Physisorption of N2, O2, and CO on fully oxidized TiO2(110)

Physisorption of N(2), O(2), and CO was studied on fully oxidized TiO(2)(110) using beam reflection and temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) techniques. Sticking coefficients for all three molecules are nearly equal (0.75 +/- 0.05) and approximately independent of coverage suggesting that adsorption occurs via a precursor-mediated mechanism. Excluding multilayer coverages, the TPD spectra for all three adsorbates exhibit three distinct coverage regimes that can be interpreted in accord with previous theoretical studies of N(2) adsorption. At low coverages (0-0.5 N(2)/Ti(4+)), N(2) molecules bind head-on to five-coordinated Ti(4+) ions. The adsorption occurs preferentially on the Ti(4+) sites that do not have neighboring adsorbates. This arrangement minimizes the repulsive interactions between the adsorbed molecules along the Ti(4+) rows resulting in a relatively small shift of the TPD peak (105 --> 90 K) with increasing coverage. At higher N(2) coverages (0.5-1.0 N(2)/Ti(4+)) the nearest-neighbor Ti(4+) sites become occupied. The close proximity of the adsorbates results in strong repulsion thus giving rise to a significant shift of the TPD leading edges (90 --> 45 K) with increasing coverage. For N(2)/Ti(4+) > 1, an additional low-temperature peak (approximately 43 K) is present and is ascribed to N(2) adsorption on bridge-bonded oxygen rows. The results for O(2) and CO are qualitatively similar. The repulsive adsorbate-adsorbate interactions are largest for CO, most likely due to alignment of CO dipole moments. The coverage-dependent binding energies of O(2), N(2), and CO are determined by inverting TPD profiles.     

CO在某些过渡金属表面吸附活化的DFT研究

采用DFT方法对CO在M(100)(M= Cu、Ag、Au、Pd、Pt)表面上的吸附行为进行了系统的比较性研究.结果表明,CO分子在这些过渡金属单晶表面上发生的是非解离性吸附,吸附后C－O键长都变长了,均不同程度地削弱了C－O键,继而活化了CO分子；从表面结合能、重叠集居数、轨道电子数变化等方面分析了成键强弱顺序,发现CO的吸附强度随Pd(100)、Pt (100)、Cu (100)、Ag(100)、Au(100)顺序依次减弱,并且将CO与过渡金属间的结合能(BE)、过渡金属的d电子转移数分别与水煤气变换反应活性数据进行了关联,在定性上比较好地解释了金属铜的催化活性优于其它金属的原因.     

Evaluation of the impact of H2O, O2, and SO2 on postcombustion CO2 capture in metal-organic frameworks

Molecular modeling methods are used to estimate the influence of impurity species: water, O(2), and SO(2) in flue gas mixtures present in postcombustion CO(2) capture using a metal organic framework, HKUST-1, as a model sorbent material. Coordinated and uncoordinated water effects on CO(2) capture are analyzed. Increase of CO(2) adsorption is observed for both cases, which can be attributed to the enhanced binding energy between CO(2) and HKUST-1 due to the introduction of a small amount of water. Density functional theory calculations indicate that the binding energy between CO(2) and HKUST-1 with coordinated water is ~1 kcal/mol higher than that without coordinated water. It is found that the improvement of CO(2)/N(2) selectivity induced by coordinated water may mainly be attributed to the increased CO(2) adsorption on the hydrated HKUST-1. On the other hand, the enhanced selectivity induced by uncoordinated water in the flue gas mixture can be explained on the basis of the competition of adsorption sites between water and CO(2) (N(2)). At low pressures, a significant CO(2)/N(2) selectivity increase is due to the increase of CO(2) adsorption and decrease of N(2) adsorption as a consequence of competition of adsorption sites between water and N(2). However, with more water molecules adsorbed at higher pressures, the competition between water and CO(2) leads to the decrease of CO(2) adsorption capacity. Therefore, high pressure operation should be avoided in HKUST-1 sorbents for CO(2) capture. In addition, the effects of O(2) and SO(2) on CO(2) capture in HKUST-1 are investigated: The CO(2)/N(2) selectivity does not change much even with relatively high concentrations of O(2) in the flue gas (up to 8%). A slightly lower CO(2)/N(2) selectivity of a CO(2)/N(2)/H(2)O/SO(2) mixture is observed compared with that in a CO(2)/N(2)/H(2)O mixture, especially at high pressures, due to the strong SO(2) binding with HKUST-1.     

Molecular insight into the high selectivity of double-walled carbon nanotubes

Combining experimental knowledge with molecular simulations, we investigated the adsorption and separation properties of double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWNTs) against flue/synthetic gas mixture components (e.g. CO(2), CO, N(2), H(2), O(2), and CH(4)) at 300 K. Except molecular H(2), all studied nonpolar adsorbates assemble into single-file chain structures inside DWNTs at operating pressures below 1 MPa. Molecular wires of adsorbed molecules are stabilized by the strong solid-fluid potential generated from the cylindrical carbon walls. CO(2) assembly is formed at very low operating pressures in comparison to all other studied nonpolar adsorbates. The adsorption lock-and-key mechanism results from perfect fitting of rod-shaped CO(2) molecules into the cylindrical carbon pores. The enthalpy of CO(2) adsorption in DWNTs is very high and reaches 50 kJ mol(-1) at 300 K and low pore concentrations. In contrast, adsorption enthalpy at zero coverage is significantly lower for all other studied nonpolar adsorbates, for instance: 35 kJ mol(-1) for CH(4), and 14 kJ mol(-1) for H(2). Applying the ideal adsorption solution theory, we predicted that the internal pores of DWNTs have unusual ability to differentiate CO(2) molecules from other flue/synthetic gas mixture components (e.g. CO, N(2), H(2), O(2), and CH(4)) at ambient operating conditions. Computed equilibrium selectivity for equimolar CO(2)-X binary mixtures (where X: CO, N(2), H(2), O(2), and CH(4)) is very high at low mixture pressures. With an increase in binary mixture pressure, we predicted a decrease in equilibrium separation factor because of the competitive adsorption of the X binary mixture component. We showed that at 300 K and equimolar mixture pressures up to 1 MPa, the CO(2)-X equilibrium separation factor is higher than 10 for all studied binary mixtures, indicating strong preference for CO(2) adsorption. The overall selective properties of DWNTs seem to be superior, which may be beneficial for potential industrial applications of these novel carbon nanostructures.     

Density Functional Study on Structure and Bonding Nature of CO Adsorbed Rh<Stack><Subscript>n</Subscript><Superscript>+/−</Superscript></Stack> (n = 2–8) Clusters

Systematic investigations on lowest energy CO adsorbed neutral and ionic Rh_n (n = 2–8) clusters in the gas phase are performed with all electron relativistic method using density functional theory within the generalized gradient approximation. Geometrical and electronic parameters are evaluated to understand the bonding nature as well as the binding interaction of CO on stable neutral and ionic rhodium clusters. Anionic adducts exhibit higher adsorption energy along with smaller Rh–C and larger C–O bond distances in comparison to neutral and cationic Rh_nCO (n = 2–8) clusters. Synergic bond formation is noticed between rhodium and carbon atom of CO molecule due to back-donation of electron from metal d-orbitals to π* orbital of CO in the case of anionic and some neutral clusters. Angular and Mülliken charge analysis along with electron density distribution suggest that anionic rhodium clusters form strong bond with carbon atom of CO than the neutral and cationic clusters.     

Pre-combustion CO2 capture by transition metal ions embedded in phthalocyanine sheets

Transition metal (TM) embedded two-dimensional phthalocyanine (Pc) sheets have been recently synthesized in experiments [M. Abel, S. Clair, O. Ourdjini, M. Mossoyan, and L. Porte, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133, 1203 (2010)], where the transition metal ions are uniformly distributed in porous structures, providing the possibility of capturing gas molecules. Using first principles and grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations, TMPc sheets (TM = Sc, Ti, and Fe) are studied for pre-combustion CO(2) capture by considering the adsorptions of H(2)/CO(2) gas mixtures. It is found that ScPc sheet shows a good selectivity for CO(2), and the excess uptake capacity of single-component CO(2) on ScPc sheet at 298 K and 50 bar is found to be 2949 mg/g, larger than that of any other reported porous materials. Furthermore, electrostatic potential and natural bond orbital analyses are performed to reveal the underlying interaction mechanisms, showing that electrostatic interactions as well as the donation and back donation of electrons between the transition metal ions and the CO(2) molecules play a key role in the capture.     

Adsorption of nitrogen oxides on graphene and graphene oxides: insights from density functional calculations

The interactions of nitrogen oxides NO(x) (x = 1,2,3) and N(2)O(4) with graphene and graphene oxides (GOs) were studied by the density functional theory. Optimized geometries, binding energies, and electronic structures of the gas molecule-adsorbed graphene and GO were determined on the basis of first-principles calculations. The adsorption of nitrogen oxides on GO is generally stronger than that on graphene due to the presence of the active defect sites, such as the hydroxyl and carbonyl functional groups and the carbon atom near these groups. These active defect sites increase the binding energies and enhance charge transfers from nitrogen oxides to GO, eventually leading to the chemisorption of gas molecules and the doping character transition from acceptor to donor for NO(2) and NO. The interaction of nitrogen oxides with GO with various functional groups can result in the formation of hydrogen bonds OH???O (N) between -OH and nitrogen oxides and new weak covalent bonds C???N and C???O, as well as the H abstraction to form nitrous acid- and nitric acidlike moieties. The spin-polarized density of states reveals a strong hybridization of frontier orbitals of NO(2) and NO(3) with the electronic states around the Fermi level of GO, and gives rise to the strong acceptor doping by these molecules and remarkable charge transfers from molecules to GO, compared to NO and N(2)O(4) adsorptions on GO. The calculated results show good agreement with experimental observations.     

Unconventional, highly selective CO2 adsorption in zeolite SSZ-13

Low-pressure adsorption of carbon dioxide and nitrogen was studied in both acidic and copper-exchanged forms of SSZ-13, a zeolite containing an 8-ring window. Under ideal conditions for industrial separations of CO(2) from N(2), the ideal adsorbed solution theory selectivity is >70 in each compound. For low gas coverage, the isosteric heat of adsorption for CO(2) was found to be 33.1 and 34.0 kJ/mol for Cu- and H-SSZ-13, respectively. From in situ neutron powder diffraction measurements, we ascribe the CO(2) over N(2) selectivity to differences in binding sites for the two gases, where the primary CO(2) binding site is located in the center of the 8-membered-ring pore window. This CO(2) binding mode, which has important implications for use of zeolites in separations, has not been observed before and is rationalized and discussed relative to the high selectivity for CO(2) over N(2) in SSZ-13 and other zeolites containing 8-ring windows.     

A DFT study of H<Subscript>2</Subscript>CO and HCN adsorptions on 3<Emphasis Type="Italic">d</Emphasis>, 4<Emphasis Type="Italic">d</Emphasis>, and 5<Emphasis Type="Italic">d</Emphasis> transition metal-doped graphene nanosheets

The binding of 3d (Sc, Ti, V), 4d (Y, Zr, Nb), and 5d (La, Hf, Ta) transition metals on graphene nanosheet (TM–GNS) with hydrogen-terminated edges and the adsorption of H₂CO and HCN molecules on the pristine and TM-doped GNSs were theoretically studied using a density functional theory method. The calculation showed that all TM atoms had strong binding with GNS, in which the Ta atom displayed the strongest interaction with GNS. The H₂CO and HCN molecules showed much stronger adsorption on the TM–GNSs than that on the pristine GNS. The H₂CO showed stronger interactions with TM–GNSs than that of HCN, in which the Ta-doping displayed the strongest interactions between the GNS and H₂CO or HCN. The adsorption interactions induced dramatic changes of TM–GNS electronic properties. The results revealed that the adsorption strength and sensor ability of GNS can be greatly improved by introducing appropriate TM dopants. Therefore, TM-doped GNSs are suitable for application in H₂CO and HCN storage and sensor.     

First principles analysis of H2O adsorption on the (110) surfaces of SnO2, TiO2 and their solid solutions

Both associative and dissociative H(2)O adsorption on SnO(2)(110), TiO(2)(110), and Ti-enriched Sn(1-x)Ti(x)O(2)(110) surfaces have been investigated at low ((1)/(12) monolayer (ML)) and high coverage (1 ML) by density functional theory calculations using the Gaussian and plane waves formalism. The use of a large supercell allowed the simulation at low symmetry levels. On SnO(2)(110), dissociative adsorption was favored at all coverages and was accompanied by stable associative H(2)O configurations. Increasing the coverage from (1)/(12) to 1 ML stabilized the (associatively or dissociatively) adsorbed H(2)O on SnO(2)(110) because of the formation of intermolecular H bonds. In contrast, on TiO(2)(110), the adsorption of isolated H(2)O groups ((1)/(12) ML) was more stable than at high coverage, and the favored adsorption changed from dissociative to associative with increasing coverage. For dissociative H(2)O adsorption on Ti-enriched Sn(1-x)Ti(x)O(2)(110) surfaces with Ti atoms preferably located on 6-fold-coordinated surface sites, the analysis of the Wannier centers showed a polarization of electrons surrounding bridging O atoms that were bound simultaneously to 6-fold-coordinated Sn and Ti surface atoms. This polarization suggested the formation of an additional bond between the 6-fold-coordinated Ti(6c) and bridging O atoms that had to be broken upon H(2)O adsorption. As a result, the H(2)O adsorption energy initially decreased, with increasing surface Ti content reaching a minimum at 25% Ti for (1)/(12) ML. This behavior was even more accentuated at high H(2)O coverage (1 ML) with the adsorption energy decreasing rapidly from 145.2 to 101.6 kJ/mol with the surface Ti content increasing from 0 to 33%. A global minimum of binding energies at both low and high coverage was found between 25 and 33% surface Ti content, which may explain the minimal cross-sensitivity to humidity previously reported for Sn(1-x)Ti(x)O(2) gas sensors. Above 12.5% surface Ti content, the binding energy decreased with increasing coverage, suggesting that the partial desorption of H(2)O is facilitated at a high fractional coverage.     

Competitive adsorption of NO, NO2, CO2, and H2O on BaO(100): a quantum chemical study

Density functional theory (DFT) quantum chemical calculations are used to determine adsorption energies and geometries of NO, NO(2), CO(2), and H(2)O on a barium oxide (100) surface. The study includes two adsorption geometries for NO(2). All species form thermodynamically stable adsorbates, and adsorption strength increases in the order NO(2) < H(2)O < NO 相似文献   

CO adsorption on pure and binary-alloy gold clusters: a quantum chemical study

We performed density-functional theory analysis of nondissociative CO adsorption on 22 binary Au-alloy (Au(n)M(m)) clusters: n=0-3, m=0-3, and m+n=2 (dimers) or 3 (trimers), M=Cu/Ag/Pd/Pt. We report basis-set superposition error corrections to adsorption energies and include both internal energy of adsorption (DeltaU(ads)) and Gibbs free energy of adsorption (DeltaG(ads)) at standard conditions (298.15 K and 1 atm). We found onefold (atop) CO binding on all the clusters except Pd2 (twofold/bridged), Pt2 (twofold/bridged), and Pd3 (threefold). In agreement with the experimental results, we found that CO adsorption is thermodynamically favorable on pure Au/Cu clusters but not on pure Ag clusters and also observed the following adsorption affinity trend: Pd>Pt>Au>Cu>Ag. For alloy dimers we found the following patterns: Au2>M Au>M2 (M=Ag/Cu) and M2>M Au>Au2 (M=Pd/Pt). Alloying Ag/Cu dimers with (more reactive) Au enhanced adsorption and the opposite effect was observed for PdPt dimers. The Ag-Au, Cu-Au, and Pd-Au trimers followed the trends observed on dimers: Au3>M Au2>M2Au>M3 (M=Ag/Cu) and Pd3>Pd2Au>PdAu2>Au3. Interestingly, Pt-Au trimers reacted differently and alloying with Au systematically increased the adsorption affinity: PtAu2>Pt2Au>Pt3>Au3. A strikingly different behavior of Pt is also manifested by the triplet spin state and onefold (atop) binding in Pt3-CO which is in contradiction with the singlet spin state and threefold binding in Pd3-CO. We found a linear correlation between CO binding energy (BE) and elongation of the CO bond. For Ag-Au and Cu-Au clusters, the increase in CO BE (and elongation of the C-O bond which is probably due to the back donation) is accompanied by the decrease in the cluster-CO distance suggesting that the donation (from 5sigma highest occupied molecular orbital in CO to cluster lowest unoccupied molecular orbital) mechanism also contributes to the BE. For Pd-Au clusters, the cluster-CO distance (and CO bond length) increases with increase in the BE, suggesting that the donation mechanism may not be important for those clusters. No clear trend was observed for Pt-Au clusters.     

二氧化钛纳米粒子-氧化石墨烯/聚酰亚胺混合基质膜的原位聚合及气体渗透性能

以钛酸四丁酯为前驱体,采用浸渍-沉淀法制备二氧化钛纳米粒子-氧化石墨烯(TiO_2-GO)复合物,再将TiO_2-GO复合物与4,4'-(六氟异亚丙基)邻苯二甲酸酐和4,4'-二氨基二苯醚通过原位聚合构建TiO_2-GO/TiO_2-GO/PI(聚酰亚胺)混合基质膜,用于CO_2的渗透脱除.采用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、拉曼光谱(Raman)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、热失重(TG)和Zeta电位等表征了TiO_2-GO复合物和TiO_2-GO/PI混合基质膜的形貌与结构;探讨了TiO_2掺杂量对TiO_2-GO复合物及TiO_2-GO/PI混合基质膜的结构和气体渗透性能的影响.结果表明,TiO_2-GO复合物中TiO_2纳米粒子较均匀地沉积在GO片层上,TiO_2纳米粒子在形成的同时破坏了GO的结构,使其无序度增加.TiO_2的掺杂对TiO_2-GO/PI混合基质膜的形貌与结构影响较小,但提升了TiO_2-GO/PI混合基质膜的CO_2和N2渗透性能.但过量的掺杂使TiO_2粒子在GO片层上团聚,从而导致TiO_2-GO复合物在混合基质膜中的分散性变差,CO_2渗透性及CO_2/N2渗透选择性降低.当TiO_2掺杂质量分数为30%时,TiO_2-GO/PI混合基质膜的CO_2渗透性为360 Barrer[1 Barrer=10~(-10)cm~3(STP)·cm/(cm~2·s·cm Hg)=7.5×10~(-14)cm~3(STP)·cm/(cm~2·s·Pa)],CO_2/N_2的渗透选择性可达31.     

Development and evaluation of porous materials for carbon dioxide separation and capture

The development of new microporous materials for adsorption separation processes is a rapidly growing field because of potential applications such as carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) and purification of clean-burning natural gas. In particular, new metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and other porous coordination polymers are being generated at a rapid and growing pace. Herein, we address the question of how this large number of materials can be quickly evaluated for their practical application in carbon dioxide separation processes. Five adsorbent evaluation criteria from the chemical engineering literature are described and used to assess over 40 MOFs for their potential in CO(2) separation processes for natural gas purification, landfill gas separation, and capture of CO(2) from power-plant flue gas. Comparisons with other materials such as zeolites are made, and the relationships between MOF properties and CO(2) separation potential are investigated from the large data set. In addition, strategies for tailoring and designing MOFs to enhance CO(2) adsorption are briefly reviewed.     

Heats of adsorption of linear CO species adsorbed on the Au degrees and Ti+delta sites of a 1% Au/TiO2 catalyst using in situ FTIR spectroscopy under adsorption equilibrium

The heats of adsorption of two linear CO species adsorbed on the Au degrees particles (denoted L(Au degrees)) and on the Ti(+delta) sites (denoted L(Ti+delta)) of a 1% Au/TiO(2) catalyst are determined as the function of their respective coverage by using the AEIR procedure (adsorption equilibrium infrared spectroscopy) previously developed. Mainly, the evolutions of the IR band area of each adsorbed species (2184 cm(-1) for L(Ti+delta) and at 2110 cm(-1) for L(Au degrees)) as a function of the adsorption temperature T(a), at a constant CO adsorption pressure P(CO), provide the evolutions of the coverages theta(LTi+delta) and theta(LAu degrees ) of each adsorbed CO species with T(a) in isobar conditions that give the individual heats of adsorption. It is shown that they linearly vary from 74 to 47 kJ/mol for L(Au degrees ) and from 50 to 40 kJ/mol for L(Ti+delta) at coverages 0 and 1, respectively. These values are consistent with literature data on model Au particles and TiO(2). In particular, it is shown that the mathematical formalism supporting the AEIR procedure can be applied to literature data on Au-containing solids (single crystals and model particles).     

Theoretical study of the electronic spectroscopy of CO adsorbed on Pt(111)

The excited states of CO adsorbed on the Pt(111) surface are studied using a time-dependent density functional theory formalism. To reduce the computational cost, electronic excitations are computed within a reduced single excitation space. Using cluster models of the surface, excitation energies are computed for CO in the on-top, threefold, and bridge binding sites. On adsorption, there is a lowering of the 5sigma orbital energy. This leads to a large blueshift in the 5sigma- -> pi(CO*) excitation energy for all adsorption sites. The 1pi and 4sigma orbital energies are lowered to a lesser extent, and smaller shifts in the corresponding excitation energies are predicted. For the larger clusters, pi* excitations at lower energies are observed. These transitions correspond to excitations to virtual orbitals of pi* character which lie below the pi* orbitals of gas phase CO. These orbitals are associated predominantly with the metal atoms of the cluster. The excitation energies are also found to be sensitive to changes in the adsorption geometry. The electronic spectrum of CO on Pt(111) is simulated and the assignment of the bands observed in experimental electron energy loss spectroscopy discussed.     

Hydrogen storage and the 18-electron rule

We show that the 18-electron rule can be used to design new organometallic systems that can store hydrogen with large gravimetric density. In particular, Ti containing organic molecules such as C(4)H(4), C(5)H(5), and C(8)H(8) can store up to 9 wt % hydrogen, which meets the Department of Energy target for the year 2015. More importantly, hydrogen in these materials is stored in molecular form with an average binding energy of about 0.55 eV /H(2) molecule, which is ideal for fast kinetics. Using molecular orbitals we have analyzed the maximum number of H(2) molecules that can be adsorbed as well as the nature of their bonding and orientation. The charge transfer from the H(2) bonding orbital to the empty d(xy) and d(x(2)-y(2) ) orbitals of Ti has been found to be singularly responsible for the observed binding of the hydrogen molecule. It is argued that early transition metals are better suited for optimal adsorption/desorption of hydrogen.     

The interaction of oxygen with TiC(001): photoemission and first-principles studies

High-resolution photoemission and first-principles density-functional slab calculations were used to study the interaction of oxygen with a TiC(001) surface. Atomic oxygen is present on the TiC(001) substrate after small doses of O(2) at room temperature. A big positive shift (1.5-1.8 eV) was detected for the C 1s core level. These photoemission studies suggest the existence of strong O<-->C interactions. A phenomenon corroborated by the results of first-principles calculations, which show a CTiTi hollow as the most stable site for the adsorption of O. Ti and C atoms are involved in the adsorption and dissociation of the O(2) molecule. In general, the bond between O and the TiC(001) surface contains a large degree of ionic character. The carbide-->O charge transfer is substantial even at high coverages (>0.5 ML) of oxygen. At 500 K and large doses of O(2), oxidation of the carbide surface occurs with the removal of C and formation of titanium oxides. There is an activation barrier for the exchange of Ti-C and Ti-O bonds which is overcome only by the formation of C-C or C-O bonds on the surface. The mechanism for the removal of a C atom as CO gas involves a minimum of two O adatoms, and three O adatoms are required for the formation of CO(2) gas. Due to the high stability of TiC, an O adatom alone cannot induce the generation of a C vacancy in a flat TiC(001) surface.