in terms of absolute values of Polyakov lines for quarks and gluons Lfund(T),Ladj(T)=(Lfund)^9/4$L_{\mathrm{fund}}(T),L_{\mathrm{adj}}(T)={(L_{\mathrm{fund}})}^{9/4}$ known from lattice and analytic calculations. Phase transition at any μ   is described as a transition due to vanishing of one of correlators, DE(x)$D^E(x)$, which implies the change of gluonic condensate ΔG₂$\mathrm{\Delta }{G}_2$. Resulting transition temperature Tc(μ)$T_c(\mu )$ is calculated in terms of ΔG₂$\mathrm{\Delta }{G}_2$ and Lfund(Tc)$L_{\mathrm{fund}}(T_c)$. The phase curve Tc(μ)$T_c(\mu )$ is in a good agreement with lattice data. In particular Tc(0)=0.27$T_c(0)=0.27$; 0.19; 0.17 GeV$0.17\text{ GeV}$ for nf=0,2,3$n_f=0,2,3$ and fixed ΔG₂=0.0035 GeV⁴$\mathrm{\Delta }{G}_2=0.0035{\text{ GeV}}^4$.