桥梁拉索损伤声发射监测研究进展

大量索承体系桥梁即将达到20–30年的拉索寿命期,开展有效的拉索损伤监测方法研究有利于保障大桥结构安全。本文简要论述了现有桥梁拉索损伤检测及监测方法的适用性,重点综述了近40年来声发射技术应用于桥梁拉索监测的研究进展,以及在腐蚀、疲劳、断丝等损伤监测方面所取得的研究成果。结合实测数据在采集、数据处理过程中的难点及参数分析盲点,探讨了现有研究成果应用于特大桥梁拉索损伤监测仍需解决的问题,并针对性地提出了研究思路。     

304不锈钢点蚀声发射监测研究

为研究304不锈钢在高于常温条件下的点蚀声发射特性,对70℃下6%氯化铁溶液中304不锈钢点蚀过程进行了声发射监测。采用参数和波形分析相结合的方法处理信号,并通过点蚀形貌观察进行验证。结果表明声发射撞击和能量随时间逐渐增加,在某一时段达到峰值,随后下降并维持平稳状态。信号波形主要由幅度、能量较大的低频段(<100kHz)弯曲波和幅度、能量较小的高频段(>100 kHz)扩展波构成。研究结果对304不锈钢高于常温条件下声发射点蚀监测具有一定意义。     

高强度钢手工焊接后过程的声发射实时监测研究

本针对实际工艺中使用的高强度钢，重点对手工焊接的冷却过程利用声发射技术进行实时监测。本次试验是和先前在不同型号的钢板在手工焊接过程中所产生的声发射信号进行比较的基础上进行的，主要目的是寻找高强度钢在手工焊接的冷却中所产生的活性裂纹在冷却阶段的声信号特征。     

基于声发射的光学元件损伤监测方法研究

光学元件损伤是限制激光通量水平提高的重要因素之一。为快速、准确地检测光学元件损伤是否产生,支撑光学元件循环修复策略的使用,研究并提出了基于声发射技术的光学元件损伤检测方法,通过研究光学元件损伤产生的声发射信号特征,判断光学元件是否发生损伤,使用一种基于二次相关和相关峰精确插值（FICP）的时延估计算法,通过仿真验证了该算法的可行性,结合时差定位原理建立了损伤位置求解方法,并通过实验进行了验证。研究结果表明：该方法能从监测信号中快速地获得损伤的位置估计,其平均定位误差为8.61 mm,计算时间为0.143 s/次,对大口径光学元件的损伤在线监测具有应用潜力。     

基于声发射和支持向量机的插齿刀磨削砂轮状态监测*

磨削加工对于现代智能制造业起着至关重要的作用,砂轮的磨损直接影响到被加工工件表面质量,而砂轮磨损主要依靠经验判断很可能会导致效率低下和成本昂贵的问题。本文提出一种基于声发射和支持向量机的插刀磨砂轮钝化状态监测方法,首先分析了不同砂轮磨损状态下的声发射信号,AE信号时域RMS曲线和砂轮钝化能量的理论曲线划分砂轮钝化状态节点,对磨削插齿刀过程产生的时变非稳定AE信号进行滤波去噪,避免实验条件对AE信号的影响。利用小波包分解提取AE信号各频段有效特征,并对有效特征的选择进行了对比分析,最终选择对多频段小波包能量系数和时域特征进行拼接特征融合,建立在小样本性能较优的多分类模型SVM。最终,砂轮钝化状态识别准确率可达91%,能够满足实际加工需求。     

基于光纤传输的结构损伤声发射监测系统研究

摘要：声发射检测技术作为一种先进的故障诊断技术,在大型起重设备检测行业“大行其道”。由于生产现场的环境比较复杂,不可避免地要受到各种噪声的影响。当前对声发射信号大多是靠电缆进行传输,这种传输方式有传输距离有限、信号容易受到干扰等缺点。针对传统电缆传输信号的不足之处提出使用光纤作为传输信号的媒介,设计并开发了一种基于光纤的声发射监测的信号采集系统,能够实现远程监测且信号的抗干扰能力比较好。     

低脆性岩石声发射与断裂力学的理论研究

本文分析了岩石裂纹扩展变形过程中的声发射特性;建立了声发射总数N与应力强度因子K_1之间的一般表达式.此外,文中还用一计算实例介绍了求解式N=AK_I~n 中系数A和n的方法.     

Nonlinear Kalman Filtering for acoustic emission source localization in anisotropic panels

Nonlinear Kalman Filtering is an established field in applied probability and control systems, which plays an important role in many practical applications from target tracking to weather and climate prediction. However, its application for acoustic emission (AE) source localization has been very limited. In this paper, two well-known nonlinear Kalman Filtering algorithms are presented to estimate the location of AE sources in anisotropic panels: the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) and Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF). These algorithms are applied to two cases: velocity profile known (CASE I) and velocity profile unknown (CASE II). The algorithms are compared with a more traditional nonlinear least squares method. Experimental tests are carried out on a carbon-fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composite panel instrumented with a sparse array of piezoelectric transducers to validate the proposed approaches. AE sources are simulated using an instrumented miniature impulse hammer. In order to evaluate the performance of the algorithms, two metrics are used: (1) accuracy of the AE source localization and (2) computational cost. Furthermore, it is shown that both EKF and UKF can provide a confidence interval of the estimated AE source location and can account for uncertainty in time of flight measurements.     

HRB400焊接试样拉伸全过程声发射信号 时频能量特征*

为了深入研究螺纹钢拉伸全过程声发射信号特征,开展了完整和焊接试样的拉伸实验,通过SAEU2S型数字声发射系统对损伤特性进行实时监测。结合金属材料力学行为特性,根据计数率将全过程划分成不同的阶段,采用伪Margenau-Hill(PMH)分布进行了时频分析并利用小波包变换对信号进行了能量分析。结果表明：声发射特性参数能够很好的描述焊接对材料力学性能的影响,PMH分布具有良好的时频聚集性,频域和能量分析能够很好地描述焊接对材料力学性能的影响。实验结果为声发射技术应用于钢结构工程损伤定量、寿命预测、实时监测的研究提供了参考依据。     

Energy Index technique for detection of Acoustic Emissions associated with incipient bearing failures

The application of Acoustic Emission (AE) technique to condition monitoring of gears and bearings is gaining significance as it can detect early symptoms of defects such as pitting, wear and flaking of surfaces. Such early detection of defects is of vital importance so as to avoid major failures with catastrophic consequences. This article presents results on the Energy Index (EI) technique, used in detecting masked AE signatures associated with the loss of mechanical integrity in bearings. Both simulated and real experimentally generated AE signatures were used to investigate the efficiency and applicability of the technique at signal-to-noise ratios as low as 0.25. In conclusion it is shown that the EI technique is effective in detecting AE burst buried in random noise thereby offering a complementary tool for the diagnostician.     

声发射技术在全尺寸飞机疲劳试验中的应用

过去九年,,在对两类三代机的全尺寸疲劳试验中实施了全程声发射监测。采用了以声发射为中心的裂纹综合监、检测方法,对一些关键构件的疲劳裂纹实施早期预报,并用其它无损检测方法加以验证,为试验的顺利进行奠定了重要基础,为确定和延长这两类飞机的机群寿命发挥了重要作用。在对第一类三代机的试验中,发展了过去所用的声发射信号处理技术,在大量获取试验中的声发射信号时,有意识地将信号分成一系列有序的信号子集,分别反映一定的飞机受力(载荷)状态,在此基础上再采用空间滤波等技术获得感兴趣结构位置处的信号子集。对子集再采取基于统计分析原理的趋势分析和相关分析技术,获取监测位置的状态,以及试验机的“健康状态”。这一方法在另一类三代机的试验中再次发挥作用,显示了生命力。最终结果是两类三代机的机群寿命均有50%以上的提高,说明声发射技术具有广阔的应用前景。     

动态应变场下相移光栅光谱特性及实验研究

光纤传感技术以其抗电磁干扰、高精度、易组网等优势在航空航天及地下工程领域的声发射传感中得到了广泛应用。针对光纤光栅声发射监测系统,目前研究侧重于均匀光纤光栅的动态应变场传感特性,基于相移光纤光栅(phase-shifted fiber Bragg grating, PS-FBG)这一新型光纤光栅器件,重点研究声发射激励产生的动态应变场下相移光纤光栅的光谱特性变化规律。首先利用传输矩阵理论,建立PS-FBG的动态应变传感模型,利用指数衰减的余弦函数模拟声发射激励产生的动态应变场。通过数值仿真,详细研究PS-FBG光谱对动态应变场幅度、采样时刻、衰减系数、声发射频率及波长的响应特性。结果表明,PS-FBG反射谱形状随声发射频率与采样时刻呈现周期性变化,具体表现为透射窗口所对波长产生周期性漂移,而带宽变化不明显;随着动态应变场幅值越大,PS-FBG反射谱的谐振峰向两侧逐渐增多,透射窗口所对波长漂移很小;一定范围内衰减系数对PS-FBG光谱影响较大;而当声发射波长为0.1～2 L时,对PS-FBG光谱产生较大影响,此时光谱畸变较严重,在此范围外,光谱形状不发生明显变化。最后,搭建连续信号激励下的动态应变场实验平台,分析不同幅度a与频率f变化下PS-FBG的光谱特性,实验结果与仿真结果较好吻合。表明PS-FBG光谱对不同声发射激励产生的动态应变场响应不同,呈现一定规律性,该研究为基于相移光纤光栅传感技术的声发射传感提供理论指导。     

Monitoring the presence of water and water–sand droplets in a horizontal pipe with Acoustic Emission technology

Monitoring of multiphase flow is a process that has been established over several decades. This paper demonstrates the use of Acoustic Emission (AE) technology to detect and monitor moving water and water–sand droplets in a horizontal pipe. The experimental investigation considered two types of droplets, water and water–sand with average droplet volumes ranging from 1 ml to 5 ml. The experimental findings show good correlation between AE energy, droplet volume and the superficial gas velocity (V_SG).     

强激光脉冲电源电磁干扰的仿真与测试

 以往对强激光脉冲电源的电磁兼容性设计一般以经验性为主,难以确保电源的稳定性和可靠性。基于电源主体结构,提出一种定量分析和计算强电磁干扰的方法。对传导干扰的仿真和现场测试表明,机架上每米的地电位差小于10 V,机壳外的准静态磁场低于0.16×10^-4T。测试和计算结果表明,电源电磁兼容性符合设计要求。     

Space averaging of vibration level differences measured in lightweight building structures

This paper examines space averaging methods applied to structural level differences measured in lightweight building structures (two beam junction and single plate and beam junction). The methods studied include the averaging assuming a constant input force, the averaging based on a constant vibration level across the source element, and the arithmetic averaging of level differences. Tests indicate that a fairly steady input force can be easily produced when using an impulsive source such as a hammer; the constant input force method is then appropriate and can be used to space average level differences (the two beam structure showing a standard deviation of 0.1 dB from the averaging based on levels normalised to the force). On the other hand, acceleration levels can exhibit significant variations with position due to the low mode count and modal overlap of some lightweight elements such as timber beams. Variations in the vibration level across the source element can then be responsible for large inaccuracies in the level difference calculated from the constant level assumption, the two beams’ results showing errors greater than 5 dB at several 1/3 octave band frequencies. The latter averaging method is then inappropriate and should not be used.     

Study on the acoustic emission-model of concrete damage

I.lntroductiollBecausetherearethedefects.cracksandnon-homologousmicrostructurewithdifferentpropertiesincollcrete,whenaloadisputonconcretematerialthedamageandbreakagemayresultandsoonafterwardsexpanded.Itisadifficutproblem,howtodecidethedamageofconcretematerialwithcracksanddefects.TheacousticemissionisanassociatedphenomenollwiththeprocessofthenonhomologousdeformationorthebreakaeandexPansiollofmaterial.InthispaPertherelationshipbetweentheacousticemis8ionparametersandthedamageparameters,andthedam…     

Evaluation of the acoustic performance of a modular construction system: Case study

The aim of this technical note is to characterize the value of acoustic treatments applied to sustainable buildings. The technique is not common in Brazilian construction, but the market needs construction techniques like the ones that will be showed here. At the end of the article, a comparison between masonry with concrete blocks and the industrialized system (built in steel framing) is presented. The simplified method of measuring acoustics was chosen, to be as close as possible to the regular engineering method. The tested buildings have been classified accordingly. This project made use of the Brazilian law and some European laws.