Properties of a nanocomposite polymer electrolyte from an amorphous comb-branch polymer and nanoparticles

Three fully amorphous comb-branch polymers based on poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride) as a backbone and poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether of different molecular weights as side chains were synthesized. SiO₂ nanoparticles of various contents and the salt LiCF₃SO₃ were added to these comb-branch polymers to obtain nanocomposite polymer electrolytes. The thermal and transport properties of the samples have been characterized. The maximum conductivity of 2.8×10^–4 S cm^–1 is obtained at 28 °C. In the system the longer side chain of the comb-branch polymer electrolyte increases in ionic conductivity after the addition of nanoparticles. To account for the role of the ceramic fillers in the nanocomposite polymer electrolyte, a model based on a fully amorphous comb-branch polymer matrix in enhancing transport properties of Li⁺ ions is proposed.     

DSC and X-ray studies on side-chain crystallization of comb-like polymers

Thermal properties of acrylate and methacrylate monomers containing long-fluorocarbon chains (H(CF₂)_nCH₂OCOCH=CH₂, (F_nA) and H(CF₂)_nCH₂OCOC(CH₃)=CH₂, (F_nMA), wheren=6, 8, 10) and their comb-like polymers have been investigated by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and X-ray diffraction. The comb-like polymers (PF₁₀A and PF₁₀MA) with sufficiently long-fluorocarbon chains showed a simple melting and crystallizing behavior. For the fusion of PF₁₀A in 1st heating, enthalpy change H _f was 18 kJ mol^–1 and entropy change S _f was 45 J K^–1 mol^–1, while for PF₁₀MA the values H _f and S_f were 5.3 kJ mol^–1 and 14 J K^–1 mol^–1, respectively. Melted PF₈A crystallized slowly, whereas PF₈MA with same fluorocarbon chain and also both of PF₆A and PF₆MA with shorter fluorocarbon chains can hardly crystallize by the aggregation of side-chains. Effects of the length of side-chain and the flexibility of main chain on the side-chain crystallization of comb-like polymers are clear. Crystallization process of the methacrylate monomers was sensitively affected by the scanning rate of DSC measurement and the length of fluorocarbon chains.     

New heteroorganic betaines containing the (+)E15—C—E14—X(–) and (+)E15—C—E14(–) structural fragments (E15 = P,As; E14 = Si,Ge, Sn; X = C,S, O,NR)

The review surveys the data on the reactions of phosphorus and arsenic ylides with compounds containing E=X bonds (E = C, Si, Ge, or Sn; X = C or S), cyclic oligomers (R₂ES)_n (n = 2 or 3), and heavier analogs of carbenes. These reactions give rise to two new classes of heteroorganic betaines containing the ⁽⁺⁾E¹⁵—C—E¹⁴—X^(–) (I) and ⁽⁺⁾E¹⁵—C—E^14(–) (II) (E¹⁵ = P or As; E¹⁴ = Si, Ge, or Sn; X = C or S) structural fragments. Procedures for the synthesis of these compounds, their reactivities, the X-ray diffraction structures, and the electronic structures established by high-level quantum-chemical calculations are considered in detail. The carbon analogs of betaines of type I, viz., compounds bearing the ⁽⁺⁾P—C—C—X^(–) fragment (III), are also discussed. The latter were long considered as possible intermediates in the reactions of compounds containing the polar C=X bond (X = C, O, S, NR, etc.) with phosphorus ylides (classical Wittig and Corey—Chaykovsky reactions and related processes).     

Synthesis and Characterizations of Copolymers Containing Both Phosphatidylcholine Analogues and Poly(Ethylene Glycol) in the Side Chains

Abstract

New phospholipid analogous polymers were prepared by radical copolymerizations of 2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl-2-(trimethylammonio)-ethyl phosphate and poly(ethylene glycol)monomethylether methacrylates (PEGMM) at room temperature, using (NH₄)₂S₂O₈ as the initiator and pure water as the solvent. The copolymers obtained were characterized based on their IR, ¹H-, and ¹³C-NMR spectral data and melting point measurements. The molecular weights of these copolymers decrease as the length of the PEGMM side chain increases. These new polymers, which contain phosphatidylcholine analogous groups in their side chains, show viscosity properties similar to typical polyelectrolytes.     

Interaction of Pd(II) with Glutamic Acid

Pd(II) complexes with glutamic acid of the composition K[Pd(HGlu)Cl₂] (I) and [Pd(HGlu)₂] (II) were synthesized and studied by IR and electronic absorption spectroscopy methods. Pd²⁺–H₂O–Cl^– and Pd²⁺–H₂O–Cl^––H₂Glu systems were analyzed by pH-metric titration. The most essential Pd(II) complex forms were established by mathematical modeling and their formation constants were calculated. The electronic absorption spectra of complexes I and II were measured in aqueous and physiological solutions. Complex I was found to be biologically active and to exhibit antimetastatic properties.     

Synthesis and X-Ray Crystal Structure of Two Novel Complexes: [M II(phen)3]2V4O12·phen·22H2O(M II=Co, Ni; phen=phenanthroline)

Summary. Two novel compounds, [Co(phen)₃]₂V₄O₁₂·phen·22H₂O (1) and [Ni(phen)₃]₂ V₄O₁₂·phen·22H₂O (2), were prepared from KVO₃–1,10-phenanthroline (phen)–Co(NO₃)₂, resp. NiCl₂–H₂O reaction systems. The compounds 1 and 2 are isomorphous and crystallize in triclinic system, space group P-1. Their crystal structures are formed by two types of layers parallel to 001: a cationic one consisting of [M^II(phen)₃]²⁺ ions and an anionic one containing the cyclic V₄O₁₂ ^4– anions. The solvate phenanthroline and crystal water molecules are located in the cationic and anionic layers, respectively. The IR spectra of 1 and 2 are consistent with the presence of the cyclic V₄O₁₂ ^4– anions in the complexes.Received November 13, 2002; accepted (revised) February 3, 2003 Published online June 2, 2003     

New Hexazirconium Clusters Containing Hydrogen Atoms

Reduction of ZrBr₄ with HSnBu₃ yielded a blue solid. When this blue solid was treated with PMe₃, a hexanuelear cluster [Zr₆Br₁₄H₄( PMe₃)₄] (2) was isolated. Reaction of the blue solid with [PPh₄]Br in CH₂Cl₂ resulted in the formation of a paramagnetic and unstable cluster anion, [Zr₆Br₁₈H₅]^2– (3), which disproportionated to form a new cluster anion, [Zr₆Br₁₈H₅]^3– (4) and some Zr(IV) species. Compounds containing 4 can also be obtained from reaction of the blue solid with Br^– in MeCN. Reduction of ZrCl₄ with HsnBu₃ gave a red–brown solid, and [Zr₆Cl₁₄H₄(AsMe₃)₄] (9) and [Zr₅Cl₁₂H₄(AsMe₃)₅](8) were obtained by reaction of the red–brown solid with AsMe₃. No cluster compounds containing amine ligands were obtained in the reaction of the red–brown solid with amines; only compounds containing the [Zr₆Cl₁₈ H₅]^3– anion and ammonium cations were isolated. Altogether ten products were characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction and where possible, by ¹H NMR studies.     

Dinuclear rhodium(II) pivalate complexes with N-donor ligands

Eight dinuclear rhodium(II) complexes containing various, (primarily, polyfunctional) N-donor ligands in the trans position with respect to the Rh-Rh bond were synthesized and characterized by X-ray diffraction. In the Chinese-lantern dinuclear rhodium(II) pivalates, Rh^II ₂ (μ-OOCCMe₃)₄(L)₂ (L is 2,3-diaminopyridine (2), 7,8-benzoquinoline (4), 2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine (5), N-phenyl-o-phenylenediamine (7)), and Rh^II ₂ (μ-OOCCMe₃)₄L¹L² (3, L¹ is 2-phenylpyridine, L² = MeCN), the steric effects of the axial ligands are most strongly reflected in the Rh-N(L) and Rh-Rh bond lengths. The introduction of chelating ligands containing a conformationally rigid chelate ring leads to the cleavage of two carboxylate bridges to form the dinuclear double-bridged structure Rh^II ₂ (μ- OOCCMe₃)₂(OCCMe₃)₂(η²-L³)₂, where L³ is 8-amino-2,4-dimethylquinoline (6). The reaction of complex 7 containing coordinated N-phenyl-o-phenylenediamine with pyrrole-2,5-dialdehyde afforded the new Rh^II ₂(μ-OOCCMe₃)₄(L⁴)₂ complex (8) containing 5-(1-phenyl-1-H-benzimidazol-2-yl)-1H-pyrrole-2-carbaldehyde (L⁴) in the axial positions of the dirhodium tetracarboxylate fragment. The coordinated diamine differs in reactivity from the free diamine. The reaction of the former with the above dialdehyde affords the [1+1]-condensation product, viz., 5-{(E)-[(2-anilinophenyl)imino]methyl}-1-H-pyrrole-2-carbaldehyde, whereas the reaction of unsubstituted o-phenylenediamine gives 5-{(E)-[(2-aminophenyl)imino]methyl}-1-H-pyrrole-2-carbaldehyde (L⁵) . The reaction of the latter with Rh^II ₂(μ-OOCCMe₃)₄(H₂O)₂ affords the dinuclear complex Rh^II ₂(μ-OOCCMe₃)₂(OOCCMe₃)₂(η²-L⁵)₂ (9), which is an analog of complex 6 containing only two bridging carboxylate groups.__________Published in Russian in Izvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 3, pp. 581–591, March, 2005.     

Synthesis and Structure of Two Isomers of Re2Os2(CO)14(CNBu t )4: Clusters with Linear ReOs2Re Chains

The complexes (OC)₄(CNBu ^t )ReOs(CO)₃(CNBu ^t )Os(CO)₃(CNBu ^t )Re(CNBu ^t )(CO)₄ (A) and (OC)₃(CNBu ^t )₂ReOs(CO)₄Os(CO)₃(CNBu ^t )Re(CNBu ^t )(CO)₄ (B) have been isolated in low yield from the reaction of Os(CO)₃(CNBu ^t )₂ with Re₂(-H)(--C₂H₃)(CO)₈ in hexane at room temperature. Both compounds have approximately linear ReOs₂Re chains. The Re–Os lengths are in the range 2.9311(7)–2.952(1) Å the Os–Os lengths are 2.875(1) (A) and 2.8759(7) Å (B).     

Organosilicon Amine Complexes of Cobalt(II), Cromium(III), and Neodymium(III): Synthesis and Properties

Organosilicon amine complexes [Co(NH₂R¹)₂Cl₂] (I), [Cr(NH₂R¹)₃Cl₃] (II), and [Nd(NH₂R¹)₃Cl₃] (III) [R¹ = CH₂CH₂CH₂Si(OEt)₃] were synthesized by reacting anhydrous cobalt, chromium, or neodymium chlorides with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (NH₂R¹). Complexes I–III occur as colored viscous liquids that polymerize in air due to hydrolysis of triethoxy groups and condensation of the obtained silanol groups. Organosilicon films with a thickness of 10–200 m on glass and quartz substrates were obtained from liquid compositions containing complexes I–III, siloxanediols HO(SiMe₂O) _n H (n = 2–5), and alkoxysilanes NH₂R¹, MeSi(OMe)₃, and PhSi(OMe)₃ by solidification in air or vacuum. The obtained films were characterized by IR and electron spectroscopies, photoluminescence, transmission electron microscopy, and energy dispersion X-ray fluorescence analyses. IR and electron spectroscopies were used to study the structurization of the films and their behavior when heated to 100–300°C or exposed to gaseous O₂, NO, NH₃, or HCl. The film containing complex I was found to withstand heating in air to 250°C and to change its color in the atmosphere of NO, NH₃, and HCl. Complex I reversibly absorbs oxygen, and in the atmosphere of HCl, it converts into [NH₃R]₂[CoCl₄]. The Z-scanning method was used to uncover the cubic nonlinear-optical properties of the metal complexes.     

Crown-ether styryl dyes

The surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra of styryl dyes containing a crown-ether group and a heteroaromatic residue with sulfoalkyl (1a) or alkyl (1b)N-substituent and of their complexes with Mg²⁺ cations were recorded in the 10^–4–10^–8 mol L^–1 concentration range. A model for the interaction of compoundsla,b with a silver surface during their adsorption on an electrochemically treated electrode was suggested. Fastcis-trans relaxation of the adsorbed molecules1a,b and complexes (1a,b)Mg²⁺ was found. It was shown that at [1a] = 10^–5 mol L^–1 and moderate molar ratios (C _Mg/[1a] = 3/1 to 9/1) in acetonitrile solutions, (trans-1a)Mg²⁺ complexes are joined into head-to-tail type dimers. An excess of Mg²⁺ cations (C_Mg/[1a] > 100) leads to dissociation of the dimers yielding (trans-1a)(Mg²⁺)₂ complexes. The formation of dimers from complexes (trans-1a)Mg²⁺ is accompanied by a substantial distortion of the planar structure oftrans-1a. This may be an important factor influencing the efficiency of photocycloaddition involving dimers of (trans-1a)Mg²⁺.For part 15, see Ref. 1.Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 12, pp. 2429–2436, December, 1995.The work was carried out with financial support of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (Project No. 94-03-08760) and, to some extent, of INTAS (Grant No. 93-1829) and of the International Science Foundation (Grant No. MHAOOO).     

The microwave-assisted synthesis and characterization of novel, octakis(2-hydroxyethoxy)resorcinarene bridged polymeric metallophthalocyanines

The new metallophthalocyanine (Zn, Cu, Ni, Co) polymers containing 4,6,10,12,16,18,22,24-octakis(2-hydroxyethoxy)-2,8,14,20-tetramethylresorcinarene are described. Firstly, 4,6,10,12,16,18,22,24-octakis(2-hydroxyethoxy)-2,8,14,20-tetramethylresorcinarene compound (1) was synthesized by treating resorcinarene with 2-chloroethanol under microwave irradiation. Then, tetrakis(4,5-bis(2-hydroxyethoxy))phthalonitrile substituted resorcinarene compound (2) and octakis(4-(2-hydroxyethoxy))phthalonitrile substituted resorcinarene compound (3) were synthesized by treating compound (1) with 4,5-dichloro-1,2-dicyanobenzene and 4-nitro-1,2-dicyanobenzene, respectively, under microwave irradiation. The chlorides Cu (II), Ni (II), Co (II), were employed in order to synthesize the corresponding metallophthalocyanine polymers (2b–d and 3b–d) and Zn(CH₃COO)₂ was used for the preparation of zinc phthalocyanine polymers (2a and 3a). All products were synthesized by microwave-assisted synthesis method. The structures were characterized by elemental analyses, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, UV–Vis and FTIR spectroscopy.     

Sb(III) fluoride complexes with DL-valine. Crystal structure of molecular complex SbF<Subscript>3</Subscript>{(CH<Subscript>3</Subscript>)<Subscript>2</Subscript>CHCH(<Superscript>+</Superscript>NH<Subscript>3</Subscript>)COO<Superscript>−</Superscript>}

Preparative method in combination with X-ray diffraction and IR spectroscopy is used to study reaction of Sb(III) fluoride with -aminoisovaleric acid (DL-valine) in an aqueous solution in the range of the molar ratios of components (0.25–2) : 1 in the presence of hydrofluoric acid. The molecular complex of Sb(III) fluoride with valine (1 : 1) of the composition SbF₃{(CH₃)₂CHCH(⁺NH₃)COO^–}(I) and valinium tetrafluoro-antimonate(III) monohydrate {(CH₃)₂CHCH(₊NH₃)COOH}SbF₄· H₂O (II) are synthesized for the first time. Crystal structure was determined for the molecular complex I consisting of SbF₃ groups and valine molecules united into polymer chains through bidentate bridging carboxylate groups of amino acid molecules.Translated from Koordinatsionnaya Khimiya, Vol. 31, No. 2, 2005, pp. 125–131.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Zemnukhova, Davidovich, Udovenko, Kovaleva.     

Crystal structure of tetraethylammonium fluoride-water (4/11), 4(C2H5)4N+F− · 11H2O,a clathrate hydrate containing linear chains of edge-sharing (H2O)4F− tetrahedra and bridging water molecules

Crystals of 4(C₂H₅)₄N⁺F^– · 11H₂O are orthorhombic, space groupPna2₁, witha=16.130(3),b=16.949(7),c=17.493(7) Å, andZ=4. The structure was shown to be a clathrate hydrate containing infinite chains of edge-sharing (H₂O)₄F^– tetrahedra extending parallel to thea axis. The chains are laterally linked by bridging water molecules to form a three-dimensional hydrogen-bonded anion/water framework. The ordered (C₂H₅)₄N⁺ cations occupy the voids in two open channel systems running in theb andc directions. FinalR _F =0.091 for 2278 observed MoK data measured at 22°C. Supplementary Data: relating to this article are deposited with the British Library as Supplementary Publication No. SUP 82010 (20 pages).Dedicated to Professor H. M. Powell.     

Preparation and properties of the layered organic derivatives of γ-zirconium phosphate,Zr(CH3−(OCH2CH2)n−OPO3) (HPO4) (n=1–3)

New kinds of organic derivatives of layer structured -zirconium phosphate Zr(HPO₄)₂·2H₂O are prepared by the exchange of the interlayer phosphate groups with phosphoric ester groups having oxyethylene chains, CH₃–(OCH₂CH₂)_n–OPO₃ ^2– (n=1–3). Half of the interlayer phosphate groups are exchanged topochemically, the oxyethylene chains being grafted onto the phosphate layers through the ester bonds in the resulting derivatives. The derivatives behave like crown ethers, and form complexes with alkali salts of soft base anions such as SCN^– and I^–. Alkali salts of hard base anions such as Br^– and NO₃ ^– do not form complexes with the derivatives. The alkali iodide complexes of the organic derivatives can be used for the halogen exchange reaction. n-Butyl bromide is converted into n-butyl iodide in the presence of the alkali iodide complexes. The reactivities for the halogen exchange reaction increase with the number of the oxyethylene units.     

Synthesis of poly(arylene ether ketones) with terminal phenolic groups

Poly(arylene ether ketones) with preset molecular weights (reduced viscosity from 0. 2 to 0.82 dL g^–1) containing terminal phenolic groups were synthesized by the reactions of 4,4-difluorobenzophenone with bisphenol A or phenolphthalein in the presence of K₂CO₃ in N,N-dimethylacetamide. The influence of an excess of bisphenols on the molecular weights of the polymers obtained was studied. The structures of the polymers were confirmed by ¹H NMR spectroscopy. The molecular weight distributions of the polymers were determined.Published in Russian in Izvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 9, pp. 1958–1961, September, 2004.     

Synthesis,Crystal and Molecular Structures of [Co(MH)2(Thio)2][BF4] · H2O and [Co(DH)2(NH3)2][BF4]

Crystal structures of [Co(MH)₂(Thio)₂][BF₄] · H₂O (I) and [Co(DH)₂(NH₃)₂][BF₄] (II), where MH^– is H₃C–C(NOH)–C(NO^–)–H and DH^– is H₃C–C(NOH)–C(NO^–)–CH₃, were determined by X-ray diffraction. The crystals are monoclinic, space group C2/c, unit cell parameters (for I and II, respectively): a = 22.018(2) Å, b = 7.943(1) Å, c = 11.681(1) Å, = 92.68(1)° and a = 21.436(2) Å, b = 6.400(2) Å, c = 12.389(2) Å, = 113.13(1)°. In both cases, the Co(III) coordination polyhedron is a centrosymmetrical trans-octahedron, N₄S₂ for I and N₆ for II. In the crystals of I and II, the complex cations and the outer-sphere [BF₄]^– anions (and the crystal water molecules in I) form elaborate hydrogen bonding system.     

Crown compounds for anions. Sandwich complex of cyclic trimeric perfluoro-o-phenylenemercury with [B12H11SCN]2– anion

The reaction of cyclic trimeric perfluoro-o-phenylenemercury (o-C₆F₄Hg)₃ (1) with the polyhedral [B₁₂H₁₁SCN]^2– anion in THF at 20 °C affords the {[(o-C₆F₄Hg)₃](B₁₂H₁₁SCN)}^2– (4) and {[(o-C₆F₄Hg)₃]₂(B₁₂H₁₁SCN)}^2– (5) complexes. Complex 5 was isolated as the tetrabutylammonium salt. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that this complex has a bent-sandwich structure in which the [B₁₂H₁₁SCN]^2– anion is located between the planes of two molecules 1 and is coordinated to both these molecules through B—H—Hg bridges and S—Hg bonds. The stability constants of complexes 4 and 5 in THF (20 °C), which were determined from the IR spectroscopic data, are 16 L mol^–1 and 992 L² mol^–2, respectively.     

Reactions between germylenes (silylenes) and phosphaalkenes: an experimental and theoretical study. Preparation of the first representative of germaphosphacyclopropanes

Reactions of a number of germylenes and dimethylsilylene with a phosphaalkene, 2,2-bis(trimethylsilyl)-1-phenyl-1-phosphaethene (1), were studied. The reaction of short-lived dimethylgermylene with 1 produced a phosphagermirane 3 (the first representative of a new class of heterocyclic compounds). Compound 3 was characterized in solution by ¹H, ¹³C, ³¹P, and ²⁹Si NMR spectroscopy. Subsequent reaction of 3 with dimethylgermylene results in 2,2,3,3-tetramethyl-4,4-bis(trimethylsilyl)-1-phenyl-2,3-digerma-1-phosphacyclobutane 4, which has not been reported so far. In order to rationalize different reactivities of germylenes towards alkenes and phosphaalkenes, the addition products of GeH₂ to ethylene and phosphaethene (HP=CH₂) were studied using the G2 computational scheme and DFT PBE technique. The adducts of GeMe₂ (GeCl₂) with HP=CH₂ and of GeMe₂ with PhP=C(SiH₃)₂ were also calculated by the DFT PBE method. According to calculations, the exothermicity, DE, of cycloaddition of GeH₂ and GeMe₂ to the phosphaalkenes HP=CH₂ and PhP=C(SiH₃)₂ (43.5—39.7 kcal mol^–1) is nearly twice as high as the exothermicity of cycloaddition of these germylenes to ethylene. In addition to the minimum corresponding to the three-membered cycle, a number of minima corresponding to quite stable donor-acceptor complexes in which the Ge atom is coordinated by the lone electron pair of the P atom in the phosphaalkene molecule were located on the potential energy surface of the germylene—phosphaalkene system. The complexation energy of the complex of GeH₂ (GeMe₂) with phosphaethene is 25.0 (16.9) kcal mol^–1. For GeCl₂, the exothermicity of cycloaddition to HP=CH₂ decreases to 7.6 kcal mol^–1 and the complexation energy decreases to 8.2 kcal mol^–1.     

The preparation of tetracyanonickelates showing electrical conductivity

The tetracyanonickelates Ni(NH₃)₂Ni(CN)₄·1.9 H₂O (1), Ni(NH₃)_1.65(C₄H₈O₂)_0.2Ni(CN)₄·0.8 C₄H₈O₂·0.35 H₂O (2) and Ni(en)₃Ni(CN)₄·H₂O (3) exhibit, after contact with a solution of iodine (I₂/KI), appreciable weight gains. According to thermal analysis, IR spectra and chemical analysis the new products contain intercalated iodine and iodides with the highest iodine content found in the product formed from (3). The results of high frequency conductance measurements of this product showed the highest value of electrical conductivity (10^–6 S cm^–1). Other compounds show relatively low values of (10^–8–10^–11 S cm^–1).The iodine together with its iodide and polyiodide forms enters host (3) as an intercalated species. The iodide and polyiodide forms are formed during the initial redox reactions between the NH group of the ethylenediamine and the iodine.