等单元长度多间隙加速结构的束流动力学特性

等单元长度多间隙加速结构是一种非同步加速结构,当粒子在加速结构中的速度变化很明显时,粒子在每个间隙的相位是不相同的,薄透镜近似下的束流纵向运动方程没有考虑粒子在加速结构中的速度变化,这在单腔的能量增益相对于粒子能量很小的情况下是合理的,但是当粒子在加速结构中的速度有明显变化时,这种处理方式是不够的。本文从带电粒子在电磁场中的运动方程出发,通过目前普遍采用的理论建立了束流在这种加速结构中的纵向运动方程,通过数值方法得到了粒子在这种结构的相运动,计算了不同初始能量的粒子在不同的电场梯度及单元数的加速腔中运动的能量变化情况。结果显示:粒子相运动与不考虑粒子速度变化的薄透镜近似下的相运动轨迹有明显差异,当粒子速度变化超过一定值后,薄透镜近似下束流纵向运动方程在计算束流能量增益时与同步相位之间满足的余弦关系不再成立,并给出了能量增益变化曲线相对余弦曲线的偏离情况与电场梯度、间隙数、初始能量等参数的关系。     

紧凑针孔中性粒子分析器标定系统的设计和研制

介绍了紧凑针孔中性粒子分析器(CP-NPA)标定系统,包括一套高能量、小流强的中性粒子束线源和一 个配套旋转平台。束线源由高频离子源、电单透镜、速度选择器、加速管、电四极透镜和中性化室组成。高频离 子源已经完成研制,并顺利建立起等离子体。单透镜已经完成仿真、制造和测试。实验中引出电压为 1.0kV 时, 调整单透镜聚焦电压最高可以引出 36.4μA 束流。速度选择器、加速管、聚焦电四极透镜和中性化室也已完成概念 /工程设计。     

轴对称静电场中粒子非线性轨道的Lie代数分析

用Lie代数方法分析了相对论脉冲束在轴对称静电场中的非线性传输,得到粒子在六维相空间(x,x′,y,y′,τ,pτ)中的三级近似轨迹.在分析中,以静电加速管为例,把静电加速管分成三个单元,即入口膜片透镜–匀加速场–出口膜片透镜,对每个单元施加Lie变换,从而得到轨迹的各级近似.此方法可以推广到一般的轴对称静电场.     

三级近似束流光学计算程序

为了精确计算束流在离子光学系统中的传输,用Visual FORTRAN 6.5语言编写了一个计算程序,长约13000行. 此程序可以计算由三圆筒单透镜、三膜片单透镜、双元筒透镜、均匀场静电加速管、磁四极透镜、六极磁铁、静电四极透镜、偏转磁铁、螺线管透镜、ExB~正交电磁场分析器、静电偏转器、漂浮管、QWR(Quarter Wave Resonators)和SLR(Split Loop Resonators)射频加速元件等元件任意组成的离子光学系统. 粒子轨迹的计算可精确到三级近似. 粒子的分布类型也可以有多种选择. 程序具有最优化计算功能,即可以自动调整元件的参数,以实现所需要的光学条件. 各元件之后的横向和纵向相图以及系统的束流包络线以图形方式显示在屏幕上.     

液体变焦技术的发展与展望

介绍一种非移动式变焦技术一液体变焦技术。对国内外液体变焦技术的科研成果进行了归纳和总结,介绍了液体变焦透镜的基本原理及实现形式,分析了液体透镜的优异性能及其对光学领域的影响。根据液体变焦技术的发展现状和工程应用情况,指出液体变焦技术目前的研究重点主要应放在如何克服温度场和重力场对液体透镜性能的影响等机理研究,液体透镜的离轴系统和非对称系统的设计以及加速液体透镜的产品化等工作上。     

轴对称静电场中粒子非线性轨道的Lie代数

用Lie代数方法分析了相对论脉冲束在轴对称静电场中的非线性传输得到粒子在六维相空间（x,x′,y,y′,τ,pτ）中的三级近似轨迹，在分析中，以静电加速管为例，把静电加速管分成三个单元，即入口膜片透镜－匀加速场－出口膜片透镜，对每个单元施加Lie变换，从而得到轨迹的各级近似，此方法可以推广到一般的轴对称静电场。     

周期性和孤立的纳米结构的超透镜亚波长成像（英文）

超透镜光刻技术是一种很有前景的纳米结构成像技术,由于其具有可以克服衍射极限的能力,直到2005年,张翔和他的同事在365nm紫外线波长下成功的对一排纳米线和刻在高分子膜上的四个字母"NANO"实现了超分辨成像,分辨率高达1/6入射波长。通过传递矩阵方法优化出超透镜结构,并通过选择适当的材料和设计在超透镜结构中的每个层的厚度以及合理的优化实验等方法制备一个新的超透镜结构,利用这种超透镜结构实现了周期性纳米结构及孤立纳米结构的亚波长成像。实验结果表明,对于周期性的纳米结构,其图像分辨率达到100nm,而孤立结构的分辨率低于50nm,小于入射波长的1/7。     

周期性和孤立的纳米结构的超透镜亚波长成像

超透镜光刻技术是一种很有前景的纳米结构成像技术,由于其具有可以克服衍射极限的能力,直到2005年,张翔和他的同事在365 nm紫外线波长下成功的对一排纳米线和刻在高分子膜上的四个字母NANO实现了超分辨成像,分辨率高达1/6入射波长。通过传递矩阵方法优化出超透镜结构,并通过选择适当的材料和设计在超透镜结构中的每个层的厚度以及合理的优化实验等方法制备一个新的超透镜结构,利用这种超透镜结构实现了周期性纳米结构及孤立纳米结构的亚波长成像。实验结果表明,对于周期性的纳米结构,其图像分辨率达到100 nm,而孤立结构的分辨率低于50 nm,小于入射波长的1/7。     

基于全内反射结构的多自由曲面准直透镜设计

为了有效地收集半导体发光二极管大范围的出射光以实现光能的高效利用,设计一款基于全内反射结构的多个自由曲面准直透镜,该透镜的初始结构是根据Snell定律和能量守恒定律等光学原理的算法设计而成。将该透镜的初始结构导入Creo软件中并进行360°旋转以得到3D实体模型,将其转入TracePro光学软件中进行蒙特卡洛光线追迹的模拟,在距离接收板20 m处接收到一个圆形光斑。对该透镜模型进行法矢修正,优化后的透镜经过模拟仿真,透射能力高达182 cd/lm,光束角为±1.621°。将优化后的透镜与传统的全内反射结构透镜进行对比,经验证发现优化后的透镜对窄光束的调控能力更好。     

平面微透镜的表面凸起现象分析

介绍了用离子交换法制得的平面微透镜的表面凸起现象,建立了分析这一现象的理论模型并给出了计算凸起程度的公式。平面微透镜的表面凸起有利于提高数值孔径和缩短交换时间,我们将它引入了平面微透镜阵列的设计和制作中并获得了良好的结果。     

Transition radiation on a thin lens

Transition radiation of a relativistic charged particle intersecting a thin biconvex lens has been analyzed. The trajectory of the uniformly moving particle coincides with the optical axis of the lens. The intensity of the transition radiation in the focal plane of the lens has been estimated.     

Aberration correction of a single aspheric lens with particle swarm algorithm

In order to design a single aspheric lens to meet the requirements of spherical aberration, the particle swarm algorithm is applied to the aberration correction for a single aspheric lens. A mathematical model is constructed, and a program code is developed. Merit functions in an optical system are employed as fitness functions, which combined coefficients of a higher order polynomial equation, a reciprocal of radius of curvature, the conic constant, thicknesses among lens surfaces and refractive indices regarding an optical system. By using this function, the automatic correction of spherical aberration is carried out. The example for a single aspheric lens design using particle swarm algorithm shows that PSO as a tool of the spherical aberration correction for a single aspheric lens is simple and effective, and easy to find a series of good design results. The asphere's more complex surface profile can reduce or eliminate easily spherical aberration at different incidence heights at one time. The automatic design and analysis of a single aspheric lens using this method from the view of a particular optical design problem are presented.     

Electron-optical characteristics of a combined electrostatic lens

The load characteristics of an electrostatic lens consisting of three coaxial cylinders are calculated. The lens is capable of focusing to one point both paraxial annular beams and annular beams away from the axis. In addition, it increases the intensity of a charged particle beam by roughly an order of magnitude compared with a commonly used single axisymmetric lens.     

Some properties of the envelope equations used in the design and adjustment of electron-optical beams

An analytical transformation of the usual envelope equations is used to derive scale transformation equations for a first-order electron-optic lens. Analysis of these equations, which take into account both the particle temperature and the particle space charge, leads to the identification of certain general principles for constructing and scaling beam systems of various types. The properties of the transformation are illustrated by the example of the equations for an axisymmetric electrostatic lens. Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 68, 96–102 (January 1998)     

用于ICF内爆诊断的质子成像磁透镜理论设计

根据加速器束流输运线设计的比例定律,设计了适用于ICF内爆DD反应产生的3.6 MeV准单能质子束成像的磁透镜系统。通过公式推导以及束流动力学追踪模拟,获得了类似于几何光学成像中的物像关系,并使用三维粒子追踪模拟验证了磁透镜成像的物像关系。物像关系的满足,使得可以对磁透镜系统进行封装,然后根据物像关系, 选择不同的物距以及相应的相距, 就可以对物体成不同大小的像。     

A simple quadrupole-octupole electromagnetic lens

Charged particle beam trajectories in a simple electromagnetic quadrupole-octupole lens are numerically calculated based on analytical expressions for the +potential distribution. Locations of the lens foci in the image space are determined over a wide range of initial conditions. Relationships between the electrostatic and magnetic lens components that provide correction for chromatic aberrations of off-axis beams, which are different from classical beams, are obtained. Phase contours at the lens exit are calculated for beams occupying the major part of the aperture, and conditions for transforming the phase contour with minimal distortions are found.     

Collective features of gravitational light focusing

A distribution of matter described by a continuous density function of spherical symmetry is shown to behave as a stigmatic lens whose focal length and aberrations are calculated. We suggest that a statistically spherical cluster of stars has similar optical properties. The close ray — particle (star) interactions are described as scattering losses for the collective lens effect due to the averaged long range interactions.     

Experimental demonstration of colliding-beam-lifetime improvement by electron lenses

We report the successful application of space-charge forces of a low-energy electron beam for improvement of particle lifetime determined by beam-beam interaction at a high-energy collider. In our experiments, an electron lens, a novel instrument developed for the beam-beam compensation, was set on a 980-GeV proton bunch at the Fermilab Tevatron proton-antiproton collider. The proton-bunch losses due to its interaction with the antiproton beam were reduced by a factor of 2 when the electron lens was operating. We describe the principle of electron lens operation and present experimental results.     

Intensity‐Enhanced Apodization Effect on an Axially Illuminated Circular‐Column Particle‐Lens

A particle can function as a refractive lens to focus a plane wave, generating a narrow, high intensive, weak‐diverging beam within a sub‐wavelength volume, known as the ‘photonic nanojet’. It is known that apodization method, in the form of an amplitude pupil‐mask centrally situated on a particle‐lens, can further reduce the waist of a photonic nanojet, however, it usually lowers the intensity at the focus due to blocking the incident light. In this paper, the anomalously intensity‐enhanced apodization effect was discovered for the first time via numerical simulation of focusing of the axially illuminated circular‐column particle‐lenses, and a greater than 100% peak intensity increase was realised for the produced photonic nanojets.